Sweet chestnut （Castanea sativa Mill.）, the only native species of Castanea genus in Europe, occupies over 12,000 ha in Andalusia （South of Spain）. From 2000 until now, we have carried out different activities foc...Sweet chestnut （Castanea sativa Mill.）, the only native species of Castanea genus in Europe, occupies over 12,000 ha in Andalusia （South of Spain）. From 2000 until now, we have carried out different activities focused on the location and cataloguing of the different chestnut groves in the region and the evaluation of the genetic variability contained in this germplasm. Two different types of chestnut groves were detected： one of clonal nature （varieties obtained by grafting） and another of open pollination （trees from seed）. In the first case, the aim of our study was to identify and characterise the main chestnut traditional varieties. High levels of genetic variability were detected in clonal orchards by means of morphological and molecular analysis. A total of 38 varieties were identified： 12 in Huelva and 26 in Malaga regions. Moreover, we reported data about the presence of synonymies and homonymies. Our results indicate that chestnut production in this region is a traditional system that uses varieties developed in situ, constituting a genuine system of ＇on farm＇ conservation. Nevertheless, their preservation is seriously threatened in most zones due to the varietal substitution, the low profit or the abandonment, which determines the urgent necessity to safeguard these genetic resources. Furthermore, preliminary results for chestnut populations indicated a high degree of genetic variation.展开更多
The growth and development of staminate inflorescence and anatomic structure of male chestnut flower were observed. Results showed that staminate in-florescence on the base of branch formed first, then upward successi...The growth and development of staminate inflorescence and anatomic structure of male chestnut flower were observed. Results showed that staminate in-florescence on the base of branch formed first, then upward successively. About 50 days were needed from the formation of staminate inflorescence on the base of branch to ful y develop the staminate inflorescence on the top of the branch. On the same staminate inflorescence, male flower clusters of the base formed first, then upward successively. About 20 days were needed from the formation of stami-nate inflorescence on the base of the male flower cluster to ful y develop the stami-nate inflorescence on the top of the branch. 5-7 male flowers forming a cluster, the flower number in a cluster was odd number usual y, and there was one on the top and each two paral el y arranged downward. The flower on the top came into bloom first, and then downward successively. The flowers paral el y arranged came into bloom at the same time. Sporangium of male flower of chestnut was monolocular. There were a large number of pol en grains in the sporangium. There were large differences between the development process of different sporangium in one male flower. Chestnut had larger quantity of male flowers and pol en and long period of pol ination compared with female flower. It is remained to be further studied whether it was necessary for anemophilous pol ination.展开更多
In order to explore moldy mechanism of chestnut from Luotian County in storage process,the strains of pathogenic fungi were isolated from chestnuts after storage at room temperature for 70d.Six genera of fungi were fo...In order to explore moldy mechanism of chestnut from Luotian County in storage process,the strains of pathogenic fungi were isolated from chestnuts after storage at room temperature for 70d.Six genera of fungi were found in chestnut through experimental identification,which were Ozoniumsp.,Fusarium sp.,Aspergillus sp.,Penicilliumsp.,Rhiopus sp.and Stachybotrys sp.,respectively.The re-inoculation tests had been conducted on pathogenic fungi whose isolating rate was greater than 10%.The result showed that the rest genera of fungi generally had no pathogenicity except Penicilliumsp.could infect non-injured chestnut with a lower moldy rate and lighter symptoms;but the moldy rate of strains was above 60% in injured inoculation and they showed heavy symptoms,among which the moldy rate of Ozoniumsp.and Aspergillus sp.were higher than 80%.The experimental results showed that injured chestnut were more likely to decay.Ozoniumsp.and Aspergillus sp.were important pathogenic fungi causing decay during storage process of chestnut.展开更多
为研究燕山板栗的遗传多样性,用扩增片段长度多态性(amplified fragment length polymorphism,AFLP)技术对44份板栗种质的遗传多样性及遗传距离进行分析,其中36份原产燕山地区的种质中有18份为野生种质和18份为栽培品种,另外8份为原产...为研究燕山板栗的遗传多样性,用扩增片段长度多态性(amplified fragment length polymorphism,AFLP)技术对44份板栗种质的遗传多样性及遗传距离进行分析,其中36份原产燕山地区的种质中有18份为野生种质和18份为栽培品种,另外8份为原产山东的品种。共检测了384个AFLP位点,有217个是多态性位点,占56.5%,这表明了所检测的板栗材料中存在着明显的遗传多样性。用NTSYS软件对44份板栗种质进行聚类分析。所有材料聚成4个类群,其中燕山地区原产的板栗材料被聚为3个类群,山东起源的被聚类为1个独立的类群。在所分析的44份材料中,遗传距离在0.0292和0.2214之间。燕山板栗和外来板栗存在着明显的差异,本研究结果与本实验室用RAPD技术分析的结果是一致的。结果对这些板栗材料在育种中的应用具有重要指导意义。展开更多
Gas exchange,chlorophyll a fluorescence kinetics,chloroplast pigments and spectral reflectance were investigated to explore the variations of photosynthetic capacity,primary photochemical reactions and development of ...Gas exchange,chlorophyll a fluorescence kinetics,chloroplast pigments and spectral reflectance were investigated to explore the variations of photosynthetic capacity,primary photochemical reactions and development of photo-protective mechanisms in chestnut leaves from emergence to full expansion under field conditions.The results showed that during leaf development,net photosynthetic rate(P_n)gradually increased.Although the maximum quantum yield of PSII photochemistry(φ_ Po)was quite high at the initial stages of leaf development,P_F was markedly lower than that in fully expanded leaves.When the relative leaf area(RLA)was about 10%,φ_ Po and electron transport per active reaction centers(ET_O/RC)were just a little lower than that in fully expanded leaves,indicating that its primary photochemical capability had been nearly completed.Due to low chlorophyll concentration,absorption flux per excited cross-section(ABS/CS)in a young leaf was less,nevertheless the absorption flux per reaction center(ABS/RC)was more than that in a mature leaf because of lower density of reaction centers(RC/CS)in the young leaf.High ABS/RC as well as low P_n resulted in more heat dissipation per reaction center(DI_O/RC).The changes of chlorophyll were in opposition to the de-epoxidating degree of xanthophyll cycle pigments(ΔPRI)at various expanding stages of leaf.The content of chlorophyll per leaf area(ChlNDI)increased steadily with the progress of leaf expansion.When exposed to high irradiance at midday,the de-epoxidation of xanthophyll cycle pigments in newly developing leaves was considerably enhanced compared with fully expanded ones,which indicated that xanthophyll cycle might play a key role in excessive energy dissipation in young chestnut leaves.Anthocyanin accumulation was observed in newly emerging leaves of chestnut.The foliage was not photostable and was vulnearable to photo-damage because levels of light utilization and its capacity to dissipate excess energy were low.Above results implied that anthocyanins could protect newly-emerging leaves against high light stress,which could interprey why the de-epoxidating degree of xanthophyll cycle pigments(ΔPRI)at 10% RLA leaves was appreciably lower than that of 30% RLA leaves.We propose that the timely development of the above photoprotective mechanisms in young leaves is a reason of protecting their photosynthetic apparatus from photo-destruction.展开更多
文摘Sweet chestnut （Castanea sativa Mill.）, the only native species of Castanea genus in Europe, occupies over 12,000 ha in Andalusia （South of Spain）. From 2000 until now, we have carried out different activities focused on the location and cataloguing of the different chestnut groves in the region and the evaluation of the genetic variability contained in this germplasm. Two different types of chestnut groves were detected： one of clonal nature （varieties obtained by grafting） and another of open pollination （trees from seed）. In the first case, the aim of our study was to identify and characterise the main chestnut traditional varieties. High levels of genetic variability were detected in clonal orchards by means of morphological and molecular analysis. A total of 38 varieties were identified： 12 in Huelva and 26 in Malaga regions. Moreover, we reported data about the presence of synonymies and homonymies. Our results indicate that chestnut production in this region is a traditional system that uses varieties developed in situ, constituting a genuine system of ＇on farm＇ conservation. Nevertheless, their preservation is seriously threatened in most zones due to the varietal substitution, the low profit or the abandonment, which determines the urgent necessity to safeguard these genetic resources. Furthermore, preliminary results for chestnut populations indicated a high degree of genetic variation.
基金Supported by the Major Project of the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(2010CBB03901)the Key Project of the Industry-University-Research Cooperation Program of the Education Department of Hubei Province(C2010060)+3 种基金the Demonstration Project of the Forestry Scientific and Technical Extension of the Central Finance in 2011(2011BH0032)the Open Fund Project of the Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement Resources Comprehensive Utilization of Hubei Province(2013000503)the Industry-University-Research Cooperation Program of Huanggang Normal University(2012025703)the Postdoctoral Fund of Jiangsu Province(1402115C)~~
文摘The growth and development of staminate inflorescence and anatomic structure of male chestnut flower were observed. Results showed that staminate in-florescence on the base of branch formed first, then upward successively. About 50 days were needed from the formation of staminate inflorescence on the base of branch to ful y develop the staminate inflorescence on the top of the branch. On the same staminate inflorescence, male flower clusters of the base formed first, then upward successively. About 20 days were needed from the formation of stami-nate inflorescence on the base of the male flower cluster to ful y develop the stami-nate inflorescence on the top of the branch. 5-7 male flowers forming a cluster, the flower number in a cluster was odd number usual y, and there was one on the top and each two paral el y arranged downward. The flower on the top came into bloom first, and then downward successively. The flowers paral el y arranged came into bloom at the same time. Sporangium of male flower of chestnut was monolocular. There were a large number of pol en grains in the sporangium. There were large differences between the development process of different sporangium in one male flower. Chestnut had larger quantity of male flowers and pol en and long period of pol ination compared with female flower. It is remained to be further studied whether it was necessary for anemophilous pol ination.
基金Supported by Key Project of Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(2010CBB03901)Key Project of Production-study-research Cooperation Fund for University by Hubei Education Department(C2010060)Forestry Science Technique Extension and Demonstration Project of Central Budget in 2011(2011BH0032)
文摘In order to explore moldy mechanism of chestnut from Luotian County in storage process,the strains of pathogenic fungi were isolated from chestnuts after storage at room temperature for 70d.Six genera of fungi were found in chestnut through experimental identification,which were Ozoniumsp.,Fusarium sp.,Aspergillus sp.,Penicilliumsp.,Rhiopus sp.and Stachybotrys sp.,respectively.The re-inoculation tests had been conducted on pathogenic fungi whose isolating rate was greater than 10%.The result showed that the rest genera of fungi generally had no pathogenicity except Penicilliumsp.could infect non-injured chestnut with a lower moldy rate and lighter symptoms;but the moldy rate of strains was above 60% in injured inoculation and they showed heavy symptoms,among which the moldy rate of Ozoniumsp.and Aspergillus sp.were higher than 80%.The experimental results showed that injured chestnut were more likely to decay.Ozoniumsp.and Aspergillus sp.were important pathogenic fungi causing decay during storage process of chestnut.
文摘为研究燕山板栗的遗传多样性,用扩增片段长度多态性(amplified fragment length polymorphism,AFLP)技术对44份板栗种质的遗传多样性及遗传距离进行分析,其中36份原产燕山地区的种质中有18份为野生种质和18份为栽培品种,另外8份为原产山东的品种。共检测了384个AFLP位点,有217个是多态性位点,占56.5%,这表明了所检测的板栗材料中存在着明显的遗传多样性。用NTSYS软件对44份板栗种质进行聚类分析。所有材料聚成4个类群,其中燕山地区原产的板栗材料被聚为3个类群,山东起源的被聚类为1个独立的类群。在所分析的44份材料中,遗传距离在0.0292和0.2214之间。燕山板栗和外来板栗存在着明显的差异,本研究结果与本实验室用RAPD技术分析的结果是一致的。结果对这些板栗材料在育种中的应用具有重要指导意义。
文摘Gas exchange,chlorophyll a fluorescence kinetics,chloroplast pigments and spectral reflectance were investigated to explore the variations of photosynthetic capacity,primary photochemical reactions and development of photo-protective mechanisms in chestnut leaves from emergence to full expansion under field conditions.The results showed that during leaf development,net photosynthetic rate(P_n)gradually increased.Although the maximum quantum yield of PSII photochemistry(φ_ Po)was quite high at the initial stages of leaf development,P_F was markedly lower than that in fully expanded leaves.When the relative leaf area(RLA)was about 10%,φ_ Po and electron transport per active reaction centers(ET_O/RC)were just a little lower than that in fully expanded leaves,indicating that its primary photochemical capability had been nearly completed.Due to low chlorophyll concentration,absorption flux per excited cross-section(ABS/CS)in a young leaf was less,nevertheless the absorption flux per reaction center(ABS/RC)was more than that in a mature leaf because of lower density of reaction centers(RC/CS)in the young leaf.High ABS/RC as well as low P_n resulted in more heat dissipation per reaction center(DI_O/RC).The changes of chlorophyll were in opposition to the de-epoxidating degree of xanthophyll cycle pigments(ΔPRI)at various expanding stages of leaf.The content of chlorophyll per leaf area(ChlNDI)increased steadily with the progress of leaf expansion.When exposed to high irradiance at midday,the de-epoxidation of xanthophyll cycle pigments in newly developing leaves was considerably enhanced compared with fully expanded ones,which indicated that xanthophyll cycle might play a key role in excessive energy dissipation in young chestnut leaves.Anthocyanin accumulation was observed in newly emerging leaves of chestnut.The foliage was not photostable and was vulnearable to photo-damage because levels of light utilization and its capacity to dissipate excess energy were low.Above results implied that anthocyanins could protect newly-emerging leaves against high light stress,which could interprey why the de-epoxidating degree of xanthophyll cycle pigments(ΔPRI)at 10% RLA leaves was appreciably lower than that of 30% RLA leaves.We propose that the timely development of the above photoprotective mechanisms in young leaves is a reason of protecting their photosynthetic apparatus from photo-destruction.
