Study on Climate Changes for Flue-Cured Tobacco Growth in Chenzhou City of Hunan Province

Chenzhou city is the most typical region of Nanling Hill Ecological Zone of flue-cured tobacco with of aroma style of burnt sweet and pure sweet in China and is the largest planting region of flue-cured tobacco in Hunan province. It is of significance to study the changes of climatic parameters with time because climate is the most important factor in determining the growth, yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco. In this study, the data of climatic parameters including cumulative sunshine hours(S), mean temperature (T) and cumulative precipitation (P)from 1952 to 2018 in Chenzhou were used to analyze their changes at the scales of year, whole field period and growing period of flue-cured tobacco. The results showed that at the scale of year, the cumulative S, mean T and cumulative P were ranged from 1029.0 h to 2072.1 h, from 17.1°C to 19.5°Cand from 897.1 mm to 2244.6 mm, with the means of 1449.7 h, 18.1°C and 1482.5 mm, respectively. At the scale of whole field period of flue-cured tobacco, the cumulative S, mean T and cumulative P were ranged from 298.1 h to 807.2 h, from 21.2°C to 23.9°C and from 416.7 mm to 1102.7 mm, with the means of 514.8 h, 22.3°C and 719.0 mm, respectively. At the scale of growing period of flue-cured tobacco, the annual cumulative S were ranged from 70.0 h to 257.2 h, from 77.3 h to 322.5 h and from 131.2 h to 300.3 h in the periods of rooting, flourishing and maturing with the means of 127.8 h, 190.4 h and 197.2 h, respectively. The mean temperatures were ranged from 14.2°C to 18.9°C, from 22.2°C to 26.1°C, and from 25.8°C to 29.6°C with the means of 16.4°C, 24.1°C and 28.0°C, respectively. The annual cumulative P were ranged from 69.9 mm to 553.9 mm, from 133.1 mm to 485.6 mm and from 46.4 mm to 356.8 mm in the periods of rooting, flourishing and maturing with the means of 262.5 mm, 299.9 mm and 153.9 mm, respectively. At the year scale, cumulative S annually decreased by 7.587 h, mean T annually increased by 0.02°C, while cumulative P changed irregularly with insignificantly increasing about by 0.184 mm annually. At the scale of whole field period of flue-cured tobacco, mean T annually increased by 0.0195°C, while both cumulative S and P changed irregularly with insignificantly decreasing by 1.64 h and 1.62 mm annually, respectively. At the scale of growing period of flue-cured tobacco, all climatic parameters changed irregularly except cumulative S in significant positive compound function in the maturing period. Meanwhile, the slight decreasing tendency of cumulative sunshine hours and the slight increasing tendency of cumulative precipitation are disadvantageous while the slight increasing tendency of cumulative precipitation in the maturing period is positive for the growth and quality of flue-cured tobacco.

Study on Chemical Characteristics of Rainfall in Tobacco-Growing Regions of Chenzhou, Hunan Province

In order to clarify the chemical properties of rainfall in typical tobacco areas in Chenzhou City, Hunan Province, and analyze its potential for soil and flue-cured tobacco planting, rainfall samples in 2020 were collected by rainfall instruments in Fangyuan Town and Aoquan Town of Guiyang County, and the chemical properties that are closely related to the quality of flue-cured tobacco were determined, such as pH, EC, total nitrogen (TN), nitrate nitrogen (), ammonium nitrogen () and ion concentrations (K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, , Al3+, , Cl−,). The results show that the pH values of rainfall samples at Fangyuan and Aoquan monitoring sites are in the range of 4.92 - 6.17 and 4.93 - 5.69 respectively, with an average of 5.27 and 5.27 respectively. The acid rain characteristic is very obvious, which is mainly dominated by . The variation of rainfall EC has seasonal characteristics. EC is low from January to September, in the range of 6.09 - 56.72 and 11.83 - 30.93 μS/cm respectively, besides, it is high from October to December, in the range of 102.63 - 174.60 and 25.05 - 86.37 μS/cm respectively. The annual deposition of TN was 22.19 and 20.76 kg/hm2/yr respectively, which were higher than that in the western regions with less human disturbance, but lower than or equal to that in the developed agricultural regions in eastern China. The proportion of in the annual deposition of TN was higher than that of at two monitoring sites, with an average of 56.51% and 38.86% respectively. Ammonia volatilization from agricultural activities contributed more to rainfall nitrogen content. The ratios of ammonium nitrogen to nitrate nitrogen deposition at two monitoring points were 1.84, 1.81, 1.86 and 1.34, 1.46, and 1.29 during the whole year, summer and autumn, winter and spring respectively. The ratio is higher in summer and autumn than in winter and spring. The weighted average equivalent concentrations of the main ions at two monitoring sites were 238.88 μeq/L and 211.21 μeq/L respectively, and the orders of the ion concentrations were slightly different. Both the concentrations of and are higher, while Mg2+, and Al3+ are lower. , and are mainly from human activities with a contribution rate between 91.90% and 99.35%. Ca2+ mainly comes from soil and ground dust, besides, Cl− and Mg2+ mainly come from marine sources and K+ mainly comes from terrestrial sources. In general, the acidic rainfall and higher concentration are beneficial to reducing the high pH value of soil in Aoquan tobacco area and improving the quality of flue-cured tobacco. Higher concentrations of and in rainfall are not conducive to the improvement of flue-cured tobacco quality, because of the high content of soil available sulfur in Chenzhou tobacco area and the characteristics of flue-cured tobacco’s preference for ammonium.

Soil Fertility Comparison between Rotations of Tobacco-Rice (TR) and Rape-Rice (RR)

Tobacco-planting plays an important role in ensuring the high-quality tobacco raw materials supply and the local social and economic development in Chenzhou City. In recent years whether tobacco-planting is better for the maintenance and improvement of soil fertility than other crop-planting has been highly concerned. In this study, 16 soil fertility indicators and soil integrated index (IFI) were compared by 21 pairs of fields in Chenzhou city under the rotations of tobacco-rice (TF) and rice-rice (RR), and results showed that, comparing the mean values of soil fertility indicators, the contents of OM, TN, AN, AK, S and IFI were extremely significantly higher in TR than those in RR (p < 0.01), the contents of Cu, Ca, Mg and Fe were significantly higher in TR than those in RR (p < 0.05), but Mn content was significantly lower in TR than those in RR (p < 0.05). Meanwhile the contents of TP, TK and AP were insignificantly higher in TR than those in RR, and the contents of B, Mo and Zn were insignificantly lower in TR than those in RR. The above significant differences in soil fertility indicators were mainly due to relatively higher fertilizer inputs and less nutrient removal during tobacco-growing season than during rape-growing season, the net increase of N, P2O5 and K2O are 8.61, 5.25 and 24.89 kg per 667 m2 respectively in tobacco-growing season, while the net decrease of N, P2O5 and K2O are 8.88, 4.70 and 4.62 kg per 667 m2 respectively in rape-growing season. C.V. of soil fertility indicators and IFI were meanly lower in TR (52.25% and 15.95%, respectively) than those in RR (63.07% and 22.12%, respectively). Comparatively, tobacco-planting can improve soil fertility better than rape-planting when rotated with late rice in Chenzhou city. For tobacco-planting, Mg fertilizer should be applied for 23.8% TR fields, while more N, K, Ca, Mg, S and B fertilizers should be applied for 42.86%, 23.81%, 14.29%, 47.62%, 80.95% and 47.62% RR fields, respectively.

郴州植烟土壤pH空间分布及影响因素初探

为探明郴州植烟土壤酸碱度状况,于2015年在郴州烟区采集土壤样品1055个,利用多元统计学和地统计学方法分析了郴州植烟土壤pH 值空间变异及其影响因素。结果表明:郴州植烟土壤pH 均值为7.00,变幅为4.47~8.14,pH 值小于5.5的植烟土壤占10.91%,pH 值大于7.0的植烟土壤占62.37%;各县植烟土壤pH 均值在5.58 ~ 7.26。植烟土壤pH 值空间结构为指数模型,空间变异主要由人为因素决定(如使用石灰和钙镁磷肥等),空间分布呈现西南高、东北低的格局。偏最小二乘回归的分析结果表明,交换性钙、粉粒、全磷、全氮、有机质、碱解氮、阳离子交换量(CEC)和交换性镁是影响植烟土壤pH值的主要因素,8 项指标对植烟土壤pH 值的累计解释能力达65.2%,其中以交换性钙的变量投影重要性值(VIP,Variable Importance Plot)最大;这8 项指标对土壤pH 值表现为正效应,土壤pH 值与交换性钙、全磷、全氮、有机质、碱解氮、阳离子交换量等符合线性加平台模型,与土壤粉砂粒(0.02~0.002 mm)符合线性模型。

郴州烟区烤烟上部叶推迟采收对烟叶可用性的影响

【目的】探明烤烟上部叶推迟采收对其可用性的影响,为郴州优质上部烟叶采收标准制定提供参考。【方法】以云烟87为供试材料,分析上部烟叶不同采收时间(以常规采收为对照,在常规基础上推迟3 d、6 d、9 d采收)烟叶品质和感官质量的差异。【结果】随采收时间推迟,上部叶外观质量、经济效益、两糖含量、风格及品质特征和工业可用性均呈先升后降变化趋势,烟碱含量呈持续下降趋势,糖碱比、氮碱比呈逐步上升趋势。与常规采收相比,推迟3~6 d采收烟叶经济效益增加,外观质量改善,总糖、还原糖含量增加,烟碱、总氮含量降低,糖碱比、氮碱比提高。推迟3 d采收,烤后烟叶经济效益最佳,焦甜香、醇甜香及特征彰显度最高,香气质量、杂气、口感等品质指标及工业可用性最好。【结论】郴州烟区上部烟叶在常规采收基础上适当推迟采收有利于提高烟叶品质和经济效益,其中以推迟3 d采收的烟叶外观质量高、烤后烟叶的化学成分协调性好、风格特征与品质特征突出。

提高郴州烤烟上部烟叶工业可用性分析

烤烟上部烟叶产量占整株烟叶的1/3,上部烟叶一般烟气浓度大,香气量足,如果成熟度好,刺激性小,则可成为卷烟工业的主体原料,能够显著提高其工业可用性,较大程度改善卷烟工业烟叶原料供应结构。笔者对郴州烤烟生产可持续发展的主要生态条件进行了分析,包括烟区气候特征、主要气候因素、气候适应性等。探讨了烤烟可持续发展的栽培技术措施。讨论了影响郴州上部烟叶工业可用性的问题,如早花、连作障碍、高温逼熟、成熟度偏低等。提出了提高上部烟叶工业可用性的措施。

湖南郴州烟区不同烤烟品种烟叶品质差异性研究

[目的]为了能够进一步发挥品种优势,发掘品种潜力,更好地发挥品种特性在卷烟工业中的作用,为卷烟配方提供优质原料。[方法]利用外观质量评价、化学成分测定、感官质量评价和物理指标测定4种方法对云烟87、HC9511、HY-9-7、KRK26、湘烟一号5个品种的品质特点进行了对比分析。[结果]云烟87、HC9511、HY-9-7外观质量总体表现较好;KRK26和HC9511在郴州烟区烟碱含量较高,总糖和还原糖含量较低,而湘烟一号、HY-9-7和云烟87的糖含量相对较高,烟碱含量相对较低,云烟87中性香味成分的总量最高;云烟87和KRK26的评吸总分较高,湘烟一号、HY-9-7和HC9511的评吸得分较为接近。[结论]云烟87在郴州烟区具有较好的品质表现,其他品种表现一般。

郴州烟草良好农业规范体系建设及生产实施

郴州烟草良好农业规范管理实施手册是在郴州烟草标准化和全面质量管理制度的基础上,遵循中国GAP标准和烟草GAP要求,根据郴州烟草生产实际制订的,包括基地单元建设与管理程序,标准作业规范(SOP),标识标牌体系和可追溯性体系等。在实施上,注重宣贯培训,产地环境监测与保护,标准化生产过程控制及卫生安全作业等。郴州烟草良好农业规范体系完善,执行到位,以点带面,逐步推广,重点突出,成效明显。

湖南郴州烟区土壤养分状况分析

对郴州主产烟县(区)734个土壤样品养分进行了分析。结果表明,郴州烟区土壤略偏碱;有机质总体上较丰富,平均为42.30 g/kg,高于湖南省平均值;土壤全氮和碱解氮含量较高;全磷含量平均为0.93 g/kg,速效磷在土壤中的分布极不均衡,适宜范围10～20 mg/kg的土壤样品只占20.84%;土壤全钾及速效钾含量偏低,由南到北,由西到东呈逐渐增加的趋势。烟区土壤普遍缺硼,有91.28%的土壤样品低于缺硼临界值0.30 mg/kg;有效锌含量总体上较高,2～4 mg/kg丰富含量范围内的土壤样品占52.04%;有效锰含量高于20 mg/kg以上的样品占37.53%;有效铜总体上含量丰富,高于1 mg/kg的土壤样品所占比例高达79.57%;有效铁含量平均为87.23 mg/kg,处于极丰富水平。花岗岩发育的红壤含镁量很低,烟株总体上缺镁。

缓释肥不同配比对郴州烤烟产量及品质的影响

为进一步探究缓释肥对烟叶产量及品质的影响,以云烟87为供试烤烟品种,在郴州烟区设置了施氮量不变的情况下分别配施0(CK)、50%、70%的缓释肥和在减氮12.5%的情况下配施50%、70%的缓释肥5种不同配比方案,对烟叶田间生长发育及烤后烟叶产值、品质进行采样分析。结果表明:施用不同比例的缓释肥对烤后烟叶外观质量整体影响不大;施氮量不变的情况下,50%底肥+50%缓释肥的配比方案烤烟农艺性状表现最佳,能够最大程度地增加烤后烟叶的产量、产值、单叶重及上等烟比例,改善烤后烟叶化学成分协调性,同时保证中性致香物质略有增加,有效减少后期施肥管理的人工成本,提高经济效益;施氮量减少12.5%的情况下,增施或减少缓释肥占比烤烟的农艺性状均表现欠佳,烤后烟叶的产量、产值及上等烟比例降低,化学成分协调性及中性香气物质的产生均有所欠缺。因此,在郴州植烟地区可以示范推广施氮量不变、50%底肥+50%缓释肥的施肥配比方案。

郴州植烟区除草剂危害情况调查及治理对策

调查了郴州烟稻轮作区水稻及烤烟的除草剂使用情况,烟田应用的除草剂主要有草甘膦等13种。对桂阳、嘉禾、安仁、宜章、永兴5个烟区疑似除草剂药害的烟田进行调查,产生的症状主要有烟株畸形、叶片卷曲、叶片小而薄、轻微萎蔫、烟株异常矮小、芽扭曲、叶片发黄等。除草剂药害田烟株农艺性状较正常烟株差。对烟田土壤的检测结果表明:郴州地区烟草出现药害主要是二氯喹啉酸和二甲四氯引起的。对除草剂药害产生的原因进行了分析,并提出了治理对策。

郴州烤烟K326品种烘烤特性探究

烤烟的烘烤特性是指烟叶在农艺过程中获得的与烘烤技术和效果紧密相关的固有素质特性,因品种而异。试验以烤烟K326品种为供试材料,采用暗箱和电热式烤箱研究郴州产区烤烟K326品种的烘烤特性,分析其变黄、变褐特性,失水特性,叶绿素降解特性及主要化学成分变化规律。结果表明:暗箱条件下,下部叶变黄快,易烤性较好,变黄后变褐时间短,耐烤性较差;上部叶则与下部叶表现完全相反,易烤性较差而耐烤性较好;中部叶的易烤性和耐烤性介于上部叶和下部叶之间。烟叶在烘烤过程中,失水规律表现为"慢-快-慢"的变化趋势;叶绿素降解呈先快后慢的规律;主要化学成分中总糖、还原糖含量表现为增加趋势,总氮、烟碱含量变化不明显,淀粉含量呈降低趋势。在不同烘烤阶段不同部位烟叶各项指标的变化速率和幅度均存在明显的差异,需依据各部位烟叶烘烤特性制定科学的烘烤工艺,充分发挥烟叶潜力,提升K326品种的种植效益。

湖南郴州植烟区耕地状况分析及对策

对近10 a湖南郴州植烟区耕地状况的分析认为:郴州市植烟土壤基本上能满足优质适产烟叶生产的需要,地力指数均在5级以上,其中4级土壤为26.43%,3级土壤为72.07%,2级以上的土壤为1.5%。但也存在耕地土壤退化,尤其是水土流失较为严重的现象,其主要影响因素是:郴州地貌复杂;降水量(年均降雨量1 452.1 mm)多而集中,暴雨多发;土壤抗蚀能力较弱;加上当地对耕地的不合理开发利用。基于此,提出应做好封山育林和瘠地更新;加强烟区烟水配套建设;山区、丘陵的基本烟田采取多种保护性耕作制度;有计划地建设水平梯土;改良植烟区土壤等对策。

郴州烟草网络信息安全体系的构建与实现

当前,网络信息安全的影响因素存在多元化趋势,企业构建全方位的信息安全体系成为必然。文章针对郴州烟草的实际情况,首先从环境、人为、系统和管理四个方面对郴州烟草的网络信息安全情况进行了分析,然后从信息安全分类管理、员工信息安全意识、信息安全管理制度、信息安全检查、信息安全预案演练和信息安全防范技术六个方面系统地阐述了郴州烟草网络信息安全体系的构建。

施氮水平对烤烟新品系HN2146产质量的影响

为烤烟新品系HN2146在郴州烟区生产上的合理施用氮肥提供科学依据,采用田间试验方法,研究不同氮肥水平对其生育期、农艺性状、经济性状和烟叶外观质量的影响。结果表明:在试验条件下,随着氮肥水平的提高,对烤烟前期生长具有一定的促进作用,使其早生快发,但烟株成熟期推迟,生育期延长,施纯N195kg/hm^2较施纯N150kg/hm^2成熟期晚6d,较施纯N172kg/hm^2成熟期晚3d;烟株的株高、茎围、节距、叶片数、腰叶长和腰叶宽等农艺性状均随着施氮水平的提高而增大,产量也随着施氮水平的提高而提高;均价、产值、上等烟比例和上中等烟比例随施氮水平的提高呈先升后降趋势,即施氮量过少,产量降低,施氮量过多,烟株生长过分旺盛,叶片大而肥厚,烟叶品质降低。在湖南郴州生态条件下,烤烟新品系HN2146施氮量以172.5kg/hm^2的产质量效果最佳。

郴州烟区烤烟新品种(系)区域试验

为研究烤烟新品种在湖南省郴州烟区的适应性和抗逆性,2018年以K326和云烟87为对照,对SY15230、H4、09-18-3、CZ-59、HKND-2和20132这6个品种(系)进行区域筛选试验,调查了参试新品种的植物学性状、农艺性状、经济性状、抗逆性,综合评价了烟叶外观质量等。结果表明:6个品种(系)在植物学性状、农艺性状方面存在一定的差异,但都能适应湖南郴州烟区生态环境要求;在经济性状方面,09-18-3产量和产值最高,其次为SY15230和CZ-59;CZ-59上等烟比例最高;09-18-3烟叶成熟落黄好,结构合理,抗病性强;SY15230农艺性状较好,植株较高,有效叶多,叶面积适中,成熟时分层落黄好;CZ-59田间生长势强,叶面积大,上等烟率较高;20132易感黑胫病和野火病,产量低;HKND-2和云烟87易感野火病;SY15230、09-18-3和CZ-59原烟外观质量综合评价较好。综上所述,烤烟新品种(系)SY15230、CZ-59和09-18-3适宜在湖南郴州烟区种植。

郴州浓香型烟叶生产现状及发展对策

分析了郴州浓香型烟叶生产现状,归纳出浓香品种推广、实用技术推广、生产管理和收购导向等4个方面的主要问题,并从明确发展定位、加强技术引领、加强政策引导、创新收购管理、提升保障水平等方面提出了发展对策。

郴州市植烟区烤烟育苗技术特点及评价

阐述了郴州市烤烟育苗发展概况,分析了其主要育苗技术特点及优劣;并针对湘南烟区烤烟育苗期长期低温寡照的气候特点,提出了今后烤烟育苗应当采取的主要技术手段。

郴州市烟叶生产组织形式的现状与发展对策

创新烟叶生产组织形式,科学合理利用各类资源,是实现烟叶区域化生产、提高烟叶质量和烟农收入的重要途径。分析了郴州市烟叶生产组织发展现状及存在的问题,提出了加强政策扶持、创新烟叶生产组织形式、创新土地流转机制、提升合作社服务能力、提高烟农整体素质和健全社会保障体系等发展对策。

郴州烟叶工商交接等级质量分析

对2009—2013年国家局对郴州烟叶工商交接等级质量监督数据及其影响因素进行综合比较分析。结果表明:郴州烟叶不同等级间烟叶等级合格率有显著差异,上等烟平均等级合格率低于中等烟,中等烟低于下等烟;中部烟平均等级合格率低于上部烟和下部烟,需求量大、质量好的烟叶等级合格率不高。烟叶等级质量主要受等级纯度、混低、混部位的影响,中部烟叶混低、混部位的比例大于上部烟叶和下部烟叶混低、混部位的比例。该文对提高烟叶等级质量提出了有关建议。