GUTIAN Town in western Fujian Province is known as the site of the Gutian Conference of 1929, a landmark event in China’s revolutionary history. After the defeated Kuomintang fled to and occupied
In this paper, we briefly summarize the problems that have been affecting Slovakian forestry in the past, in the present and are expected in the future. In the past, the forests in Central Europe were significantly ha...In this paper, we briefly summarize the problems that have been affecting Slovakian forestry in the past, in the present and are expected in the future. In the past, the forests in Central Europe were significantly harmed by the development of mining, metallurgy, wood processing industry, agriculture and grazing of sheep and cattle. Many areas have been completely deforested. Fundamental change occurred in the 18th Century, when the regulations about forest management, declared by Empress of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy Maria Therese, came into force. With the changing level of forest cover, there have been changing as well the problems in the forestry. Forests in Slovakia are nowadays dealing with the climate change, which is causing extreme weather fluctuations. It is connected with the emergence of abiotic disturbances after which usually occurs activation of biotic harmful agents. We expect that the most serious problem of forests in the future will be their state of health. We expect an increase representation of thermophilic tree species (beech and oak) at the expense of upland trees such as spruce. An important role will be played by the invasive species of plants, fungi and animals that can compete with native species and their habitats or in the situation of the absence of their reducents these can cause serious economic and environmental damage.展开更多
Legal aid, also known as legal relief, is commonly adopted in many countries. In fact, it is an indispensable part of the legal system in a modern society ruled by law. It is an important guarantee for the fairness in...Legal aid, also known as legal relief, is commonly adopted in many countries. In fact, it is an indispensable part of the legal system in a modern society ruled by law. It is an important guarantee for the fairness in the administration of justice and human rights relief. It is also an important mark of political civilization and social progress in a country展开更多
After the 21st century,high school history learning will focus on teachers promoting the twelve-year state education.In recent years,in line with the changes in the new 108-year social curriculum,supporting strategies...After the 21st century,high school history learning will focus on teachers promoting the twelve-year state education.In recent years,in line with the changes in the new 108-year social curriculum,supporting strategies have been proposed:such as literacy orientation,inquiry and practice,learning process archives,and the structural direction of the controversial Chinese history into East Asian history.Historical learning has indeed had a great impact on the people’s national spiritual education and the development of historical consciousness in Taiwan’s education policy.This is the reason Taiwan’s Ministry of Education strives to improve students’historical literacy and connotation application abilities.When developing a learning policy,both external and internal learning factors need to be considered.The external aspect deals with the reasons for learning:Is learning for the purpose of using or accumulating historical wisdom in daily life to learn from the past and the present,on the other hand,to test the content of the course and the degree of absorption;or is it specifically for exams or other enlightenment purposes.The internal aspect involves those most affected by the policy:students and teachers.After studying and observing high school history learning policies for decades,some alternative future visions for history learning were found in the method of reflection on future research-the conclusion is that history is interestingly revitalized,and the preferred future is thematic history.According to the famous futurology scholar Sohail Inayatuallah’s proposal:the causal layering model.It helps understand how Taiwan’s historical policies operate.And how teachers and students on the front line respond to changes and take future actions.The key is to change the future:in the process of building an alternative future,whether the internal and external mix has changed or whether you want to try new things and expand your horizons.In fact,the difficulty of teaching lies in students’cooperation and conscious learning.Therefore,in the analysis of learning through alternative futures,is it possible to distinguish between internal and external situations and methods such as:1.Internal:Is education centered on teachers?Or is it student-centered?2.External:Does the Ministry of Education prioritize testing,or encourage teachers to adopt interactive communication and integrate education into the curriculum?Therefore,what is the function and inspiration of studying high school history and life?If thematic history teaching is used:teachers can use thematic learning methods to help students focus on causal relationships,the causes of turning points,or the evolution process of the beginning and end of events.This is more advantageous for testing based on the application topic,and it is easy to test how much understanding and understanding of history?Has an activating effect.By studying history in high school,using the“CLA(Causal layered analysis)”method of future studies,you can enter the stage of worldview exploration with the goal of improving professional depth and emotional level,and use it in your own understanding and utilization of history.Based on research,some insights into the prospects and thinking of learning history in high schools are provided:1.Facing the impact of declining birthrate,Taiwan needs a macro perspective to improve its future competitiveness and look forward to a new perspective on world history,using futuristic cause-and-effect level analysis to combine world changes with daily life applications.2.The study of history in high schools should go into a systematic construction:understand its cause-and-effect relationships and global trends,so teachers play a professional and future role in controlling the use of new information and technology.3.In the future,humans may develop more“intelligent”needs.As a reference from history or to explore the preferred path for the future,there will also be a greater need to innovate and meet challenges.4.Studying high school history has entered the professional field.Through self-exploration,it can be transformed into life affairs and establish the concept and value of lifelong learning.5.In studying the“history of high school learning”,have new prospects for the future of education.Through professional knowledge such as“trend theory and causal hierarchy analysis”of futurology,pursue new horizons and visions,making future education full of hope and possibility.展开更多
Burn injuries are one of the most common and devastating affl ictions on the human body.In this article we look back at how the treatment of burns has evolved over the centuries from a primarily topical therapy consis...Burn injuries are one of the most common and devastating affl ictions on the human body.In this article we look back at how the treatment of burns has evolved over the centuries from a primarily topical therapy consisting of weird and wonderful topical concoctions in ancient times to one that spans multiple scientifi c fi elds of topical therapy,antibiotics,fl uid resuscitation,skin excision and grafting,respiratory and metabolic care and nutrition.Most major advances in burn care occurred in the last 50 years,spurred on by wars and great fi res.The use of systemic antibiotics and topical silver therapy greatly reduced sepsis related mortality.This along with the advent of antiseptic surgical techniques,burn depth classifi cation and skin grafting allowed the excision and coverage of full-thickness burns which resulted in greatly improved survival rates.Advancements in the methods of assessing the surface area of burns paved way for more accurate fl uid resuscitation,minimising the eff ects of shock and avoiding fl uid over-loading.The introduction of metabolic care,nutritional support and care of inhalational injuries further improved the outcome of burn patients.We also briefl y discuss some future directions in burn care such as the use of cell and pharmalogical therapies.展开更多
The history of psychology makes three major contributions： （1） promoting the development of psychology in China; （2） establishing the history of Chinese psychology as an academic discipline; （3） playing an impo...The history of psychology makes three major contributions： （1） promoting the development of psychology in China; （2） establishing the history of Chinese psychology as an academic discipline; （3） playing an important role in training the next generation of Chinese psychologists. This effort faces numerous challenges, including the reduction in undergraduate teaching hours, declining enrolments at the postgraduate level, limited innovation in research, and a lack of financial support. These challenges stem largely from changes in the Chinese academic assessing system, the greater weight placed on experimental psychology, and a fewer opportunities for researchers. To address these concerns the history of psychology in China should make the history of Chinese psychology its research priority, while also presenting its findings to the public, and developing innovative teaching and research approaches.展开更多
Abstract This paper is a brief introduction of the core content and basic concepts of the book China＇s Reform： History, Logic and Future, and gives answers to questions such as why China＇s reform and opening-up pol...Abstract This paper is a brief introduction of the core content and basic concepts of the book China＇s Reform： History, Logic and Future, and gives answers to questions such as why China＇s reform and opening-up policy has achieved great success, why the catch-up mode, extensive and extractive development mode China adopted in the past three decades are no longer sustainable and what China＇s market-oriented reforms should aim to achieve in the next stage so that readers can have a profound understanding of China＇s reform. Planning ahead, from the perspective of sustainable economic development, China badly needs to transform from factor-driven growth to efficiency-driven and innovation-driven growth, the key to which is to further encourage the liberalization of thought, promote reform and opening-up, unswervingly follow the path of economic liberalization, marketization and privatization, to establish an inclusive modern market system, to allow the market to play a decisive role in resource allocation and the private economy to play a dominant role in the national economy. The market-oriented reform is a complicated project and China is faced with at least three different aspects of reform in some key areas--the main body of private economy, the liberalization of financial market and the marketization of land. Meanwhile, China needs to efficiently balance three elements of good governance, that is, the rule of law, execution and democratic supervision, so as to facilitate the modernization of state governance system and governance capability.展开更多
The world seems to be divided at this point into two camps.If the world is to become a community with a shared future for mankind,then the growing conflict between these two camps must be overcome.China is presently t...The world seems to be divided at this point into two camps.If the world is to become a community with a shared future for mankind,then the growing conflict between these two camps must be overcome.China is presently the only country that has a clear,exciting vision for the future.Given its incredible record of success,especially during the last forty years,there is every reason to assume that this goal has overwhelming chances of being reached.The main problem,however,is that the proponents of the liberal system regard the Chinese model as a rival and even adversary to their own system,and they are determined to contain the further rise of China.One of the essential keys to solving the strategic dilemma is to enter into a cultural dialogue around those high points in the cultural tradition of the different cultures which did bring mankind a step further.展开更多
This article examines Liu Cixin＇s ＂The Western Ocean＂ （Xiyan~, a story in which Liu satirizes Zheng He＇s voyages into the Indian Ocean and presents an alternate history of China from the fifteenth century to the ...This article examines Liu Cixin＇s ＂The Western Ocean＂ （Xiyan~, a story in which Liu satirizes Zheng He＇s voyages into the Indian Ocean and presents an alternate history of China from the fifteenth century to the present. The combination of China＇s imagined future and the historical memory of its past provides a political and social commentary on the Chinese narrative of ＂peaceful rise.＂ ＂The Western Ocean＂ is also a good example of how the subgenre of alternate history can become a tool for Chinese writers to tactfully express their concerns and criticism of contemporary world politics while strict restrictions on the media and internet, as well as self-censorship among PtLC intellectuals in general, still prevail in the country.展开更多
The elbow joint is a complex joint, which, when impaired in function, leads to severe disability. In some cases however, an arthroplasty might be an appropriate treatment. In the past four decades, large steps havebee...The elbow joint is a complex joint, which, when impaired in function, leads to severe disability. In some cases however, an arthroplasty might be an appropriate treatment. In the past four decades, large steps havebeen taken to optimize this treatment in order to achieve better post-operative outcomes. To understand these progresses and to discover aspects for upcoming improvements, we present a review on the past developments, the present state of affairs and future developments which may improve patient care further.展开更多
Coal Washing Exploration in India dates back to 1900s; though, first coking coal washeries in India were installed after independence. At present, most of the coking coal washeries are owned by Public Sector Companies...Coal Washing Exploration in India dates back to 1900s; though, first coking coal washeries in India were installed after independence. At present, most of the coking coal washeries are owned by Public Sector Companies; whereas, most of the non-coking coal washeries are owned by Private Sector. Even after six decades of coal washing practices, there has not been significant development in the coal washing intelligentsia. Indian Coal Washing industry is still dependent on imported equipment, which has been designed to treat coal that is significantly different from Indian coal of drift origin. In this paper, authors have ventured into evolution of Indian Coal Washing Industry （with a focus on coking coal washing sector）, its present condition and future prospect for growth. The paper emphasizes need for developing indigenous solutions to industrial challenges and highlights importance of increased coordination among academia-research institutions and coal industry.展开更多
This historiographic essay contends that warfare made and unmade the Qing dynasty between 1644 and 1911, and its study has helped to create the field of modem Chinese history during the past seventy years. It advances...This historiographic essay contends that warfare made and unmade the Qing dynasty between 1644 and 1911, and its study has helped to create the field of modem Chinese history during the past seventy years. It advances three principal claims. First, the literature on war, especially interstate conflict, can serve as a synecdoche for the development of the modem China field as a whole since the 1950s. The research interests of late Qing specialists have oscillated along an ＂external-internal-external＂ axis that corresponds with three distinct periods of intellectual inquiry, scholarly production, and generational dominance. Second, historians have reached inaccurate conclusions about the state capacity of the Qing Empire after 1840 through a crude analysis of the First Sino-Japanese War, a mistake they can rectify by adopting a longer-term perspective on the state-making process. Third, scholars have deftly traced the changing role of military power in modem Chinese politics but have also adopted the interpretive categories of wen and wu from literati discourse without sufficient critical reflection. In the future, researchers may seek to explore the intersection of warfare and the environment, technology, and ethnic identity, approaches that will continue to move the field in comparative, global, and Inner Asian directions.展开更多
The United Kingdom is the first country in history that establishes the constitutional monarchy,and Britain has never changed this political system since it was set up in 1689.The constitutional monarchy once helped B...The United Kingdom is the first country in history that establishes the constitutional monarchy,and Britain has never changed this political system since it was set up in 1689.The constitutional monarchy once helped Britain become the most powerful country in the world.However,in spite of the long existence of the constitutional monarchy and the huge benefit it has brought to the United Kingdom,some people are now arguing that the constitutional monarchy should be abolished.This paper will review the history of British constitutional monarchy,analyze the necessity of this political system,and finally make a preliminary prediction about the future of British constitutional monarchy.展开更多
文摘GUTIAN Town in western Fujian Province is known as the site of the Gutian Conference of 1929, a landmark event in China’s revolutionary history. After the defeated Kuomintang fled to and occupied
基金supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under the contract No.APVV-0045-10funded by the Operational Program of Research and Development and co-financed with the European Fund for Regional Development(EFRD).Grant:ITMS:26220220109 Prognostic infor-mation systems for improving the efficiency of forest management(50%).
文摘In this paper, we briefly summarize the problems that have been affecting Slovakian forestry in the past, in the present and are expected in the future. In the past, the forests in Central Europe were significantly harmed by the development of mining, metallurgy, wood processing industry, agriculture and grazing of sheep and cattle. Many areas have been completely deforested. Fundamental change occurred in the 18th Century, when the regulations about forest management, declared by Empress of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy Maria Therese, came into force. With the changing level of forest cover, there have been changing as well the problems in the forestry. Forests in Slovakia are nowadays dealing with the climate change, which is causing extreme weather fluctuations. It is connected with the emergence of abiotic disturbances after which usually occurs activation of biotic harmful agents. We expect that the most serious problem of forests in the future will be their state of health. We expect an increase representation of thermophilic tree species (beech and oak) at the expense of upland trees such as spruce. An important role will be played by the invasive species of plants, fungi and animals that can compete with native species and their habitats or in the situation of the absence of their reducents these can cause serious economic and environmental damage.
文摘Legal aid, also known as legal relief, is commonly adopted in many countries. In fact, it is an indispensable part of the legal system in a modern society ruled by law. It is an important guarantee for the fairness in the administration of justice and human rights relief. It is also an important mark of political civilization and social progress in a country
文摘After the 21st century,high school history learning will focus on teachers promoting the twelve-year state education.In recent years,in line with the changes in the new 108-year social curriculum,supporting strategies have been proposed:such as literacy orientation,inquiry and practice,learning process archives,and the structural direction of the controversial Chinese history into East Asian history.Historical learning has indeed had a great impact on the people’s national spiritual education and the development of historical consciousness in Taiwan’s education policy.This is the reason Taiwan’s Ministry of Education strives to improve students’historical literacy and connotation application abilities.When developing a learning policy,both external and internal learning factors need to be considered.The external aspect deals with the reasons for learning:Is learning for the purpose of using or accumulating historical wisdom in daily life to learn from the past and the present,on the other hand,to test the content of the course and the degree of absorption;or is it specifically for exams or other enlightenment purposes.The internal aspect involves those most affected by the policy:students and teachers.After studying and observing high school history learning policies for decades,some alternative future visions for history learning were found in the method of reflection on future research-the conclusion is that history is interestingly revitalized,and the preferred future is thematic history.According to the famous futurology scholar Sohail Inayatuallah’s proposal:the causal layering model.It helps understand how Taiwan’s historical policies operate.And how teachers and students on the front line respond to changes and take future actions.The key is to change the future:in the process of building an alternative future,whether the internal and external mix has changed or whether you want to try new things and expand your horizons.In fact,the difficulty of teaching lies in students’cooperation and conscious learning.Therefore,in the analysis of learning through alternative futures,is it possible to distinguish between internal and external situations and methods such as:1.Internal:Is education centered on teachers?Or is it student-centered?2.External:Does the Ministry of Education prioritize testing,or encourage teachers to adopt interactive communication and integrate education into the curriculum?Therefore,what is the function and inspiration of studying high school history and life?If thematic history teaching is used:teachers can use thematic learning methods to help students focus on causal relationships,the causes of turning points,or the evolution process of the beginning and end of events.This is more advantageous for testing based on the application topic,and it is easy to test how much understanding and understanding of history?Has an activating effect.By studying history in high school,using the“CLA(Causal layered analysis)”method of future studies,you can enter the stage of worldview exploration with the goal of improving professional depth and emotional level,and use it in your own understanding and utilization of history.Based on research,some insights into the prospects and thinking of learning history in high schools are provided:1.Facing the impact of declining birthrate,Taiwan needs a macro perspective to improve its future competitiveness and look forward to a new perspective on world history,using futuristic cause-and-effect level analysis to combine world changes with daily life applications.2.The study of history in high schools should go into a systematic construction:understand its cause-and-effect relationships and global trends,so teachers play a professional and future role in controlling the use of new information and technology.3.In the future,humans may develop more“intelligent”needs.As a reference from history or to explore the preferred path for the future,there will also be a greater need to innovate and meet challenges.4.Studying high school history has entered the professional field.Through self-exploration,it can be transformed into life affairs and establish the concept and value of lifelong learning.5.In studying the“history of high school learning”,have new prospects for the future of education.Through professional knowledge such as“trend theory and causal hierarchy analysis”of futurology,pursue new horizons and visions,making future education full of hope and possibility.
文摘Burn injuries are one of the most common and devastating affl ictions on the human body.In this article we look back at how the treatment of burns has evolved over the centuries from a primarily topical therapy consisting of weird and wonderful topical concoctions in ancient times to one that spans multiple scientifi c fi elds of topical therapy,antibiotics,fl uid resuscitation,skin excision and grafting,respiratory and metabolic care and nutrition.Most major advances in burn care occurred in the last 50 years,spurred on by wars and great fi res.The use of systemic antibiotics and topical silver therapy greatly reduced sepsis related mortality.This along with the advent of antiseptic surgical techniques,burn depth classifi cation and skin grafting allowed the excision and coverage of full-thickness burns which resulted in greatly improved survival rates.Advancements in the methods of assessing the surface area of burns paved way for more accurate fl uid resuscitation,minimising the eff ects of shock and avoiding fl uid over-loading.The introduction of metabolic care,nutritional support and care of inhalational injuries further improved the outcome of burn patients.We also briefl y discuss some future directions in burn care such as the use of cell and pharmalogical therapies.
文摘The history of psychology makes three major contributions： （1） promoting the development of psychology in China; （2） establishing the history of Chinese psychology as an academic discipline; （3） playing an important role in training the next generation of Chinese psychologists. This effort faces numerous challenges, including the reduction in undergraduate teaching hours, declining enrolments at the postgraduate level, limited innovation in research, and a lack of financial support. These challenges stem largely from changes in the Chinese academic assessing system, the greater weight placed on experimental psychology, and a fewer opportunities for researchers. To address these concerns the history of psychology in China should make the history of Chinese psychology its research priority, while also presenting its findings to the public, and developing innovative teaching and research approaches.
文摘Abstract This paper is a brief introduction of the core content and basic concepts of the book China＇s Reform： History, Logic and Future, and gives answers to questions such as why China＇s reform and opening-up policy has achieved great success, why the catch-up mode, extensive and extractive development mode China adopted in the past three decades are no longer sustainable and what China＇s market-oriented reforms should aim to achieve in the next stage so that readers can have a profound understanding of China＇s reform. Planning ahead, from the perspective of sustainable economic development, China badly needs to transform from factor-driven growth to efficiency-driven and innovation-driven growth, the key to which is to further encourage the liberalization of thought, promote reform and opening-up, unswervingly follow the path of economic liberalization, marketization and privatization, to establish an inclusive modern market system, to allow the market to play a decisive role in resource allocation and the private economy to play a dominant role in the national economy. The market-oriented reform is a complicated project and China is faced with at least three different aspects of reform in some key areas--the main body of private economy, the liberalization of financial market and the marketization of land. Meanwhile, China needs to efficiently balance three elements of good governance, that is, the rule of law, execution and democratic supervision, so as to facilitate the modernization of state governance system and governance capability.
文摘The world seems to be divided at this point into two camps.If the world is to become a community with a shared future for mankind,then the growing conflict between these two camps must be overcome.China is presently the only country that has a clear,exciting vision for the future.Given its incredible record of success,especially during the last forty years,there is every reason to assume that this goal has overwhelming chances of being reached.The main problem,however,is that the proponents of the liberal system regard the Chinese model as a rival and even adversary to their own system,and they are determined to contain the further rise of China.One of the essential keys to solving the strategic dilemma is to enter into a cultural dialogue around those high points in the cultural tradition of the different cultures which did bring mankind a step further.
文摘This article examines Liu Cixin＇s ＂The Western Ocean＂ （Xiyan~, a story in which Liu satirizes Zheng He＇s voyages into the Indian Ocean and presents an alternate history of China from the fifteenth century to the present. The combination of China＇s imagined future and the historical memory of its past provides a political and social commentary on the Chinese narrative of ＂peaceful rise.＂ ＂The Western Ocean＂ is also a good example of how the subgenre of alternate history can become a tool for Chinese writers to tactfully express their concerns and criticism of contemporary world politics while strict restrictions on the media and internet, as well as self-censorship among PtLC intellectuals in general, still prevail in the country.
文摘The elbow joint is a complex joint, which, when impaired in function, leads to severe disability. In some cases however, an arthroplasty might be an appropriate treatment. In the past four decades, large steps havebeen taken to optimize this treatment in order to achieve better post-operative outcomes. To understand these progresses and to discover aspects for upcoming improvements, we present a review on the past developments, the present state of affairs and future developments which may improve patient care further.
文摘Coal Washing Exploration in India dates back to 1900s; though, first coking coal washeries in India were installed after independence. At present, most of the coking coal washeries are owned by Public Sector Companies; whereas, most of the non-coking coal washeries are owned by Private Sector. Even after six decades of coal washing practices, there has not been significant development in the coal washing intelligentsia. Indian Coal Washing industry is still dependent on imported equipment, which has been designed to treat coal that is significantly different from Indian coal of drift origin. In this paper, authors have ventured into evolution of Indian Coal Washing Industry （with a focus on coking coal washing sector）, its present condition and future prospect for growth. The paper emphasizes need for developing indigenous solutions to industrial challenges and highlights importance of increased coordination among academia-research institutions and coal industry.
文摘This historiographic essay contends that warfare made and unmade the Qing dynasty between 1644 and 1911, and its study has helped to create the field of modem Chinese history during the past seventy years. It advances three principal claims. First, the literature on war, especially interstate conflict, can serve as a synecdoche for the development of the modem China field as a whole since the 1950s. The research interests of late Qing specialists have oscillated along an ＂external-internal-external＂ axis that corresponds with three distinct periods of intellectual inquiry, scholarly production, and generational dominance. Second, historians have reached inaccurate conclusions about the state capacity of the Qing Empire after 1840 through a crude analysis of the First Sino-Japanese War, a mistake they can rectify by adopting a longer-term perspective on the state-making process. Third, scholars have deftly traced the changing role of military power in modem Chinese politics but have also adopted the interpretive categories of wen and wu from literati discourse without sufficient critical reflection. In the future, researchers may seek to explore the intersection of warfare and the environment, technology, and ethnic identity, approaches that will continue to move the field in comparative, global, and Inner Asian directions.
文摘The United Kingdom is the first country in history that establishes the constitutional monarchy,and Britain has never changed this political system since it was set up in 1689.The constitutional monarchy once helped Britain become the most powerful country in the world.However,in spite of the long existence of the constitutional monarchy and the huge benefit it has brought to the United Kingdom,some people are now arguing that the constitutional monarchy should be abolished.This paper will review the history of British constitutional monarchy,analyze the necessity of this political system,and finally make a preliminary prediction about the future of British constitutional monarchy.
