Effect of Osmotic Stress with PEG6000 on Osmotic Adjustment Solute in Seedling Leaves of Chenopodium album L.

[ Objective] The purpose was to discuss drought resistance mechanism of Chenopodium album L. and supply theoretical basis and practical guidance for artificial cultivation and popularization of C. album. [ Method] C. album seedlings grown to 6th leaf stage were conducted osmotic stress treatment with PEG6000 osmotic whose concentration was set up as 0, 5%, 10% and 20% and the various physiological indices of the 3rd -5th function leaves in upper plant were determined after being treated for 0, 1,3, 5, 7 and 9 d. [ Result] Under osmotic stress with 5% PGE, the relative water content （RWC） of C. album reduced less. Under osmotic stress with 10%, the RWC in seedling leaves of C. album decreased to 62% on the fifth day and the leaves began to wither. Under osmotic stress with 20%, the RWC in seedling leaves of C. album decreased to 61.9% on the third day and the leaves appeared withering, and the RWC decreased to 48.6% on the 7th day and the leaves were dry and yellow. Proline contents in seedling leaves of C. album under osmotic stress with 5%, 10% and 20% PEG were 7.64, 10.9 and 29.4 times of CK on the 7th day. [ Conclusion] C. album hed some adaptability to moderate osmotic stress, but the PEG osmotic stress with high concentration and long time might lead to severe damage on C. album.

山东省长岛县南部四岛藜(Chenopodium album L.)天然种群遗传多样性的ISSR分析

采用ISSR分子标记对分布于山东省长岛县南部的北长山、南长山、大黑山和小黑山4个岛屿上的藜天然种群共81个个体进行了遗传多样性及遗传结构的研究。13个引物共检测到157个可重复的位点。遗传多样性研究结果表明:种内的多态位点比率为66.24%,具有较高的遗传多样性(Shannon(I)指数在物种水平上为0.332 0);种群间有一定的遗传分化,根据Gst值,种群间的遗传多样性占总群体的9.27%。遗传距离分析表明,XHS种群和NCS种群的遗传一致度最高,与地理距离无相关性。

大连地区岛屿与大陆藜(Chenopodium album L.)种群遗传多样性的ISSR分析

采用ISSR分子标记对分布于大连市周边的4个藜的天然种群100个个体进行了遗传多样性及遗传结构的研究。13个引物共检测了157个位点,多态位点比率为67.52%,Shannon信息指数在物种水平上为0.332 9。根据GST值,藜遗传变异有40.03%发生在种群间。遗传距离分析表明,DT种群与MLN种群遗传一致度最高,遗传距离与地理距离之间没有相关性。

Comparison of the Evolvement Structure of Chenopodium album L.under the Stress of Different Saline Environments

[Objective] The aim of this study was to reveal the evolvement structures,especially the crystal characteristics of Chenopodium album L.under saline stress,so as to providing the first-hand data for utilizing biological techniques to control saline environment.[Method] Employing high definition display method of plant crystal structure and paraffin-section method,we performed a comparative study on the evolvement structures of C.album growing in high salinity areas in the coast of Egyptian Red Sea and common salinity areas in the grasslands in Changling County of Jilin Province.[Result] The regionally distributed crystal and the developed assimilating tissue of C.album are the key structural characteristics to antagonize the saline stress during the evolving process.Stem cortex of C.album growing in both the high salinity areas in coast of Egyptian Red Sea and common salinity areas in the grasslands in Changling County of Jilin Province has similar discontinuous crystal rings.Assimilating tissue in C.album growing in high salinity areas is highly developed than that in common salinity environment.Comparative analysis indicates that the developed stratum corneum and marrow is also the key structural characteristics to antagonize the saline stress.[Conclusion] Our results provide a valuable approach to study the salt-tolerance mechanism of plant using structural botanical techniques,i.e.,crystal may become the identification characteristics of salt tolerant plant.

Does Cold Plasma Affect Breaking Dormancy and Seed Germination? A Study on Seeds of Lamb's Quarters(Chenopodium album agg.)

Low-pressure discharge is applied for stimulation of germination of two seed lots of Lamb＇s Quarters （Chenopodium album agg.） with different starting germinations （17%, 8%） and in different stages of dormancy. Different exposition durations with cold plasma treatment were applied. The variable of the ratio cumulative germination was calculated. The Richards＇ equation was used for curve-fitting and simulation of the growth curves. Population parameters, namely Vi - viability, Me - time, Qu - dispersion, and Sk - skewness, counted from the curves described the germination rate well. Significant differences among Qu confirmed the erratic dormancy and gradual germination of Lamb＇s Quarters. No difference in the Me parameter was found between two tested seed lots, and no interspecies characteristics were changed using low-pressure discharge. The results suggested that plasma treatment changed seed germination in Lamb＇s Quarters seeds.

Study on the Microscopic Identification of Chenopodium album L.

[Objectives]This study was conducted to identify the microscopic characteristics of Chenopodium album L.[Methods]The microscopic identification method was adopted.[Results]The xylem vessels and fiber bundles of the roots are arranged into 3-4 intermittent ring belts in a concave-convex pattern,alternately with the parenchymal cell ring belts;and the xylem rays vary in width.The cross section of the stems is polygonal;there are parenchyma cells at the corners of the cortex;there are many vascular bundles of varying sizes;and calcium oxalate clusters are common in the medulla and cortex.There are 2 to 4 vascular bundles in the main leaf vein,peltate;and fiber bundles exist below the phloem.The powder is characterized by numerous clusters of calcium oxalate,which are uniform in size,sharp at edges and corners.[Conclusions]This study can provide reference for the identification and quality standard of the crude drug.

The Effect of Air Pollution on Chenopodium album L. Pollen Structure

Air pollution is harm and discomfort to human or other living organisms, it also causes damage to the environment. The aim of this project was to study the effect of air pollutions on structure and pollen grains development in Chenopodium album. Anthers of Chenopodium album L. were collected at different stages of development from control （less polluted） and polluted areas （mainly SO2, NO2, CO and APM）. Structure and development of pollen grains were studied and compared. The effects of pollution on pollen structure was investigated under Light and Scanning electron microscopy and the results showed that when pollen grains were exposed to polluted air they became abnormality in form and covered with large amounts of pollutants compared to control ones. Pollen abnormalities were seen as irregularity, shrinkage, thinning and breakage of the exine. Cellular material release was induced also. The data presented suggest that prolonged exposures of plants to air pollution may cause different biological effects at the cellular tissue and organ levels.

Antifungal Potential of Chenopodium album L. against Chickpea Blight

Chenopodium album L. （bathu） leaves and roots were selected to evaluate their antifungal potential against the Ascochyta rabiei responsible for chickpea blight that causes destructive yield losses. Methanolic extract of C. album leaves and roots was prepared and their various applied concentrations, viz., 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% were tested against A. rabiei. Leaf extracts were found more effective and showed significant antifungal activity over the root extracts. C. album leaf was found effective in screening bioassays, so this was subjected for fractional guided bioassays. Different various organic fractions of leaf extract were isolated, viz., n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. These isolated fractions were serially diluted to check their minimum inhibitory concentration （MIC） along with a synthetic fungicide （72% WP, Puslan）. The MIC of various concentrations from 500 mg/mL to 1.95 mg/mL was recorded after 24 h and 48 h intervals. Ethyl acetate and synthetic fungicides were found most effectual in retarding conidial germination with MIC of 1.95 mg/mL after 48 h incubation periods. Chloroform fraction also inhibited the fungal growth whereas n-hexane and n-butanol fraction were found to be ineffective.

Management of Chenopodium album L. through the Allelopathic Effect of Mangifera indica L.

Chenopodium album is an invasive weed in wheat fields in Egypt. The present study indicated the potentials for utilization of MILAE （Mangifera indica leaves aqueous extract） at different concentrations （5%, 10%, 15% and 25%） to suppress the germination and growth of C. album in Petri dish experiment Results indicated that predictable degrees of inhibition in C album germination and growth rate of seedlings were accompanied with the increase in the concentration of MILAE. PL （Plumule） and RL （radicle） lengths of C. album were negatively affected as the concentration of MILAE increased and the effect was prominent at 25% extract concentration. This study recommended the use of MILAE as strong phytotoxic potential allelochemicals. an alternative bioherbicides, since its leaves extract possess

藜(Chenopodium a1 bum L.)种子萌发基质条件试验

为探究藜(Chenopodium a1 bum L.)种子萌发的适宜基质条件,比对研究了6种不同基质条件下藜种子萌发情况。结果表明:藜种子萌发和幼苗生长初期对基质有机质含量、透气性无特别依赖性,缺少有机物的贫瘠土壤是藜种子萌发和幼苗生长的理想基质,认为水分是影响藜种子萌发和幼苗生长的首要因素;实验还发现,基质有机物和透气性的增加能促进藜种子萌发率和株高提前达到最大值。

Effects of different culture media on the growth of Indian sandalwood(Santalum album L.) seedlings in Zhanjiang,Guangdong,southern China

We studied the effects of different culture media on the growth of India sandalwood （Santalum album L.） seedlings in Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province in southern China. Five different growth substrates, lateritic subsoil, burnt soil, agricultural soil, peaty soil and coconut dust, were used as the basic culture materials and seven different treatments of composition were used as potting media. Kuhnia rosmarinifolia Vent. was used as a primary host plant for all treatments. Statistically significant differences were found between treatments in respects of survival rate （p 〈 0.001）, height （p 〈 0.001）, ground diameter （p 〈 0.001） and biomass （p = 0.002）, as well as for quality index （p 〈 0.001） of S. album seedlings after 6-month growth in containers with different culture media. Among all treatments, the treatment combining burnt soil, peat and coconut dust in a weight ratio of 1：1：1 plus 2% calcium super-phosphate as basal manure achieved the best performance for most of the seedling growth parameters, including survival rate （98%）, height （35.81 cm）, ground diameter （0.56 cm）, biomass （4.46 g） and quality index （0.65）, followed by the treatment using only burnt soil plus 2% calcium super-phosphate as the culture medium （survival rate 86%, height 29.23 cm, ground diameter 0.48 cm, biomass 3.36 g and quality index 0.52）, while the treatment using only lateritic subsoil plus the basal manure as the medium obtained the poorest results in survival rate （38%）, height （12.04 cm）, ground diameter （0.19 cm）, biomass （0.26 g） and quality index （0.043）. Increasing the proportion of lateritic subsoil in the medium when mixed with peat and coconut dust did not show statistically significant differences in survival, height, ground diameter, biomass nor in quality index. In consideration of cost, using burnt soil plus 2% calcium super-phosphate as basal manure may be the optimum culture medium for large-scale production of Indian sandal- wood seedlings in Guangdong, southern China.

Evolutionary divergence in Chenopodium and validation of SNPs in chloroplast rbcL and matK genes by allele-specific PCR for development of Chenopodium quinoa-specific markers

The genus Chenopodium comprises about 150 species, of which Chenopodium quinoa and C. album are important for their nutritional value. Evaluation of variation in qualitative morphological traits of plants and SNPs in chloroplast rbc L and mat K gene sequences in 19 accessions representing C. quinoa and C. album indicated that the accessions IC-411824 and IC-411825,which have white seeds, belong to C. quinoa rather than C. album. This observation was also supported by a time tree that indicated IC-411824 and IC-411825 to be a sister clade to accessions of C. quinoa with an estimated age of 1.2 Mya. Whereas multiple alignments of rbc L gene sequences from the 19 accessions revealed 1.26% parsimony-informative sites with 0.68%interspecific sequence diversity, alignment of nucleotide sequences of amplicons representing the mat K gene revealed 4.97% parsimony-informative sites and 2.81% interspecific sequence diversity. Validation of SNPs in the cp rbc L and mat K regions of 36 accessions belonging to C. quinoa and C. album was performed by allele-specific PCR with primers carrying a single base change at the 3′ end. We report the first C. quinoa-specific SNP-based primer, R1RQ-AFR,designed from rbc L sequences, that could differentiate quinoa from 64 genera including13 species of the genus Chenopodium. With an estimated age of 10.5–4.1 million years(Myr), the Himalayan chenopods are evolutionarily younger than the Andean chenopods. The results establish the paraphyletic origin of the genus Chenopodium.

土荆芥凋落物腐解液的化感效应及根边缘细胞的响应机制

为深入探讨入侵植物土荆芥(Chenopodium ambrosioides L.)的化感作用机制,以土荆芥入侵地广泛种植的农作物玉米(Zea mays L.)、大豆[Glycine max(L.)Merr.]、苦荞麦[Fagopyrum tataricum(L.)Gaertn.]为受体,采用纯琼脂悬空气培养法和根边缘细胞(Root Border Cells,RBCs)移除试验,研究土荆芥凋落物腐解物对受体RBCs的作用,以及RBCs存在与否条件下对受体作物幼根长度、根冠果胶甲基酯酶(Pectinmethyl Esterase,PME)活性的影响,并用化感效应指数进行评价。结果显示:土荆芥茎和叶腐解液对3种受体植物幼根生长均具有抑制作用,其化感效应指数依次为苦荞麦(0.295)、大豆(0.239)、玉米(0.163),对本地种(苦荞麦、大豆)的化感效应大于外来种(玉米);叶腐解物的化感抑制作用普遍强于茎腐解物;腐解时间越短,腐解物化感抑制效应越强。3种作物的RBCs数量与PME活性均呈显著正相关,当处理时间延长或腐解天数减少时,高浓度处理组的PME活性减弱,RBCs数量下降,死亡率上升,根长变短;移除RBCs后,根生长受抑制程度加剧。其中,玉米和苦荞麦在去除RBCs及处理12 h时部分处理组的PME活性增加,RBCs数量与根长变化量呈极显著正相关。结果表明,在受到土荆芥腐解物化感胁迫早期,作物可通过应激反应增加PME合成提高其活性,并释放较多的RBCs以保护幼根生长。当胁迫超过一定阈值后PME合成减少,RBCs数量降低且死亡率增加,根的生长受到抑制,但大豆存在不同的响应机制。

橄榄果实表型性状分级及挥发性化合物鉴定与特征香气分析

对59个品种(系)橄榄果实表型性状(单果质量、纵径、横径、果形指数)进行测定分析和概率分级,筛选果形指数级别不同且遗传背景不同的15个品种(系)橄榄果实,采用顶空固相微萃取和气相色谱-质谱联用技术进行挥发性化合物的分离鉴定。结果表明:4个表型性状的变异丰富,变异系数范围为10.70%~26.67%;经K-S检验,果形指数、纵径、横径符合正态分布,并对这3个表型性状进行概率分级;橄榄果实中共鉴定到886种挥发性化合物,包括萜类186种、杂环类157种、酯类146种、酮类73种、烃类64种、醇类64种、醛类53种、芳烃51种、酸类21种、胺类21种、酚类20种、其他30种,含量1881.70~6727.40μg/g(以鲜质量计,下同);萜类为主要的挥发性化合物,相对含量52.49%,含量最高的为α-蒎烯(309.66μg/g),相对含量7.13%;香气活性值(odor activity value,OAV)分析表明,对橄榄具有香气贡献的特征香气成分为181种,贡献最高的为杂环化合物5-乙基-3-羟基-4-甲基-2(5H)-呋喃酮,OAV为2468148.28,呈甜香型;进一步通过主成分分析结合正交偏最小二乘判别分析,筛选到不同品种(系)橄榄果实的差异特征香气成分6种,变量投影重要性值最高的是α-法呢烯,OAV为19.71,香气类型花果香。研究结果可为橄榄果实品质质量分级提供依据,也为深入研究橄榄果实香气形成机制、果实品质改善提供了参考依据。

NaCl胁迫对藜幼苗叶片渗透调节物质和保护酶的影响

[目的]研究不同浓度NaCl胁迫对藜叶片中渗透调节物质和保护酶活性的影响,以探讨藜的耐盐机理,为藜的人工栽培及推广提供理论依据。[方法]待藜幼苗长到4叶期时,用0%、0.6%、1.2%、1.8%NaCl溶液进行根部胁迫处理,分别于处理0、1、3、5、7 d后从藜幼苗上部取第3～5片功能叶片进行各项生理指标的测定。[结果]在0.6%NaCl胁迫下,渗透调节物质(可溶糖、脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白质)含量和保护酶(SOD、POD和CAT)活性都是缓慢增加的,丙二醛含量增加不大,膜脂过氧化水平低。在1.2%、1.8%NaCl胁迫下,渗透调节物质(可溶性糖、脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白质)含量随胁迫时间的延长而增加,SOD、POD、CAT活性随胁迫时间的延长先升高后降低,丙二醛含量显著提高,膜脂过氧化水平增大。[结论]藜可以通过渗透调节物质增加和保护酶活性增大来对适度的盐胁迫有一定的适应性,但高浓度、长时间的盐胁迫会对藜造成严重损伤。

箭筈豌豆繁种田阔叶杂草藜防除技术研究

为构建适用于箭筈豌豆繁种田阔叶杂草藜的防治技术,本研究通过田间试验测定评价了地膜覆盖对箭筈豌豆繁种田阔叶杂草防效以及筛选对箭筈豌豆安全且对藜防效高的除草剂。结果表明,覆盖黑色地膜对藜的株防效为81.52%,覆盖白色地膜的株防效为66.30%。播后苗前土壤封闭处理中330 g/L二甲戊灵EC,33%精异草·丙炔氟SC,480 g/L嗪草酮SC的防效差异不显著。80%唑嘧磺草胺WG 75 g/hm^(2)兑水900 L/hm^(2)播后6 d土壤封闭喷雾对阔叶杂草防效均在90%以上,对藜防效均在95%以上。50%扑草净WP苗期茎叶喷雾的推荐剂量为2450 g/hm^(2),对阔叶杂草防效87.85%~95.70%,对藜防效90.00%~96.50%。使用黑色地膜覆盖防除杂草,播后苗前(播后第6天)80%唑嘧磺草胺WG兑水剂量900 L/hm^(2)土壤封闭喷雾,苗期采用推荐选择剂量2450 g/hm^(2)50%扑草净WP茎叶喷雾,安全且防效较好。

NaCl和Na2CO3处理对土荆芥和藜的生长及抗氧化酶活性的比较研究

采用5个浓度水平的NaCl和Na2CO3溶液,分别模拟盐胁迫和碱胁迫对入侵植物土荆芥及其近缘植物藜进行浇灌处理,比较二者在2种盐胁迫下的生长以及抗氧化酶活性的变化。结果表明:土荆芥根重比和根冠比在盐胁迫下显著增加,在碱胁迫条件下则极显著降低;在各浓度梯度下,盐胁迫诱导的SOD和CAT活性均高于碱胁迫,而POD的活性仅在高浓度盐胁迫时才高于碱胁迫。表明Na2CO3胁迫对土荆芥造成的危害更大,土荆芥耐受NaCl胁迫能力强于Na2CO3胁迫。另外,近缘植物藜的根重比、根冠比在盐、碱胁迫时均呈下降趋势,抗氧化酶活性的变化也低于土荆芥,说明土荆芥比藜更能耐受盐、碱胁迫。

藜叶片响应出芽短梗霉菌侵染内参基因筛选及光合作用相关基因表达分析

【目的】筛选适合出芽短梗霉菌株PA-2侵染藜的稳定表达的最适内参基因,并进行PA-2侵染下藜光合作用相关基因的表达分析验证。【方法】分别以菌株PA-2孢子侵染0、1、3、5、7 d的藜叶片和正常生长藜的根、茎、叶为供试材料,通过qRT-PCR技术和Ct值评估3个候选内参基因GAPDH、β-ACTIN、β-TUBULIN的表达稳定性,并利用筛选出的内参基因,对藜光合作用相关基因(LFRN、MDH、PetC、psaA、CAB40、psaN、BHY和MO_(2))的表达水平进行定量分析。【结果】在菌株PA-2侵染藜不同时间点和不同组织的样本中,藜最适内参基因为GAPDH,可用于后续分析光合作用相关基因的表达水平。以GAPDH作为内参基因检测8个光合作用相关基因的表达水平,在不同侵染时间点,8个光合作用相关基因的表达量均出现不同程度的下调,除MDH基因外,其余基因均在5 d时达到最低水平。其中PctC、psaN、CAB40、BHY、MO_(2)基因在藜受侵染0~1 d中下调表达,在3 d达到较高水平,后期表达量下调;pasA先上调表达后下调表达;LFRN在受侵染后持续下调表达;MDH在受侵染后先显著下调,在3 d达到较低水平,后上调表达。在藜受侵染的不同组织中,8个基因在藜叶中均有大量表达,其中MDH基因在茎中大量表达,PctC和CAB40在根中表达量最低,除MDH基因外,其余7个基因在不同组织中的表达量高低排序为:叶>茎>根。【结论】本研究为后续利用qRT-PCR分析藜基因表达及研究PA-2致病机理奠定基础。

盐生植物灰绿藜对NaCl和NaHCO3胁迫的生理响应

【目的】应对日益严重的土壤盐渍化问题,开发新的具有生态效益和经济价值的盐生植物。【方法】以具经济价值的新疆盐生植物灰绿藜为材料,采用分光光度法测定了不同浓度NaCl和NaHCO3胁迫后植株的日相对生长率（RGR）、丙二醛（MDA）、多种渗调质、抗氧化剂含量变化及几种重要的抗氧化酶活力变化,探讨了其对盐碱胁迫生理响应机制的差异性。【结果】（1）在0-300 mmol/L,NaCl对植株生长的抑制作用较小,300mmol/L NaHCO3对植株生长产生了一定程度的抑制;（2）150和300 mmol/L NaCl和NaHCO3处理后植株叶片丙二醛含量均显著增加;叶片超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、过氧化物酶（POD）活力均无显著变化;抗氧化剂ASA显著升高。（3）随盐碱处理浓度增加,叶片脯氨酸（Pro）、甜菜碱（BADH）、可溶性糖含量显著升高,其中脯氨酸在较高浓度NaCl处理下升高幅度显著高于相同浓度的NaHCO3。【结论】植株体内抗氧化剂和渗调质ASA和脯氨酸Pro积累的差异可能是造成灰绿藜对高浓度盐碱胁迫耐受差异的原因之一。

寄主植物丹参对檀香幼苗生长的影响

目的:研究丹参作为寄主植物对檀香幼苗生长的影响。方法:设置檀香空白对照组(TXCK)、檀香+假蒿寄生组(TXJH)、檀香+丹参寄生组(TXDS)3个不同处理组,测定檀香幼苗的生物量、叶绿素含量、生化组分和土壤营养成分等指标。结果:TXDS组的株高、根长、吸器直径均显著高于TXJH组(P<0.05),是TXJH组的1.32~1.82倍。TXDS组的叶绿素a、叶绿素b及叶绿素总量均显著高于TXJH组(P<0.05),为TXJH组的1.41~1.49倍。TXDS组地上部分SOD和可溶性糖含量最高,但与TXJH组无显著差异;TXDS组地下部分SOD、可溶性糖含量显著高于TXCK、TXJH组(P<0.05);TXCK组地下部分蛋白含量显著高于TXDS组(P<0.05)。TXCK组全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均显著高于TXDS组(P<0.05),是TXDS组的1.44~1.73倍,但与TXJH组无显著差异,TXCK组全钾含量为1.94%,显著高于TXJH组(P<0.05),是TXJH组的1.60倍,但与TXDS组无显著差异。结论:寄主植物丹参能更好地促进檀香的生长,提高其光合作用,增加营养物质含量,促进对土壤营养成分的吸收,是檀香幼苗期的优良寄主植物,为栽培檀香寄主植物的选择提供了参考。