AIM: To review empirical evidence on character development among youth with chronic illnesses.METHODS: A systematic literature review was conducted using Pub Med and PSYCHINFO from inception until November 2013 to fin...AIM: To review empirical evidence on character development among youth with chronic illnesses.METHODS: A systematic literature review was conducted using Pub Med and PSYCHINFO from inception until November 2013 to find quantitative studies that measured character strengths among youth with chronic illnesses. Inclusion criteria were limited to English language studies examining constructs of character development among adolescents or young adults aged 13-24 years with a childhood-onset chronic medical condition. A librarian at Duke University Medical Center Library assisted with the development of the mesh search term. Two researchers independently reviewed relevant titles(n = 549), then abstracts(n = 45), and finally manuscripts(n = 3).RESULTS: There is a lack of empirical research on character development and childhood-onset chronic medical conditions. Three studies were identified that used different measures of character based on moral themes. One study examined moral reasoning among deaf adolescents using Kohlberg's Moral Judgement Instrument; another, investigated moral values of adolescent cancer survivors with the Values In Action Classification of Strengths. A third study evaluated moral behavior among young adult survivors of burn injury utilizing the Tennessee Self-Concept, 2nd edition. The studies observed that youth with chronic conditions reasoned at less advanced stages and had a lower moral self-concept compared to referent populations, but that they did differ on character virtues and strengths when matched with healthy peers for age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Yet, generalizations could not be drawn regarding character development of youth with chronic medical conditions because the studies were too divergent from each other and biased from study design limitations.CONCLUSION: Future empirical studies should learn from the strengths and weaknesses of the existing literature on character development among youth with chronic medical conditions.展开更多
The young generation is the most influenced and vulnerable segment of the market. Food with high level of fat, sugar and/or salt are popularised for this segment. At the same time nearly seven people die of obesity or...The young generation is the most influenced and vulnerable segment of the market. Food with high level of fat, sugar and/or salt are popularised for this segment. At the same time nearly seven people die of obesity or from complications of obesity in Hungary each hour-one every nine minutes. Approximately 119 million Americans, or 64.5%, of adult Americans are either overweight or obese. 17.5 million obese young person live in the European Union. The result is the drastic elevation of the hygienic expenses. The average health care cost of overweight persons is higher by 42% than normal bodyweight ones. Per capita spending on fast foods is unbelievable and rising. The value of average spending was 2.5 E in 2002. Fast food sales continue to boom despite warnings about obesity. The consumption of these products can contribute to the increased level of childhood obesity. 12% of young person＇s visited a fast food restaurant at least with a weekly regularity. The value is 16.9% in case of young men higher than in case of young ladies （8.1%） to our research. We can state the respondents underestimate the costs of fast foods.展开更多
The English author Thomas Hardy set all of his major novels in the area of Wessex,a partly real,partly dream country.It is a reflection of Hardy s hometown and life experience;however,the intention of Hardy s creation...The English author Thomas Hardy set all of his major novels in the area of Wessex,a partly real,partly dream country.It is a reflection of Hardy s hometown and life experience;however,the intention of Hardy s creation was not to identify it real or not,but to set it as a universal setting,which asking for a deeper insight into the ancient embroidery of myths,archetypes and ritual.Wessex is considered as the symbolism of nature which acts as a mirror of the character s inner self bind to nature.展开更多
文摘AIM: To review empirical evidence on character development among youth with chronic illnesses.METHODS: A systematic literature review was conducted using Pub Med and PSYCHINFO from inception until November 2013 to find quantitative studies that measured character strengths among youth with chronic illnesses. Inclusion criteria were limited to English language studies examining constructs of character development among adolescents or young adults aged 13-24 years with a childhood-onset chronic medical condition. A librarian at Duke University Medical Center Library assisted with the development of the mesh search term. Two researchers independently reviewed relevant titles(n = 549), then abstracts(n = 45), and finally manuscripts(n = 3).RESULTS: There is a lack of empirical research on character development and childhood-onset chronic medical conditions. Three studies were identified that used different measures of character based on moral themes. One study examined moral reasoning among deaf adolescents using Kohlberg's Moral Judgement Instrument; another, investigated moral values of adolescent cancer survivors with the Values In Action Classification of Strengths. A third study evaluated moral behavior among young adult survivors of burn injury utilizing the Tennessee Self-Concept, 2nd edition. The studies observed that youth with chronic conditions reasoned at less advanced stages and had a lower moral self-concept compared to referent populations, but that they did differ on character virtues and strengths when matched with healthy peers for age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Yet, generalizations could not be drawn regarding character development of youth with chronic medical conditions because the studies were too divergent from each other and biased from study design limitations.CONCLUSION: Future empirical studies should learn from the strengths and weaknesses of the existing literature on character development among youth with chronic medical conditions.
文摘The young generation is the most influenced and vulnerable segment of the market. Food with high level of fat, sugar and/or salt are popularised for this segment. At the same time nearly seven people die of obesity or from complications of obesity in Hungary each hour-one every nine minutes. Approximately 119 million Americans, or 64.5%, of adult Americans are either overweight or obese. 17.5 million obese young person live in the European Union. The result is the drastic elevation of the hygienic expenses. The average health care cost of overweight persons is higher by 42% than normal bodyweight ones. Per capita spending on fast foods is unbelievable and rising. The value of average spending was 2.5 E in 2002. Fast food sales continue to boom despite warnings about obesity. The consumption of these products can contribute to the increased level of childhood obesity. 12% of young person＇s visited a fast food restaurant at least with a weekly regularity. The value is 16.9% in case of young men higher than in case of young ladies （8.1%） to our research. We can state the respondents underestimate the costs of fast foods.
文摘The English author Thomas Hardy set all of his major novels in the area of Wessex,a partly real,partly dream country.It is a reflection of Hardy s hometown and life experience;however,the intention of Hardy s creation was not to identify it real or not,but to set it as a universal setting,which asking for a deeper insight into the ancient embroidery of myths,archetypes and ritual.Wessex is considered as the symbolism of nature which acts as a mirror of the character s inner self bind to nature.
