Effects of Water-retaining Agents on Growth, Development, Yield and Quality of Soybean under Drought Stress

[Objectives]The paper was to explore the effects of different doses of water-retaining agent on the growth and development indicators,yield and quality of soybean plants subjected to drought stress.[Methods]The effects of drought stress(MDS)and drought stress with low(MDS-L),medium(MDS-M)and high doses(MDS-H)of the water-retaining agent on the growth and development indicators,root activity,MDA content,antioxidant enzyme activity,yield and quality of soybean were studied by field plot test,with the normal water supply serving as the control(CK).[Results]In response to drought stress,the plant height,stem diameter,and yield of soybean exhibited a notable decline.Additionally,the contents of protein,fat,linoleic acid,and linolenic acid in seeds demonstrated a significant reduction.Conversely,the root activity and antioxidant enzyme activity exhibited a noticeable decline,while the MDA content exhibited an increase.The application of varying doses of the water-retaining agent was found to significantly enhance soybean growth,stimulate root activity,and elevate antioxidant enzyme activity,while concurrently reducing MDA content.The observed effects were found to be dose-dependent,with the greatest effects observed at the highest dose.In comparison to MDS,the yields of soybean in the MDS-L,MDS-M,and MDS-H treatments exhibited a 18.38%,25.58%,and 46.26%increase,respectively.Additionally,the content of protein,fat,linoleic acid,and linolenic acid in seeds demonstrated a notable enhancement.[Conclusions]The application of the water-retaining agent has been demonstrated to significantly promote the growth of soybean plants under conditions of drought stress,resulting in an improvement in both the yield and the quality of the soybean crop.The recommended dosage of the water-retaining agent is 3.3 kg/667 m 2.

Delineation of urban growth boundary based on FLUS model under the perspective of land use evaluation in hilly mountainous areas

With rapid economic development,the size of urban land in China is expanding dramatically.The Urban Growth Boundary(UGB)is an expandable spatial boundary for urban construction in a certain period in order to control the urban sprawl.Reasonable delineation of UGB can inhibit the disorderly spread of urban space and guide the normal development of the city.It is of practical significance for the construction of green urban space.The study utilizes GIS technology to establish a land construction suitability evaluation system for Nankang city,which is experiencing rapid urban expansion,and outlines the preliminary UGB under the future land use simulation(FLUS)model.At the same time,considering the coupled coordination of"Production-Living-Ecological Space",and based on the suitability evaluation,we revised the preliminary UGB by combining the advantages of the patch-generating land use simulation(PLUS)model and the convex hull model to delineate the final UGB.The results show that:1)the comprehensive score of the evaluation of the suitability of the construction of land from high to low shows the distribution of the center of the city to the surrounding circle type spread,the center of the city has the highest suitability score.The results of convex hull model show that the urban expansion type of Nankang is epitaxial.In the future,the urban expansion will mainly occur in the northern part of the city.The PLUS model predicts an increase of 3359.97 hm^(2)of construction land in Nankang by 2035,of which 2022.97 hm^(2)is urban construction land.2)The FLUS model has a prediction accuracy of 86.3%and delineates a preliminary UGB area of 9215.07 hm^(2).3)We used the results of the construction suitability evaluation,PLUS model simulation results,and convex hull model predictions to revise the originally delineated UGB.The final delineated UGB area is 8895.67 hm^(2)and it is capable of meeting the future development of the study area.The results of the delineation can promote sustainable urban development,and the delineation methodology can provide a reference basis for the preparation of territorial spatial planning.

Transcriptomic and epigenomic landscapes of muscle growth during the postnatal period of broilers

Background Broilers stand out as one of the fastest-growing livestock globally,making a substantial contribution to animal meat production.However,the molecular and epigenetic mechanisms underlying the rapid growth and development of broiler chickens are still unclear.This study aims to explore muscle development patterns and regulatory networks during the postnatal rapid growth phase of fast-growing broilers.We measured the growth performance of Cornish(CC)and White Plymouth Rock(RR)over a 42-d period.Pectoral muscle samples from both CC and RR were randomly collected at day 21 after hatching(D21)and D42 for RNA-seq and ATAC-seq library construction.Results The consistent increase in body weight and pectoral muscle weight across both breeds was observed as they matured,with CC outpacing RR in terms of weight at each stage of development.Differential expression analysis identified 398 and 1,129 genes in the two dimensions of breeds and ages,respectively.A total of 75,149 ATAC-seq peaks were annotated in promoter,exon,intron and intergenic regions,with a higher number of peaks in the promoter and intronic regions.The age-biased genes and breed-biased genes of RNA-seq were combined with the ATAC-seq data for subsequent analysis.The results spotlighted the upregulation of ACTC1 and FDPS at D21,which were primarily associated with muscle structure development by gene cluster enrichment.Additionally,a noteworthy upregulation of MUSTN1,FOS and TGFB3 was spotted in broiler chickens at D42,which were involved in cell differentiation and muscle regeneration after injury,suggesting a regulatory role of muscle growth and repair.Conclusions This work provided a regulatory network of postnatal broiler chickens and revealed ACTC1 and MUSTN1 as the key responsible for muscle development and regeneration.Our findings highlight that rapid growth in broiler chickens triggers ongoing muscle damage and subsequent regeneration.These findings provide a foundation for future research to investigate the functional aspects of muscle development.

Comparative proteomics analysis reveals the domesticated Lepista sordida primordium differentiation regulation mechanism and the subsequent different development patterns in the pileus and stipe

The wild Lepista sordida is a kind of precious and rare edible fungus.An excellent strain of it by artificial domestication was obtained,which was high-yield and high in iron content.In this study,high-throughput comparative proteomics was used to reveal the regulatory mechanism of its primordium differentiation in the early fruiting body formation.The mycelium before the primordium differentiation mainly expressed high levels of mitochondrial functional proteins and carbon dioxide concentration regulatory proteins.In young mushrooms,the highly expressed proteins were mainly involved in cell component generation,cell proliferation,nitrogen compound metabolism,nucleotide metabolism,glutathione metabolism,and purine metabolism.The differential regulation patterns of pileus and stipe growth to maturity were also revealed.The highly expressed proteins related to transcription,RNA splicing,the production of various organelles,DNA conformational change,nucleosome organization,protein processing,maturation and transport,and cell detoxification regulated the pileus development and maturity.The proteins related to carbohydrate and energy metabolism,large amounts of obsolete cytoplasmic parts,nutrient deprivation,and external stimuli regulated the stipe development and maturity.Multiple CAZymes regulated nutrient absorption,morphogenesis,spore production,stress response,and other life activities at different growth and development stages.

The Function of GABA in Plant Cell Growth, Development and Stress Response

Gamma-aminobutyric acid(GABA)is a ubiquitous four-carbon non-protein amino acid that is involved in various physiological processes of plant growth and development,such as root architecture,stem elongation,leaf senescence,pollen tube growth,fruit ripening,and seed germination.GABA is also related to plant stress responses,such as drought,salt,cold,and heat stresses.Regulation of GABA in plant stress responses is complex and involves multiple signaling pathways,including calcium and hormone signaling.This paper systematically reviews the synthesis,metabolic pathways and regulatory role of GABA in plants,which will provide new insights into the understanding of plant growth and stress responses and offer novel strategies for improving crop productivity and stress.

Career Development of Higher Education Teachers:Opportunities,Challenges,and Strategies for Success

Career development for higher education teachers plays a crucial role in enhancing both the quality of education and the professional satisfaction of academic staff.This essay explores the various stages of career development for educators,including entry into academia,professional growth,and leadership advancement.It examines the challenges these educators face-such as the balance between teaching,research,and service-and presents strategies that institutions and individuals can adopt to foster career growth.Key factors like mentorship,continuing education,and institutional support are discussed as critical to enabling sustainable career progression.The essay concludes by underscoring the importance of ongoing development to ensure teachers can meet evolving educational demands.

Assessing the Contribution of Ecotourism to Economic Growth and Rural Development Offered by Wildlife Resources to People Living in Communities around Matusadonha National Park

Ecotourism is one of the major drivers of economic growth and rural development in many countries involved in wildlife resource management.The objective was to assess the contribution of ecotourism to economic growth and rural development offered to people living in communities around Matusadonha National Park.A total of 140 participants were interviewed and questionnaires were administered to the same number of people.Data were analysed using both qualitative and quantitative methods.Results show that the majority of participants(57%)were females.Safari operations were the major(54.7%)ecotourism activity in Matusadonha National Park.Above half(58.8%)of participants indicated that ecotourism contributed toward economic growth in communities around Matusadonha National Park.Most people(343)were employed on a part-time basis from 2000 to 2022.Participants indicated that the standard of living in most communities increased by more than 50%.Above 50%of participants were satisfied with the contribution of ecotourism towards rural development.It can be concluded that ecotourism has the potential to improve economic growth and rural development if close monitoring and accountability of funds are monitored closely.Local people should be included in the accountability of funds and management of wildlife resources to improve economic benefits to local people.

Comparison of Growth and Development Traits among Crossbreds of Dorset and Local Sheep Varieties in Gansu Province

In order to improve the meat production performance of local sheep varieties in Gansu Province, Dorset was introduced to crossbreed with the local sheep varieties, including Tan sheep, Small Tail Han sheep and Mongolia sheep. The offspring of different crossbreeding combinations were sampled randomly at different growth stages, and their growth and development traits were measured so as to screen out the best crossbreeding mode. The results showed that under the same crossbreeding mode, the growth rate of F3 was higher than that of F2, and of F2 was higher than that of F1. Among the F3 population, the growth rates of Dorset ×Han and Dorset × Mongolia hybrids were higher. Compared with those of Dorset ×Tan F3 hybrids, the body weights of male and female Dorset × Han and Dorset ×Mongolia F3 hybrids were increased by 5.59%, 4.40%, 5.93% and 3.76%, respectively. Among the F2 population, the growth rates of Dorset × Han and Dorset ×Mongolia hybrids were also higher. The body weights of male and female Dorset ×Han and Dorset × Mongolia F2 hybrids were higher than those of Dorset × Tan ×Han F2 hybrids by 5.99%, 3.67%, 9.80% and 5.00%, respectively. In the F1 population, the growth rates of Dorset × Han and Dorset × Mongolia hybrids were higher.Compared with those of Tan × Han F1 hybrids, the body weights of male and female Dorset × Han and Dorset × Mongolia F1 hybrids were increased by 11.32%,5.22%, 7.60% and 7.20%, respectively. Therefore, in the feeding area of Small Tai Han sheep, Mongolia sheep and Tan sheep, Dorset was the best sire for producing hybrid lambs. The economic benefit of crossbred offspring was obvious.

Dynamic Characteristics of Growth and Development of Xiangsha Taro in Jingjiang

The growth and development of Jingjiang Taro [Colocasia esculenta（L.） Schott] were observed, laying foundation for highly-yielding cultivation technology system of Xiangsha taro. The results indicate that germination of the second taro happened from 46 d after sprouting （7-8 leaves）; the first taro began to expand, from 125 d after sprouting （12 leaves） when the the second taro was been formed; the third taro began to form from 141 to 150 d after sprouting （15-16 leaves）. The fresh weight of the second and third taros quickly increased from the time of 15 leaves to harvest. Early September is a transformation term of Xiangsha taro from vegetative body dominant to corm growth dominant.

Effects of Nitrogen Application Amount on Growth Characteristics,Boll Development and Lint Yield of High Quality Cotton

[Objective] This study aimed to explore an optimum application amount of nitrogen for cotton cultivation. [Method] In this study, a field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of nitrogen application amount on the growth characteristics, boll development and lint yield of high quality cotton line FZ-1. [Result] Compared with the nitrogen level of 225 kg/hm2, the lint yield had increased by 28.46% and 18.73%, respectively, with the nitrogen application amount of 300 and 375 kg/hm2. When the nitrogen application amount had increased from 225 to 300 kg/hm2, boll number per plant, boll weight and lint yield had significantly increased. At the nitrogen level of 375 kg/hm2, however, the effects of increasing lint yield were significantly less than that at the nitrogen level of 300 kg/hm2. Compared with the nitrogen levels of 225 and 375, 300 kg/hm2 of nitrogen was the optimum application amount to improve the plant height, daily increment of plant height, number of fruit branches, number ratio of nodes to fruit branches, boll volume and seed cotton weight per boll. [Conclusion] The rational management of nitrogen is the most effective way to promote the growth and development of cotton plants, ensure high yielding ability and minimize the environmental pollution caused by the overuse of nitrogen. This study had provided a sound nitrogen application strategy for the cultivation of this high-quality cotton line in the field plantation.

Effects of Light Intensity on Growth, Development and Formation on Fagopyrum cymosum

Effects of light intensity on growth, development and formation on Fagopy- rum cymosum were explored with natural light intensities at 100%（A）, 85.2%（B）, 75.8%（C） and 59.7%（D）. The results showed that the decline of light intensity re- duced nutrient growth period, so that plant growth stage entered in advance and extended, which indicated that the decline of light intensity would lower leaf number and area, the number of twigs from the stem, as well as photosynthate. Further- more, the reduction degree increased upon light intensity decrease degree, and the proper shading improved stem height and leaf area enhanced before growth term.

Study on Growth and Development Rules and Growth Curve Fitting of Minghua Black Minks

Growth curves of Minghua black minks at 0-180 days old were fitted and analyzed by using two growth models Logistic and Gompertz. The results showed that the growth curves of Minghua black minks could be fitted very well by Logistic model and Gompertz model （the degree of fitting FF≥0.99）, but Gompertz model was better at fitting and predicting their weight.

The Impact of Lead Stress on Growth and Development of Two Varieties of Wheat

[Objective] This study was to explore the impact of lead stress on growth of wheat.[Method]Taking two wheat varieties Ningchun No.13 and Ningchun No.4 as experimental materials,the growth and development of wheat under the stress of different concentration of stress was studied using potting method.[Result]With the increase of externally applied Pb,the plant height of two wheat varieties tested assumed a falling trend.When stressed by low concentration of Pb（lower than 200 mg/kg）,the fresh weight and dry weight of both varieties rose with the increase of Pb concentration;however,once exceeded 200 mg/kg,they totally showed a decline trend.Under a same fertilization level,root-stalk ratios of Pb-stressed-plants of two varieties were lower than that normally grown,of two varieties Ningchun No.13 performed better than Ningchun No.4.Higher concentration of Pb（200-800 mg/kg）severely blocked the physiological-chemical activity of both wheat varieties,which hindered the accumulation of N,P and K.[Conclusion]Our results provided theoretical basis for taking reasonable cultivation countermeasures for the Pb-polluted paddy field.

The miR164-TaNAC14 module regulates root development and abiotic-stress tolerance in wheat seedlings

Previous studies have revealed the miR164 family and the miR164-targeted NAC transcription factor genes in rice(Oryza sativa)and Arabidopsis that play versatile roles in developmental processes and stress responses.In wheat(Triticum aestivum L.),we found nine genetic loci of tae-miR164(tae-MIR164 a to i)producing two mature sequences that downregulate the expression of three newly identified target genes of TaNACs(TaNAC1,TaNAC11,and TaNAC14)by the cleavage of the respective mRNAs.Overexpression of tae-miR164 or one of its target genes(TaNAC14)demonstrated that the miR164-TaNAC14 module greatly affects root growth and development and stress(drought and salinity)tolerance in wheat seedlings,and TaNAC14 promotes root growth and development in wheat seedlings and enhances drought tolerance,while tae-miR164 inhibits root development and reduces drought and salinity tolerance by downregulating the expression of TaNAC14.These findings identify the miR164-TaNAC14 module as well as other taemiR164-regulated genes which can serve as new genetic resources for stress-resistance wheat breeding.

Effects of different forms of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae on growth performance,intestinal development,and systemic immunity in early-weaned piglets

The present study was conducted to determine effects of different forms of yeast （Saccharomyces cerevisiae, strain Y200007） on the growth performance, intestinal development, and systemic immunity in early-weaned piglets. A total of 96 piglets （14-d old, initial average body weight of 4.5 kg） were assigned to 4 dietary treatments： （1） basa diet without yeast （Control）; （2） basal diet supplemented with 3.00 g/kg live yeast （LY）; （3） basal diet supplemented with 2.66 g/kg heat-killed whole yeast （HKY）; and （4） basal diet supplemented with 3.00 g/kg superfine yeast powders （SFY）. Diets and water were provided ad libitum to the piglets during 3-week experiment. Growth performance of piglets was measured weekly. Samples of blood and small intestine were collected at days 7 and 21 of experiment. Dietary supplementation with LY and SFY improved G：F of piglets at days ]-21 of the experiment （P 〈 0.05） compared to Control group. Serum concentrations of growth hormone （GH）, triiodothyronine （T3）, tetraiodothyronine （T4）, and insulin growth factor 1 （iGF-1） in piglets at day 21 of the experiment were higher when fed diets supplemented with LY and SFY than those in Control group （P 〈 0.05）. Compared to Control group, contents of serum urea nitrogen of piglets were reduced by the 3 yeast-supplemented diets （P 〈 0.05）. Diets supplemented with LY increased villus height and villus-to-crypt ratio in duodenum and jejunum of piglets （P 〈 0.05） compared to other two groups at day 7 of the experiment. Feeding diets supplemented with LY and SFY increased （P 〈 0.05） serum concentrations of IgA, IL-2, and IL-6 levels in piglets compared to Control. The CD4＋/CD8＋ ratio and proliferation of T-lymphocytes in piglets fed diets supplemented with LY were increased compared to that of Control group at day 7 of the experiment （P 〈 0.05）. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with both LY and SFY enhanced feed conversion, small intestinal development, and systemic immunity in early-weaned piglets, with better improvement in feed conversion by dietary supplementation with LY, while dietary supplementation with SFY was more effective in increasing systemic immune functions in early-weaned piglets.

Studies on hybridization effects of different geographic populations of Chlamys farreri Ⅱ.The medium-term growth and development of Chlamys farreri populations from China and Russia and their reciprocal crosses

Based on the research of juvenile (2, 3, 4 months) growth and survival of three populations of two different geographic areas in Chlamys farreri from Russian and China and their F1 hybrids derived from Chinese cultural population (CC) (?) × Russian population (RW) (?) , Chinese wild population (CW) (?) × Russian population (RW) (?), Russian population (RW) (?) × Chinese wild population (CW) (?) , the study of the medium-term (6, 8, 10, 12 months) growth and development of Chlamys farreri was carried out. The four determined results indicated that there existed different extent heterosis (3% -52%) for the growth in three types of F1 hybrids, and the offspring derived from CC(?) ×R(?) had a stronger heterosis among the crosses at the medium-term; the uptrend among traits are wet weight >shell width>shell length> shell height, Chinese cultural population could be recognized as excellent parent, and seasonal variations influence very much on the daily increment and growth rate of each trait of Chlamys farreri and it is only able to survive and could barely grow in winter (6-8 months), but grows fast in temperate season (10-12 months).

Effects of Salinity on Embryonic Development, Survival, and Growth of Crassostrea hongkongensis

This study examined the effects of salinity on embryonic development, survival, and growth of the Hong Kong oyster Crassostrea hongkongensis. The embryos, larvae, and juveniles of C. hongkongensis were held in artificial seawater at three different salinities(low, 15; medium, 23; and high, 30) to determine the optimum hatchery and nursery conditions for mass production of the seeds. Results showed that the percentage production of straight-hinged larvae from fertilized eggs was significantly lower at the high salinity than at the low- and medium-salinities(P < 0.05). The survival rates of larvae and juveniles differed significantly among the three salinity trials, with the highest survival rate observed at the low salinity(P < 0.05). The shell height of larvae was significantly larger at the low salinity than at the high and medium salinities from days 9 to 15(P < 0.05), whereas that of juveniles was significantly larger at the low salinity than at the high and medium salinities on day 70(P < 0.05). These results indicate that the larvae and juveniles of C. hongkongensis are tolerant to a wide range of salinities(15 to 30), but show better growth and survival at relatively low salinities. Thus, it is recommended to use relatively low salinities in hatchery and nursery systems for improved yields of C. hongkongensis.

Modified halloysite nanotubes reduce the toxic effects of zearalenone in gestating sows on growth and muscle development of their offsprings

Background： Zearalenone （ZEN） is an estrogenic mycotoxin that is primarily produced by Fusarium fungi and has been proven to affect the reproductive capacity of many species to varying degrees. The present experiment was designed to study the maternal persistent effects of zearalenone toxicity in gestating sows on growth and muscle development of their offsprings, and the alleviation of zearalenone toxicity by modified halloysite nanotubes （MHNTs）. Methods： Eighteen sows were fed with one of three dietary treatments that included the following： （1） a control diet, （2） a contaminated grain diet （with 50 % moldy corn, 2.77 mg/kg ZEN）, and （3） a contaminated grain diet （with 50 % moldy corn, 2.76 mg/kg ZEN） ＋ 1% MHNTs. Each sow was exclusively fed its experimental diets from 35 to 70 d of gestation at a total of 2 kg daily. Muscle samples were collected from six piglets per treatment at birth, weaning and finishing. Results： The results showed that feeding the sows with the ZEN-contaminated diets from 35 to 70 d of gestation decreased the ADG, ADFI and G：F of their offsprings （P 〈 0.05）. The muscle fiber numbers in the newborn, weaning and growing-finishing pigs and the muscle fiber diameters at birth and weaning were also decreased by maternal ZEN exposure （P 〈 0.05）. The expressions of IGF-I, IGF-II, Myf-5 and Mstn at birth and IGF-II, Pax7, Myf-5 and MyoD1 at weaning were altered by feeding gestating sows with ZEN-contaminated diets （P 〈 0.05）. The MHNTs reduced most of the ZEN-induced toxic effects： the ADG and ADFI on growth performance, the muscle fiber numbers at weaning and finishing and the muscle fiber diameters at weaning （P 〈 0.05）. The expression levels of IGF-II and Mstn in newborn piglets and IGF-II and Myf-5 in weaning piglets were also prevented by adding 1% MHNTs （P 〈 0.05）. Conclusions： The present study demonstrated that the offsprings of sows fed with ZEN-contaminated diets from 35 to 70 day of gestation exhibited weakening on growth performance, physiological changes in their muscle fibers and alterations of mRNA expression in their muscle tissues, and also indicated that MHNTs prevented most of the ZEN- induced weakening in the muscle tissues.

Sequence Variations in the Bovine IGF-I and IGFBP3 Genes and Their Association with Growth and Development Traits in Chinese Beef Cattle

The objective of this study was to determine the genotype effects of the bovine insulin-like growth factor Ⅰ （IGF-Ⅰ） and its binding protein 3 （IGFBP3） genes on growth and development traits in beef cows, including 130 Chinese Simmental, 42 Nanyang, and 47 Luxi Yellow cattle. Sequence variations in the bovine IGF-Ⅰ and IGFBP3 genes were investigated by single strand conformation polymorphism （SSCP）. SSCPs were detected in 6 fragments, which is the 5＇-flanking region, the 2nd exon, the 5th exon, and the 5th intron of the IGF-1 gene, and the 2nd exon, the 3rd exon of the 1GFBP3 gene. Two polymorphisms, an A-to-G transition in the 2rid exon of the IGF-Ⅰ gene and a T-to-C transition in the 2rid exon of IGFBP3 gene were detected in 3 breeds. The allele frequencies of 2 polymorphisms were 0.0411 （A）, 0.9589 （B）, and 0.7237 （A）, 0.2763 （B）, respectively. These 2 loci were analyzed to associate with body weight, height at withers, body length, heart girth, rump width, and beef production index （BPI） at 0, 6, 12, 24, and 36-month old. The IGFBP3 locus was shown to be associated with rump width, heart girth at 24-month and 36-month. Animals with BB genotype had higher rump width （24.86 ± 0.47） cm at 24-month and （27.50 ± 0.63） em at 36-month. The heart girth was highest for the individuals with BB genotype （171.33 ± 1.84） cm and higher than those with AB genotype （166.68 ± 1.13） cm （P〈 0.05） at 36-month.

STUDY ON EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT AND EARLY GROWTH OF TRIPLOID AND GYNOGENETIC DIPLOID LEFT-EYED FLOUNDER, PARALICHTHYS OLIVACEUS (T. et S.)

The early effects of chromosomal manipulation of eggs and sperm on the yields of triploid and gynogenetic diploid larvae of Paralichthys olivaceus were investigated. Triploidy was achieved by cold shocking fertilized eggs at 0-2℃ for 45 minutes duration 5 minutes after fertilization, and the induced triploidy rates were 31.2%-50% and the relative hatching rates were 53.3%-99%. Gynogenetic diploids were obtained when eggs were inseminated with irradiated sperm and cold shocked at 0-2℃ for 45 minutes duration 5 minutes after fertilization. The induced gynogenetic diploid rates and the relative hatching rates were 94%-96% and 48.5%-68.5% respectively. The embryonic development of the triploid experimental group and of the gynogenetic diploid experimental group was delayed at first compared with the control group. But from the gastrula stage, it was not delayed anymore. There were no significant differences in the growth of the triploid experimental group larvae and the control group larvae, and in the growth of the gynogenetic diploid experimental group larvae and the control group larvae according to Student’s t test (α=0.05). The relationship between the early growth of the triploid experimental group larvae and that of gynogenetic diploid experimental group larvae was also studied.