荷兰鸢尾(Iris xiphium L. var. hybridum)的组织培养

取荷兰鸢尾（ＩｒｉｓｘｉｐｈｉｕｍＬ．ｖａｒ．ｈｙｂｒｉｄｕｍ）鳞茎片不同部位外植体块，接种于附加不同激素配比的基本培养基上，其中取自鳞茎片基部外植体块２ｍｍ×２ｍｍ×２ｍｍ，培养基为ＭＳ＋ＢＡ１．０ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＮＡＡ０．２ｍｇ／Ｌ的不定芽诱导率为最高（７０％）；最理想的增殖培养基为ＭＳ＋ＢＡ２．０ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＮＡＡ０．２ｍｇ／Ｌ。不定芽直径４～５ｍｍ，培养基为ＭＳ＋ＢＡ０．２ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＮＡＡ０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ有利于不定根的发生，诱导生根率达８３３％。试管苗不经练苗可直接出瓶，移栽于泥炭∶田土∶河沙＝１∶１∶１（Ｖ／Ｖ）的基质中。

Effect of Osmotic Stress with PEG6000 on Osmotic Adjustment Solute in Seedling Leaves of Chenopodium album L.

[ Objective] The purpose was to discuss drought resistance mechanism of Chenopodium album L. and supply theoretical basis and practical guidance for artificial cultivation and popularization of C. album. [ Method] C. album seedlings grown to 6th leaf stage were conducted osmotic stress treatment with PEG6000 osmotic whose concentration was set up as 0, 5%, 10% and 20% and the various physiological indices of the 3rd -5th function leaves in upper plant were determined after being treated for 0, 1,3, 5, 7 and 9 d. [ Result] Under osmotic stress with 5% PGE, the relative water content （RWC） of C. album reduced less. Under osmotic stress with 10%, the RWC in seedling leaves of C. album decreased to 62% on the fifth day and the leaves began to wither. Under osmotic stress with 20%, the RWC in seedling leaves of C. album decreased to 61.9% on the third day and the leaves appeared withering, and the RWC decreased to 48.6% on the 7th day and the leaves were dry and yellow. Proline contents in seedling leaves of C. album under osmotic stress with 5%, 10% and 20% PEG were 7.64, 10.9 and 29.4 times of CK on the 7th day. [ Conclusion] C. album hed some adaptability to moderate osmotic stress, but the PEG osmotic stress with high concentration and long time might lead to severe damage on C. album.

切花荷兰鸢尾(Iris xiphium L.var.hybridum)低温处理与保鲜

在不同条件下,对荷兰鸢尾金皇后(IrisxiphiumL.var.hybridumcv.YellowQueen)和罗萨里奥(IrisxiphiumL.var.hybridumcv.Rosarlo)品种的鲜切花材料进行了预冷和冷藏处理试验。结果表明:相同预冷和冷藏处理条件下,这2个品种切花的保鲜效果基本无差别。在不添加任何化学试剂且处理温度为2～4℃条件下,预冷处理以花蕾初现色期、相对湿度20%～30%且处理时间12～24h的保鲜效果为佳,其保鲜期比对照平均延长3～4d;冷藏处理以花蕾未现色或刚现色的切花材料,装入不完全密封的塑料薄膜袋中,袋中相对湿度为95%～98%的处理条件效果最佳,保鲜期可达7～10d。

藜(Chenopodium a1 bum L.)种子萌发基质条件试验

为探究藜(Chenopodium a1 bum L.)种子萌发的适宜基质条件,比对研究了6种不同基质条件下藜种子萌发情况。结果表明:藜种子萌发和幼苗生长初期对基质有机质含量、透气性无特别依赖性,缺少有机物的贫瘠土壤是藜种子萌发和幼苗生长的理想基质,认为水分是影响藜种子萌发和幼苗生长的首要因素;实验还发现,基质有机物和透气性的增加能促进藜种子萌发率和株高提前达到最大值。

Comparison of the Evolvement Structure of Chenopodium album L.under the Stress of Different Saline Environments

[Objective] The aim of this study was to reveal the evolvement structures,especially the crystal characteristics of Chenopodium album L.under saline stress,so as to providing the first-hand data for utilizing biological techniques to control saline environment.[Method] Employing high definition display method of plant crystal structure and paraffin-section method,we performed a comparative study on the evolvement structures of C.album growing in high salinity areas in the coast of Egyptian Red Sea and common salinity areas in the grasslands in Changling County of Jilin Province.[Result] The regionally distributed crystal and the developed assimilating tissue of C.album are the key structural characteristics to antagonize the saline stress during the evolving process.Stem cortex of C.album growing in both the high salinity areas in coast of Egyptian Red Sea and common salinity areas in the grasslands in Changling County of Jilin Province has similar discontinuous crystal rings.Assimilating tissue in C.album growing in high salinity areas is highly developed than that in common salinity environment.Comparative analysis indicates that the developed stratum corneum and marrow is also the key structural characteristics to antagonize the saline stress.[Conclusion] Our results provide a valuable approach to study the salt-tolerance mechanism of plant using structural botanical techniques,i.e.,crystal may become the identification characteristics of salt tolerant plant.

Study on the Microscopic Identification of Chenopodium album L.

[Objectives]This study was conducted to identify the microscopic characteristics of Chenopodium album L.[Methods]The microscopic identification method was adopted.[Results]The xylem vessels and fiber bundles of the roots are arranged into 3-4 intermittent ring belts in a concave-convex pattern,alternately with the parenchymal cell ring belts;and the xylem rays vary in width.The cross section of the stems is polygonal;there are parenchyma cells at the corners of the cortex;there are many vascular bundles of varying sizes;and calcium oxalate clusters are common in the medulla and cortex.There are 2 to 4 vascular bundles in the main leaf vein,peltate;and fiber bundles exist below the phloem.The powder is characterized by numerous clusters of calcium oxalate,which are uniform in size,sharp at edges and corners.[Conclusions]This study can provide reference for the identification and quality standard of the crude drug.

The Effect of Air Pollution on Chenopodium album L. Pollen Structure

Air pollution is harm and discomfort to human or other living organisms, it also causes damage to the environment. The aim of this project was to study the effect of air pollutions on structure and pollen grains development in Chenopodium album. Anthers of Chenopodium album L. were collected at different stages of development from control （less polluted） and polluted areas （mainly SO2, NO2, CO and APM）. Structure and development of pollen grains were studied and compared. The effects of pollution on pollen structure was investigated under Light and Scanning electron microscopy and the results showed that when pollen grains were exposed to polluted air they became abnormality in form and covered with large amounts of pollutants compared to control ones. Pollen abnormalities were seen as irregularity, shrinkage, thinning and breakage of the exine. Cellular material release was induced also. The data presented suggest that prolonged exposures of plants to air pollution may cause different biological effects at the cellular tissue and organ levels.

土荆芥凋落物腐解液的化感效应及根边缘细胞的响应机制

为深入探讨入侵植物土荆芥(Chenopodium ambrosioides L.)的化感作用机制,以土荆芥入侵地广泛种植的农作物玉米(Zea mays L.)、大豆[Glycine max(L.)Merr.]、苦荞麦[Fagopyrum tataricum(L.)Gaertn.]为受体,采用纯琼脂悬空气培养法和根边缘细胞(Root Border Cells,RBCs)移除试验,研究土荆芥凋落物腐解物对受体RBCs的作用,以及RBCs存在与否条件下对受体作物幼根长度、根冠果胶甲基酯酶(Pectinmethyl Esterase,PME)活性的影响,并用化感效应指数进行评价。结果显示:土荆芥茎和叶腐解液对3种受体植物幼根生长均具有抑制作用,其化感效应指数依次为苦荞麦(0.295)、大豆(0.239)、玉米(0.163),对本地种(苦荞麦、大豆)的化感效应大于外来种(玉米);叶腐解物的化感抑制作用普遍强于茎腐解物;腐解时间越短,腐解物化感抑制效应越强。3种作物的RBCs数量与PME活性均呈显著正相关,当处理时间延长或腐解天数减少时,高浓度处理组的PME活性减弱,RBCs数量下降,死亡率上升,根长变短;移除RBCs后,根生长受抑制程度加剧。其中,玉米和苦荞麦在去除RBCs及处理12 h时部分处理组的PME活性增加,RBCs数量与根长变化量呈极显著正相关。结果表明,在受到土荆芥腐解物化感胁迫早期,作物可通过应激反应增加PME合成提高其活性,并释放较多的RBCs以保护幼根生长。当胁迫超过一定阈值后PME合成减少,RBCs数量降低且死亡率增加,根的生长受到抑制,但大豆存在不同的响应机制。

基于高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱技术和分子对接技术分析筛选大叶藜抗卵巢癌活性成分

本研究采用高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱技术(High performance liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry,HPLC-Q-TOF-MS)及分子对接技术筛选大叶藜中抗卵巢癌活性成分。获得大叶藜(Chenopodium hybridum L.)醇提物和大孔树脂精制物对卵巢癌OVCAR-3细胞抑制的影响,确定大叶藜抗卵巢癌活性部位,并采用HPLC-Q-TOF-MS技术分析活性部位的化学成分。选择5个重要的卵巢癌相关蛋白Caspase-3、Caspase-8、Caspase-9、BAX和EGFR,分别与大孔树脂精制物中的化学成分进行分子对接。发现大叶藜醇提物与大孔树脂精制物对OVCAR-3细胞增殖的抑制率随浓度增加而升高,其中大孔树脂精制物具有较强的抗卵巢癌活性;HPLC-Q-TOF-MS鉴定出大孔树脂精制物中13个化学成分,包括槲皮素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖-3-O-α-L-鼠李糖苷、山柰酚等12个黄酮类成分和1个酚酸类成分绿原酸;分子对接结果说明,13个成分与5个靶点之间具有较高亲和力,其中槲皮素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖-3-O-α-L-鼠李糖苷与山柰酚-3-O-α-L-鼠李糖苷-7-O-β-D-木糖苷与各靶点间结合较好。研究证明,大叶藜抗卵巢癌活性部位为大孔树脂精制物,其活性成分主要为黄酮,具有较好的抗卵巢癌作用。

盐生植物灰绿藜对NaCl和NaHCO3胁迫的生理响应

【目的】应对日益严重的土壤盐渍化问题,开发新的具有生态效益和经济价值的盐生植物。【方法】以具经济价值的新疆盐生植物灰绿藜为材料,采用分光光度法测定了不同浓度NaCl和NaHCO3胁迫后植株的日相对生长率（RGR）、丙二醛（MDA）、多种渗调质、抗氧化剂含量变化及几种重要的抗氧化酶活力变化,探讨了其对盐碱胁迫生理响应机制的差异性。【结果】（1）在0-300 mmol/L,NaCl对植株生长的抑制作用较小,300mmol/L NaHCO3对植株生长产生了一定程度的抑制;（2）150和300 mmol/L NaCl和NaHCO3处理后植株叶片丙二醛含量均显著增加;叶片超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、过氧化物酶（POD）活力均无显著变化;抗氧化剂ASA显著升高。（3）随盐碱处理浓度增加,叶片脯氨酸（Pro）、甜菜碱（BADH）、可溶性糖含量显著升高,其中脯氨酸在较高浓度NaCl处理下升高幅度显著高于相同浓度的NaHCO3。【结论】植株体内抗氧化剂和渗调质ASA和脯氨酸Pro积累的差异可能是造成灰绿藜对高浓度盐碱胁迫耐受差异的原因之一。

NaCl和Na2CO3处理对土荆芥和藜的生长及抗氧化酶活性的比较研究

采用5个浓度水平的NaCl和Na2CO3溶液,分别模拟盐胁迫和碱胁迫对入侵植物土荆芥及其近缘植物藜进行浇灌处理,比较二者在2种盐胁迫下的生长以及抗氧化酶活性的变化。结果表明:土荆芥根重比和根冠比在盐胁迫下显著增加,在碱胁迫条件下则极显著降低;在各浓度梯度下,盐胁迫诱导的SOD和CAT活性均高于碱胁迫,而POD的活性仅在高浓度盐胁迫时才高于碱胁迫。表明Na2CO3胁迫对土荆芥造成的危害更大,土荆芥耐受NaCl胁迫能力强于Na2CO3胁迫。另外,近缘植物藜的根重比、根冠比在盐、碱胁迫时均呈下降趋势,抗氧化酶活性的变化也低于土荆芥,说明土荆芥比藜更能耐受盐、碱胁迫。

NaCl胁迫对藜幼苗叶片渗透调节物质和保护酶的影响

[目的]研究不同浓度NaCl胁迫对藜叶片中渗透调节物质和保护酶活性的影响,以探讨藜的耐盐机理,为藜的人工栽培及推广提供理论依据。[方法]待藜幼苗长到4叶期时,用0%、0.6%、1.2%、1.8%NaCl溶液进行根部胁迫处理,分别于处理0、1、3、5、7 d后从藜幼苗上部取第3～5片功能叶片进行各项生理指标的测定。[结果]在0.6%NaCl胁迫下,渗透调节物质(可溶糖、脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白质)含量和保护酶(SOD、POD和CAT)活性都是缓慢增加的,丙二醛含量增加不大,膜脂过氧化水平低。在1.2%、1.8%NaCl胁迫下,渗透调节物质(可溶性糖、脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白质)含量随胁迫时间的延长而增加,SOD、POD、CAT活性随胁迫时间的延长先升高后降低,丙二醛含量显著提高,膜脂过氧化水平增大。[结论]藜可以通过渗透调节物质增加和保护酶活性增大来对适度的盐胁迫有一定的适应性,但高浓度、长时间的盐胁迫会对藜造成严重损伤。

NaCl胁迫对灰绿藜中有机渗透调节物质的影响

[目的]为了研究NaCl胁迫对灰绿藜根、茎、叶中渗透调节物质的影响,探寻灰绿藜的耐盐机理。[方法]分别用不同浓度的NaCl溶液(0、100、200、300、400和500 mmol/L)处理灰绿藜,5、10、20和30 d后测定根、茎、叶中相对含水量、可溶性糖、脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白、甜菜碱含量的变化,并测定株高。[结果]随着NaCl浓度的增加,灰绿藜根、茎、叶中的相对含水量逐渐降低,可溶性糖、脯氨酸以及可溶性蛋白的含量逐渐升高;根中的甜菜碱含量始终都高于茎和叶的;株高随着NaCl浓度的升高而降低。[结论]渗透调节可能是灰绿藜耐受盐胁迫的内在生理机制之一。

不同浓度NaCl处理对灰绿藜种子萌发及幼苗生长发育的影响

灰绿藜是广泛分布于中低度盐碱地的一年生经济盐生植物。通过系统研究不同浓度NaCl处理对灰绿藜种子萌发、幼苗生长发育以及根、茎和叶中Na^+浓度的影响,初步阐明灰绿藜对不同浓度NaCl处理的响应机制。结果表明,与对照相比,随着NaCl浓度的增大,灰绿藜的种子萌发率和单位时间内种子萌发数量均呈下降趋势,种子的萌发时间也会相应延长,种子在500mmol·L^-1NaCl处理下基本不萌发。最适合灰绿藜幼苗生长的浓度是50mmol·L^-1,其次是0和100mmol·L^-1。高浓度(大于200mmol·L^-1)NaCl处理过的灰绿藜植株的开花(结果)早于未处理或低浓度(50^-150mmol·L^-1)NaCl处理。随着基质中NaCl浓度的升高,植株的Na^+泌出量也呈上升趋势,其中叶片泌出量的增加最为明显,在处理浓度升高至200mmol·L^-1时达到最高值。

Genetic Diversity of Clover by SRAP

In the present study,genetic diversity and genetic relationship of 11materials including red clover ( Trifolium pretense L.),white clover ( T.repen L.) and alsike clover ( T.hybridum L.) and leaf-type variants of white clover were investigated by SRAP (sequence related amplified polymorphism).Forty SRAP primers were screened,and 792 reliable bands were amplified,among which 426 (53.8%) were polymorphic.The number of polymorphic bands per pair of primers ranged from 3 to 38 with an average of 10.6.SRAP cluster analysis showed that the similarity coefficients between white clover materials were from 0.465 to 0.997 with an average of 0.812,indicating that there was certain genetic diversity among white clover.Specific bands appeared in white clover variants,indicating that there were certain differences in DNA sequence between normal while clover plants and their leaf-type variants.The similarity coefficients between red clover materials were from 0.457 to 0.827 with an average of 0.597,indicating that the different red clover germplasms had genetic diversity at the DNA molecular level.The results also showed that the genetic relationship of the alsike clover with the red clover was closer than that with the white clover.This study shows that SRAP technique can be effectively used for the analysis on interspecific and intraspecific relationship,germplasm resource identification and genetic diversity of clover.

土荆芥精油对5种杀虫剂毒力的影响

【目的】研究土荆芥精油对5种杀虫剂毒力的影响,为合理开发利用杂草资源研发环保农药助剂,进而促进害虫持续控制提供依据。【方法】以小菜蛾幼虫为供试昆虫,采用微量点滴法、浸叶法和夹毒法分别测定不同用量土荆芥精油对5种杀虫剂触杀和胃毒作用的影响。【结果】土荆芥精油对敌百虫、氟虫腈和甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐的触杀毒力表现出较好的增效作用;10 mg/g土荆芥精油对联苯菊酯增效作用最好,增效比可达9.13,而30 mg/g土荆芥精油对联苯菊酯则表现为拮抗作用;土荆芥精油对灭多威均表现为拮抗作用。夹毒法毒力测定结果表明,土荆芥精油对灭多威、氟虫腈、联苯菊酯的胃毒毒力均表现出较好的增效作用;对甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐和敌百虫均表现为拮抗作用。浸叶法毒力测定结果表明,土荆芥精油对氟虫腈、联苯菊酯、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐和敌百虫胃毒毒力均表现出很好的增效作用,对灭多威表现出拮抗作用。【结论】土荆芥精油对氟虫腈和联苯菊酯(10 mg/g土荆芥精油)均有良好的增效作用,可显著增加其杀虫毒力,是提高杀虫剂药效的优选助剂。

土荆芥挥发油对化学杀螨剂防控柑橘全爪螨的减量增效作用

【目的】柑橘全爪螨Panonychus citri McGregor,属全球性害螨,可对柑橘产量和品质产生巨大影响,为防控柑橘全爪螨,开展土荆芥挥发油与化学杀螨剂复配对柑橘全爪螨防治效果的研究。【方法】采用25%阿维·乙螨唑悬浮剂、240 g/L螺螨酯悬浮剂、550 g/L阿维·氟啶胺悬浮剂及30%乙唑螨腈悬浮剂4种化学杀螨剂分别和土荆芥挥发油混配及单用开展田间药效试验,评估了10%土荆芥挥发油与上述4种化学杀螨剂复配后对柑橘全爪螨的防治效果。【结果】500 mg/L的土荆芥挥发油和25%阿维·乙螨唑悬浮剂混配药后在14 d和21 d的防治效果分别为90.01%、87.40%均显著优于25%阿维·乙螨唑悬浮剂单用在14 d(48.15%)和21 d(-41.61%)的防治效果。和240 g/L螺螨酯悬浮剂混配药后在7 d和14 d的防治效果分别为93.50%、91.31%均显著优于240 g/L螺螨酯悬浮剂单用在7 d(51.14%)和14 d(34.35%)的防治效果。而其与333mg/L阿维·氟啶胺悬浮剂混配药后1~3 d、250 mg/L乙唑螨腈悬浮剂混配药后21 d的防治效果均显著优于500 mg/L阿维·氟啶胺悬浮剂333 mg/L、乙唑螨腈悬浮剂未减量的单用防治效果。与土荆芥挥发油混配使用时阿维·氟啶胺悬浮剂和螺螨酯悬浮剂在单用供试浓度下减量33.4%、阿维·乙螨唑悬浮剂和乙唑螨腈悬浮剂在单用供试浓度下减量24.9%。【结论】研究表明土荆芥挥发油在和化学杀螨剂复配时有明显的减量增效作用,结果可为降低田间化学杀螨剂的用量提供参考。

大叶藜指纹图谱研究及相似度分析

通过大叶藜紫外指纹谱图(UVFP)、红外指纹谱图(IRFP),结合化学计量学方法,建立快速鉴别大叶藜药材的多维指纹图谱。采集10个不同产地的大叶藜样品190—700nm的UVFP和4000—400cm^-1的IRFP,分别反映中药化学组分中π→π^*、n→π^*、n→σ^*化学信息和多种化学单键、双键、三键等化学振动/转动对中红外线的吸收,建立其共有模式,并结合聚类分析和相似度分析构建多维指纹图谱。研究显示,UVFP、IRFP相结合构建的多维指纹图谱技术可实现对中药化学成分的全面检测。多维指纹图谱技术是一种综合鉴别中药质量的有效可行的方法,较任何单一方法更能准确揭示中药复杂系统的真实本源。

青海湖盐碱湿地灰绿藜叶的形态解剖学研究

利用光学显微镜和透射电镜对生长于青海湖湖滨盐碱湿地的先锋植物灰绿藜(Chenopodium glaucum Linn.)及生长于甘肃兰州大学校园内中生环境对照灰绿藜叶片的显微、超微结构进行了比较观察研究。结果发现中生环境灰绿藜叶片较薄 ,有明显的栅栏与海绵组织分化 ;叶绿体呈椭圆形 ,基粒片层较发达且普遍含有淀粉粒。与对照相比 ,生长于高海拔湖滨盐碱湿地灰绿藜叶为等面叶 ,叶片厚 ,角质层厚 ,栅栏组织发达 ,气室明显 ,具表皮毛 ;线粒体较多 ,但嵴不发达 ,叶绿体呈扁船型沿着壁的边缘排列 ,叶绿体的基粒片层不发达且普遍含有脂质球 ,一些细胞中常出现大量的多层膜结构。研究结果表明 2种生态型灰绿藜的形态结构已发生了深刻的变异 。

土荆芥挥发油对蚕豆根尖细胞的化感潜力

化感作用是外来植物成功入侵的机制之一。以蚕豆根尖为材料,采用DNA Ladder分析技术和蚕豆根尖微核技术,分析了入侵植物土荆芥挥发油经土壤载体诱导的细胞凋亡以及对细胞的遗传损伤。结果表明:(1)经挥发油处理24 h和48 h,低剂量(<5μL)挥发油对蚕豆根的生长与根尖细胞有丝分裂具有显著的促进作用,但随着处理剂量增大(>5μL)和处理时间延长,根的生长与细胞有丝分裂过程明显受到抑制。(2)挥发油具有诱导染色体畸变的效应,根尖细胞微核率随处理剂量增加和时间延长而增大,但当挥发油剂量大于15μL,这种诱导效应降低。(3)通过DNA Ladder分析,经挥发油处理后根尖细胞发生了凋亡,其中24 h处理组DNA未发生特异性降解,当剂量大于15μL处理48 h和剂量大于10μL处理72 h后,DNA开始发生特异性降解,形成DNA Ladder,表明随着挥发油剂量增大和作用时间延长,细胞凋亡过程加剧。研究结果表明土荆芥释放的挥发性化感物质能以土壤为载体对根细胞产生影响。