Identification of a novel mtDNA lineage B3 in chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus)

DEAR EDITOR, In this study, we sequenced the complete mitochondrial DNA genome （mitogenome） of the Zhengyang Yellow chicken （Gallus gallus domesticus） by next-generation sequencing technology. Samples were taken from Zhumadian city, Henan Province, China. The complete mitogenome was 16 785 bp in size, and had a nucleotide composition of 30.3% （A）, 23.7% （T） 32.5% （C）, and 13.5% （G）, with a high AT content of 54.0%. The assembled mitogenome exhibited typical mitochondrial DNA （mtDNA） structure, including a non-coding control region, two rRNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes, and 22 tRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that this mitogenome defined a novel sub-haplogroup B3 within haplogroup B. These results should provide essential information for chicken domestication and insiqht into the evolution of genomes.

Parasites Status of Village Chickens (<i>Gallus gallus domesticus</i>) in Selected Communities in Yenagoa Local Government Area of Bayelsa State, Nigeria

Parasites constitute a major obstacle to poultry production, leading to significant losses in many poultry farms. This study investigated the parasites status of village chicken (Gallus domesticus) collected from selected communities in Yenagoa Local Government Area of Bayelsa State Nigeria, during January to March 2020. A total of 35 birds were collected from 5 communities: Igbogeni, Tombia, Agudama, Akenfa and Opolo to assess their parasitic status. The procession of the chicken and the identifications of both ecto and endo parasites followed standard techniques. From the results, the prevalence of the ecto parasites and the endo parasites in the chickens were 85.71% and 88.57% respectively. The ectoparasites species in order of increasing frequency were Lice (37.65%), Fleas (32.94%), and Mites (29.41%). Mixed infection of lice & fleas accounted for 34.12%. The prevalence of endo parasites was: Nematode (71.59%) and Cestode (28.41%) respectively. The species specific prevalence of the endo parasites encountered were Ascaridia galli (44.4%), Heterakis gallinarum (22.2%), Capillaria spp. (33.3%), Davainea proglottina (56%), Raillientina spp. (44%) respectively. This present study has provided an insight into parasitic infection of domestic birds across communities in Yenagoa Local Government Area of Bayelsa State Nigeria and recommended that an intensive health education on their public health implications in the spread disease causing pathogens among humans be carried out.

泰和鸡(Gallus gallus domesticus)胰腺微血管构筑的扫描电镜观察

本文采用甲基丙烯酸甲酯制备泰和鸡的胰腺微血管铸型,用扫描电镜观察其微血管构筑。结果表明:泰和鸡胰腺的微血管构筑是复杂而多样的。小叶内动脉发出入岛微动脉、腺泡微动脉和导管周围微动脉。入岛微动脉进入胰岛后分支形成毛细血管网的位置不恒定。出岛血管呈放射状离开胰岛,通过胰岛—腺泡门脉血管和/或胰岛—小导管路径进入外分泌部(门脉型),或经导血管直接汇入小叶内或小叶间静脉(非门脉型)。腺泡微动脉直接供应不含胰岛的小叶或远离胰岛的外分泌腺泡部分。腺泡毛细血管网可由微静脉汇入小叶内静脉,此外,还可通过腺泡—小导管路径与导管周围毛细血管丛相连。导管周围微动脉分支形成导管周围毛细血管丛。本文并对泰和鸡胰岛—腺泡门脉系统的机能意义进行了讨论。

利用GALLUS设备生产生物有机肥技术参数及调控

利用GALLUS设备,以新鲜畜禽粪便为主要原料,适当加入农作物废弃物为辅料,通过人为调控技术使发酵过程顺利进行,研究温度、水分、C/N比,发酵时间和pH值等工艺参数的特征及对发酵的影响,最终生产出性能稳定,酸碱值近乎中性的高效有机肥。

泰和鸡(Gallus gallus domesticus)小肠绒毛微血管构筑

本文采用墨汁明胶灌注法显示泰和鸡的小肠绒毛微血管构筑。结果表明：起自粘膜下动脉的微动脉分支围绕肠腺形成肠腺周围毛细血管丛（腺丛），再由腺丛汇集成一或数支绒毛微动脉，在绒毛的基部或顶部分支形成绒毛毛细血管网，构成了簇型和喷泉型。绒毛微动脉在顶部与绒毛微静脉有交通支，形成毛细血管前动静脉吻合。绒毛微静脉多支，收集绒毛顶部的毛细血管，笔直延伸到绒毛基部，注入腺丛，再汇入粘膜下静脉。

Complete mitochondrial genome of the Thai Red Junglefowl (Gallus gallus) and phylogenetic analysis

DEAR EDITOR,In this study, we sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome （mitogenome） of the Thai Red Junglefowl （RJF; Gallus gallus） using the next-generation sequencing （NGS） platform of the Ion Torrent PGM. Samples were taken from Mae Wang District, Chiang Mai Province, northern Thailand Our data showed the complete mitogenome to be 16 785 bp in length, composed by 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, two rRNA genes, and one control region. The genome nucleotide composition was 30.3% A, 23.7% T, 32.5% C, and 13.5% G, resulting in a high percentage of A＋T （50.4%）. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the mitogenome belonged to haplogroup X, whereas those of all domestic chickens belong to haplogroups A to G. This newly released mitogenome sequence will advance further evolutionary and population genetics study of the RJF and domestic chicken The availability of the G. gallus mitogenome will also contribute to further conservation genetics research of a unique species, listed as ＇data deficient＇ in Thailand.

Roosting Territory of White Ear-Lobed Red Jungle Fowl （Gallus gallus gallus）

RJF （red jungle fowl） （Gallus gallus gallus） is territorial birds. Only males advertise and defend territory by metals of crows and combat fighting in severe cases. Crows are testosterone dependent and use up to 4-5% of their basal metabolic rate. Crows race individual voice signatures which differ in tone, duration and vibration. Crows together with radio-telemetry were used here to locate night roosts of dominant males. Between 2005 and 2009, 10 despots were intensively monitored. Outermost locations of individual＇s roosts were connected to form territory and a distance of 50 m was buffered to individual＇s territory to yield home range. Data indicated strong site fidelity of dominant males. The longest territory tenure was 31 months. The life time territory of males was on average 10.24 ha （±1.73 SE） and a home range was 17.59 ha （±2.15 SE）. Average yearly territory vmcied between 5.48 and 10.88 ha per individual and rarely overlapped. Some roosts were used repeatedly at the same point. In the night, RJF was relatively safe and difficult to approach both vertically and horizontally. Roost site selections were thus a trade-off between security and territory proclamation.

捷拉斯(Gallus)集团柔性版印刷设备

目前我国柔性版印刷设备市场异常活跃,可供企业选择的设备机型和品牌也很多。企业如何面对市场选择适合自身需要与发展的设备是实现企业技术改造成功的关键。可以说对于良性循环的印刷产品市场而言,具有高技木含量及性能的设备硬件。

窄幅轮转印刷:“绿色印刷”的排头兵——与瑞士捷拉斯Gallus公司销售及市场总裁谈环保印刷

水基油墨是国际公认的、最环保的印刷油墨,窄幅轮转印刷尤其是柔性版印刷被誉为“绿色印刷”、“环保印刷”。本文通过采访瑞士捷拉斯公司的销售及市场总裁克劳斯·巴哈什坦先生,让印刷界人士从他的角度来了解现代环保领域的新知。

家鸡对丝带凤蝶性二型体色的反应

旨在明确丝带凤蝶成虫Sericinus montelus Gray在全光谱范围内存在性二型体色,评估鸟类对丝带凤蝶性二型体色的识别度,推测性二型体色是否对雌雄丝带凤蝶个体的生存概率产生影响。先用光谱检测仪测量丝带凤蝶雌雄成虫的反射光谱,分析反射光谱特征;再通过家鸡Gallus gallus domesticus视觉模型估算丝带凤蝶雌雄体色与预设背景的颜色差异。最后以小鸡为捕食者设计行为学试验,观测小鸡捕食雌雄丝带凤蝶成虫的行为反应。反射光谱测量结果显示雌雄丝带凤蝶在可见光和紫外波段都具有体色差异,雄性在前后翅白斑测量点上的亮度明显高于雌性。鸟类视觉模型结果表明,雄性丝带凤蝶所有测量点在明暗视觉(远距离)和颜色视觉(近距离)中的识别度值都高于识别阈值3,捕食者容易识别;但是雌性丝带凤蝶前翅和后翅黄白斑识别度值在明暗视觉和颜色视觉中都介于1与3之间,捕食者不易区分。捕食行为试验数据分析发现,捕食者发现猎物的潜伏时间及攻击潜伏时间没有显著差异,但小鸡啄食雄性猎物的次数及处理时间都显著高于雌性猎物。由此可见,与雌性丝带凤蝶相比,雄性在全光谱范围内的确具有更加亮丽的体色,但这种亮丽的视觉信号更易吸引鸟类捕食者的注意,带来了更高的捕食风险。

Experimental Sex Inversion of Chicken Embryos at Aromatase Inhibition, Estrogen Receptor Modulation, DNA Demethylation and Progesterone Treatment

The work was carried out by microinjections of an aromatase inhibitor letrozole, an estrogen receptor modulator tamoxifen in incubated eggs Gallus g. domesticus, the first day of incubation. It also used 5-azacytidine (5-AC) at the same time. Injection of progesterone was carried out before the onset of meiosis prophase 1 on 16 h of incubation. Morphologically and histologically and by PCR, sex of the 17-day embryos was controlled. According to information received microinjection of letrozole caused almost a 100% inversion of genetic males to females, which is manifested in the morphology of the gonads. In other experiments, sex reversal is not revealed. The results are obtained in this study, and the data suggest that the presence of gonadogenesis in female chickens makes earlier emergence of aromatase in the beginning of incubation, than that according to the classical scheme of sex determination in birds. Presumably this kind of synthesis is triggered by some W-chromosomal factors. It failed to detect the phenomenon of gender inversion—the transformation of males into females after exposure to demethylating agent 5-AC that casts doubt on the participation of male hypermethylated (MHM)-RNA-segment in regulating the activity of sex determining genes.

HPLC法同时测定炮制前后鸡内金中6种黄酮类成分

目的建立HPLC法同时测定炮制前后鸡内金中大豆苷、黄豆黄苷、染料木苷、大豆苷元、黄豆黄素、染料木素的含量。方法该药物的分析采用Spursil AQ C_(18)色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm);流动相乙腈-0.1%甲酸,梯度洗脱;体积流量1.0 mL/min;柱温30℃;检测波长254 nm。结果6种成分在各自范围内线性关系良好(r≥0.9990),平均加样回收率95.44%~104.10%,RSD 2.41%~4.01%。鸡内金生品和炮制品中大豆苷、黄豆黄苷、染料木苷、大豆苷元、黄豆黄素、染料木素的平均含量分别为1.10、0.22、1.33、0.27、0.77、0.62 mg/g和0.94、0.20、1.12、0.77、2.32、1.75 mg/g。结论该方法稳定可靠,可用于鸡内金生品和炮制品的质量控制。

乌鸡肽对葡聚糖硫酸钠诱导的溃疡性结肠炎小鼠的保护作用

溃疡性结肠炎是一种发病机制尚未明确的慢性炎症性肠病,其发病率逐年上升,近年来,随着健康饮食理念的普及,通过饮食干预降低溃疡性结肠炎发生率日益受到大众青睐。本研究通过葡聚糖硫酸钠(dextran sodium sulfate,DSS)构建小鼠溃疡性结肠炎模型,通过比较小鼠体质量、疾病活动指数、结肠长度、结肠苏木精-伊红(hematoxylin-eosin,HE)染色切片、炎症因子白细胞介素-6(interleulin-6,IL-6)、IL-10、IL-1β和肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)含量、肠道微生物构成以及短链脂肪酸含量的变化,探究乌鸡肽干预对DSS诱导的溃疡性结肠炎小鼠的保护作用。结果表明:补充乌鸡肽可明显缓解小鼠体质量减轻、便血、腹泻、结肠长度缩短以及结肠组织损伤等症状,并能显著降低促炎因子TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6的水平。此外,补充乌鸡肽还能缓解DSS诱导的肠道微生物紊乱,下调志贺菌(Shigella)、Clostridiaceae_Clostridium的相对丰度,增加阿克曼菌(Akkermansia)、瘤胃球菌(Ruminococcus)、颤螺菌(Oscillospira)的相对丰度,并且显著增加乙酸、丙酸和丁酸的含量,从而达到缓解DSS诱导的小鼠结肠炎症的作用。

参苓白术散加减配合植物精油对竹丝鸡前期生长性能和免疫功能的影响

本研究旨在观察饲料中添加参苓白术散加减配合植物精油对竹丝鸡前期(25日龄)生长性能和免疫功能的影响。选用1日龄竹丝鸡550只,公母各半,随机分为4个处理组,分别为空白公鸡组、空白母鸡组、中药公鸡组和中药母鸡组。空白组饲喂基础日粮,中药组饲喂基础日粮+参苓白术散加减配合植物精油提取物(2.2 g/kg)。试验结果显示,中药组能降低25日龄竹丝鸡的总死淘率,提高其平均体质量(ABW)、平均日采食量(ADFI)、平均日增重(ADG)和料肉比(FCR)。同时,与空白公鸡组相比,中药公鸡组的空肠绒毛长度(V)极显著增加(P<0.01),绒毛长度与隐窝深度比值显著增加(P<0.05),空肠杯状细胞数量极显著增多(P<0.01);与空白母鸡组相比,中药母鸡组的空肠隐窝深度(C)显著降低(P<0.05),绒毛长度与隐窝深度比值极显著增加(P<0.01),空肠杯状细胞数量极显著增多(P<0.01)。此外,在公鸡中,中药组的法氏囊指数及IgM水平均显著高于空白组(P<0.05);在母鸡中,中药组IgG(P<0.05)、IgM(P<0.01)水平显著高于空白组。综上,饲料中添加中药(参苓白术散加减配合植物精油)能有效降低竹丝鸡养殖早期的死淘率,促进其肠道形态结构发育并增强食欲及免疫力,从而提高生长性能。

家鸡GBE1基因克隆与生物信息学分析

目的:克隆1,4-α-葡聚糖分支酶1(GBE1)基因,并对其编码蛋白进行生物信息学以及差异表达分析。方法:根据家鸡转录组数据,利用PCR扩增GBE1的全长cDNA并进行生物信息学分析。使用qRT-PCR法检测基因在家鸡6个组织中的表达差异。结果:克隆得到全长为2145 bp GBE1基因,开放阅读框(ORF)为2130 bp,编码709个氨基酸。GBE1蛋白相对分子质量为81.993,理论等电点6.25,稳定指数为35.40,平均亲水性值为-0.484,属于稳定酸性亲水蛋白;GBE1蛋白含有67个磷酸化位点,不存在跨膜区域与信号肽序列,主要定位在细胞质、细胞核、线粒体、胞液中;二级结构主要包括α-螺旋、β-折叠、无规则卷曲和延伸链,三级结构表明为单体蛋白;同源性分析表明,家鸡中GBE1蛋白氨基酸序列与珠鸡亲缘关系最近。qRT-PCR结果表明,GBE1基因在家鸡心、肝、脾、肺、肾、鸡内金6个组织内均有表达,但在肝脏和鸡内金中的表达量显著高于其他脏器。结论:该结果为进一步探讨家鸡GBE1基因的功能及其对葡聚糖分支酶的调控机制积累了必要的研究基础。

鸡滑液囊支原体病的诊断及防控技术研究进展

滑液囊支原体病是一种由滑液囊支原体(Mycoplasma synoviae)引起的鸡(Gallus gallus f. domestic)的急性或慢性传染病,可导致雏鸡死亡、呼吸困难、跛行、产蛋下降等,给家禽养殖业造成较大经济损失。概述了滑液囊支原体病主要诊断技术和防控技术的研究进展,并针对其研究进展分析其优缺点,以期为防治滑液囊支原体病提供参考。

LncRNA PGCT8正向调控鸡原始生殖细胞形成

研究旨在对前期测序筛选到的关键LncPGCT8对鸡原始生殖细胞(PGCs)形成的影响进行深入探究。试验通过qRT-PCR和组织表达谱分析LncPGCT8在鸡PGCs和生殖嵴中的表达量。在体内外过表达/干扰LncPGCT8,通过qRT-PCR、流式细胞术、间接免疫荧光和免疫组织化学染色检测体内外PGC形成效率。结果显示:LncPGCT8在鸡PGCs和性腺中均显著高表达(P<0.05),过表达LncPGCT8组PGCs形成效率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),干扰LncPGCT8则会显著降低PGCs形成数量(P<0.05)。结果表明LncPGCT8在体内/外均促进鸡PGCs形成,为提高体外诱导PGCs效率奠定理论基础。

醋鸡内金配方颗粒的特征图谱建立及指标成分含量测定

目的:建立醋鸡内金配方颗粒特征图谱及指标成分含量测定方法。方法:采用ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C 18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱;以甲醇-0.2%磷酸水溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱;体积流量为1.0 mL/min→0.5 mL/min→0.8 mL/min→1.0 mL/min→1.0 mL/min;柱温为35℃;检测波长为254 nm。运用《中药色谱指纹图谱相似度评价系统(2012版)》软件对样品进行相似度评价,并确定共有峰。结果:建立的醋鸡内金配方颗粒的特征图谱及指标成分含量测定方法符合方法学验证要求。尿苷和鸟苷的进样量分别在0.0140~0.2799μg、0.0106~0.2121μg范围内有良好的线性关系。平均回收率分别为98.3%、103.1%。测定的7批醋鸡内金配方颗粒特征图谱相似度均>0.900,共标定了9个特征峰,并指认出其中4个成分,分别为:尿嘧啶、尿苷、腺苷和鸟苷。结论:该方法简便,准确,稳定性好,可用于醋鸡内金配方颗粒的质量控制。

鸡(Gallus gallus)中介导ANP32家族蛋白细胞核定位的关键氨基酸位点的鉴定

本研究旨在鉴定鸡(Gallus gallus)中介导ANP32家族蛋白核定位信号(nuclear localization signal, NLS)中的关键碱性氨基酸位点。通过生物信息学软件对鸡ANP32家族蛋白二级结构、三级结构、氨基酸同源性、结构域保守性和NLS(KRKR)保守性进行分析;同时,构建表达鸡ANP32家族蛋白NLS及其碱性氨基酸位点突变体的重组真核表达载体并转染HEK-293T细胞,通过观察分析其亚细胞定位来鉴定NLS中的关键碱性氨基酸位点。生物信息学分析结果显示,鸡ANP32家族蛋白均以α-螺旋和无规则卷曲为主;其与鸭ANP32家族蛋白的氨基酸同源性最高且达到98.8%;其与鸭ANP32家族蛋白功能结构域保守性最高,LRR和LCAR结构域完全保守;并且鸡ANP32家族蛋白NLS在不同物种间高度保守,NLS均为KRKR。亚细胞定位分析发现,鸡ANP32家族蛋白及其NLS的融合蛋白均主要定位于细胞核,而NLS中的第一个K、第一个R和第二个K突变后导致融合蛋白出现在细胞质,可以推断它们是鸡中介导ANP32家族蛋白细胞核定位的关键氨基酸位点。本研究发现,鸡ANP32家族蛋白NLS具有与全长蛋白相同的细胞核定位特征,且在不同物种间具有高度保守性。鸡ANP32家族蛋白细胞核定位的关键氨基酸位点的鉴定为后续研究其入核转运机制奠定了理论基础。

原鸡线粒体DNA部分序列多态性分析

测定了分布于中国的红原鸡两个亚种(Gallusgallusspadiceus亚种、Gallusgallusjabouillei亚种)5个个体的线粒体细胞色素B(cytb)部分序列(289bp)和控制区(D 环)的部分序列(539bp),并结合GENBANK中已有的原鸡的相应片段进行分析,结果显示分布在中国的两个红原鸡亚种与在泰国等地分布的红原鸡亚种可归为一类,而与爪哇岛上分布的红原鸡亚种差异较大。我们的结果支持红原鸡可以分为陆地型和海岛型亚种,家鸡可能来源于陆地型红原鸡,并经受了多次独立驯化。