Risk Factors for Geo-Helminthiasis in Children Aged 6 - 36 Months in a Rural Health District in Cameroon

Introduction and Objectives: Soil-Transmitted-Helminthiasis (STH) is a public health problem in Cameroon. The control strategies currently in place, particularly chemoprevention, has shortcomings linked to the target population, which are school-age children. The objective was to determine the prevalence and the risk factors associated with geo-helminthiasis in children aged 0 to 3 years in a rural health district. Method: From December 2020 to May 2021, a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study of 376 children between 6 and 36 months was carried out in the Akonolinga health district. This was a cluster sampling in 4 health areas. Stool samples were collected and analysed using the mini-FLOTAC method. The results expressed as the number of eggs per gram of stool. A questionnaire on socio-demographic and lifestyle data was administered to the parents. The Chi-squared test was used to measure the association between geo-helminth infection and the data collected. A multivariate analysis using logistic regression was performed (p 0.05). Results: The prevalence of STH was 19.4% (Ascaris lumbricoides: 16% and Trichuris trichiura: 8%). Risk factors were: consumption of contaminated water (AOR = 1.93 [1.03 - 3.6];p = 0.040), early contact of the child with the ground (before age of 4 months) (AOR = 4.9 [2.1 - 11.37];p .001), habit of walking barefoot (AOR = 2.91 [1.1 - 7.97];p = 0.038), and living in a habitat with unpaved ground (AOR = 7.4 [1.55 - 35.7];p = 0.012). Conclusion: The prevalence of STHs in infants was high. Preventive chemotherapy should be extended to this age-group, and other measures intensified.

Prevalence and Years Lived with Disability for Dental Caries among Children Aged 0-14 Years in China, 1990-2016

The estimate of dental caries among Chinese children at the microscale level using standard methodology remains unclear. In this study, we assessed and analyzed the disease burden of childhood dental caries in China by extracting data from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 （GBD 2016）. In 2016, the number of cases, prevalence, years lived with disability （YLD）, and age-standardized YLD rate of dental caries was 93.0 million, 43.0%, 32,200 person years, and 14.8 per 100,000, respectively. Across 33 provincial units, the disease burden was highest in Hubei （YLD rate 28.6 per 100,000）, lowest in Macao （9.1 per 100,000）, while geographical clustering was not observed. Compared with 1990, the prevalence in 2016 decreased from 46.8% to 43.0%, and the YLD rate decreased from 16.5 per 100,000 to 14.8 per 100,000. Given the slight decrease in dental caries burden, the prevalence and disease burden remained high among Chinese children. Strategies for addressing the spatial inequity of childhood dental caries require geographical targeting.

Factors Influencing Preventive Behaviors of Mothers for Diarrhea in Children Aged 1-5 Years in Buol District, Indonesia

This study aims to determine the factors related with mothers＇ behaviors in preventing diarrhea in children aged 1-5 years inBuol District. This was a cross-sectional survey design with health belief model as the conceptual framework. A total of 300mothers were selected by using purposive sampling method based on criteria. Mothers were interviewed by using astructured questionnaire during October to November 2015. A chi-square （X^2） test was used to determine a significantassociation between independent variables and dependent variable. The finding showed that 68.3% of mothers hadgood behaviors in preventing diarrhea. The factors significantly related to mothers＇ behaviors included perceivedsusceptibility to diarrhea, perceived severity of diarrhea, perceived benefits of diarrhea prevention behaviors, and perceivedbarriers of diarrhea prevention behaviors CP 〈 .01, p 〈 .01, p 〈 .01, and p 〈 .01 respectively）. Further, mothers had highperception to comply with diarrhea prevention behaviors. Those who perceived that diarrhea prevention behaviors werehighly beneficial to their children had good behaviors in preventing diarrhea. However, taking certain actions must considernegative aspects.

National Nutrition and Health Systematic Survey for Children 0–17 Years of Age in China

The main purpose of the National Nutrition and Health Systematic Survey for children 0-17 years of age in China(CNHSC)was to collect basic data on the nutrition,development,and health status for children in different regions across China using evidence-based,reliable,and cost-effective approaches.Children and their parents or guardians from seven regions(south,southwest,north,northwest,eastern,central,and northeast China)in China were recruited.A multi-stage stratified randomized sampling method was used.Two provinces were randomly sampled from each of the seven regions,from which one urban district and one rural country were also randomly sampled,resulting in a total of 28 survey counties/districts.Dietary surveys,health examinations,laboratory testing,and questionnaires were used to collect dietary intake,nutritional status,child development,and health status information.Nutrition,health,and lifestyle assessment of children and their parents was determined using the Knowledge Attitude Practice(KAP)survey.Greater than 100,000 children(38,000 children<6 years of age and 66,000 children6-17 years of age)completed the survey.The survey provided comprehensive data on child nutrition and health status for future studies and will serve as the basis for an integrated nutrition and health improvement strategies proposal for children in China.

1~6岁儿童饮食行为问题与喂养行为的调查分析

目的调查分析1~6岁儿童饮食行为问题与喂养行为,为科学喂养提供依据。方法采用分层整群抽样法选取2022年1月至6月于安顺市妇幼保健院儿童保健门诊健康体检的732名1~6岁儿童为研究对象,对家长进行问卷调查,分析儿童的饮食行为问题与喂养行为。结果有272名儿童存在饮食行为问题,检出率为37.16%,1~<2岁、2~<3岁、3~6岁饮食行为问题的检出率分别为26.71%、51.55%、40.80%。儿童饮食行为问题中,挑食、偏食、厌食占比为66.18%;用道具进餐占比为64.34%,溺爱型喂养态度占比为52.94%,添加食物品种单一占比为62.13%,认为稀饭、汤泡饭等最适合儿童的家长占比为61.40%;不知道正确有效的行为矫治方法的家长占比为65.44%。结论儿童饮食行为问题检出率较高,应加强膳食营养管理、营养技能指导、行为矫治干预及健康教育,从而形成良好的饮食行为。

1~6岁儿童特应性皮炎发病特征及其过敏原分布

目的调查西安市1~6岁儿童特应性皮炎(AD)发病情况并分析其过敏原分布特征。方法选取空军军医大学第一附属医院、西北妇女儿童医院和西安市第三医院2021-03至2023-05门诊确诊的AD患儿1164例,检测并分析患儿血清总IgE和特异性IgE结果。结果1岁儿童AD占比最高,6岁儿童AD占比最低,1~3岁儿童AD占比合计超过65%;1~6岁儿童中男童AD占比57.99%,高于女童(42.01%)。食入性过敏原中,4~6岁儿童芒果和虾过敏原阳性率显著高于1~3岁儿童,鸡蛋白、牛奶、腰果过敏原阳性率显著低于1~3岁儿童(P<0.05);吸入性过敏原中,4~6岁儿童户尘螨、蟑螂、霉菌组合、胡桃栎榆柏梧桐枫桦柳杨过敏原阳性率显著高于1~3岁儿童,猫狗毛屑过敏原阳性率显著低于1~3岁儿童(P<0.05)。1~3岁儿童中,男童鸡蛋白、牛奶、腰果、猫狗毛屑、户尘螨过敏原阳性率显著高于女童(P<0.05),4~6岁儿童中,男童猫狗毛屑过敏原阳性率显著高于女童(P<0.05)。四肢躯干AD占比最高,其次为头面眼睑、颈项、肘窝膝窝、手部和足部。结论1~6岁儿童不同年龄段常见的过敏原不同,1~3岁儿童常见过敏原为鸡蛋白、牛奶、猫狗毛屑,4~6岁儿童常见过敏原为牛奶、猫狗毛屑、户尘螨、霉菌组合。食入性过敏原随着年龄的增长而下降,吸入性过敏原随着年龄的增长而上升。

中国1~6岁儿童膳食营养状况调查与分析

目的:调查评估中国1~6岁儿童膳食结构、能量和营养素摄入情况。方法:通过多阶段随机抽样方法纳入11个省和2个直辖市的2 036例1~6岁儿童。以面对面访谈形式,采用辅以食物量化图片的在线膳食日记法收集膳食和营养素补充剂信息。基于《中国食物成分表》进行能量和营养素换算。参考《中国居民膳食指南》《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量》进行评估。结果:该群体膳食结构不合理,不同月龄儿童均存在蔬菜、水果、蛋类、奶类及其制品和大豆及其制品的摄入不足,小于推荐量的人群占比为74.55%~95.13%、67.86%~85.84%、74.11%~82.74%、60.03%~91.15%、86.28%~94.25%。在营养素方面,不同月龄儿童在蛋白质、铁、磷、维生素C和维生素E的摄入方面均较为合理;而其对碳水化合物、钙、镁、维生素A、维生素B_1和维生素B_9的摄入量均偏低,小于平均需要量的人群占比分别为49.56%~76.98%、68.33%~96.02%、50.00%~65.10%、48.24%~69.47%、62.90%~92.48%、62.95%~85.78%。此外,13~24月龄幼儿维生素B_3和维生素B_(12)的摄入和37~72月龄儿童碘和维生素B_2的摄入也偏低。结论:调查的1~6岁儿童膳食结构不合理,部分营养素摄入不足的人群占比较高。需为该群体制定科学的营养计划,进而改善该群体的营养摄入,促进其健康、科学成长。

潍坊市1～6岁儿童厌食症发病的相关因素探讨

目的了解潍坊市1—6岁儿童厌食症形成的原因，为制定儿童饮食行为干预措施提供科学依据。方法选取2009年12月至2013年12月期间在潍坊市益都中心医院及青州市中医院就诊的1—6岁厌食症儿童，对其抚养人进行喂养情况的问卷调查，并对问卷结果进行分析。结果断乳时间过晚、过多零食、强迫进食、贪玩为儿童厌食症发病关系密切的高危因素（OR值分别为1．446、1．328、1．422和1．369，均P〈0．05）。结论防治厌食症应注意优化家庭养育环境，按时断乳，平衡日常饮食，养成良好饮食习惯，并针对儿童喂养做好宣传教育，指导家长科学喂养，以促进儿童健康。

1~6岁儿童25羟维生素D与血红蛋白关系的横断面研究

目的通过分析美国国家健康与营养监测调查数据库(NHANES)儿童25羟维生素D[25(OH)D]与血红蛋白(Hgb)的关系,为预防儿童贫血提供参考。方法选取NHANES 2015—2018年1591例1~6岁儿童纳入横断面研究。采用加权多元线性回归分析25(OH)D与Hgb的关系。结果1~6岁儿童Hgb为(124.71±8.08)g/L,贫血51例(3.21%);25(OH)D为(69.73±18.17)nmol/L,缺乏症19例(1.19%)。贫血发生率随年龄增长逐渐降低(χ^(2)=15.662,P<0.001)。多元线性回归分析,25(OH)D与Hgb呈正相关[β=0.045,95%CI(0.023,0.066),P<0.05]。结论1~6岁儿童25(OH)D与Hgb存在正相关趋势,儿童年龄、母亲生育年龄、季节为协同因素。

本区2019年1~6岁缺铁性贫血儿童临床治疗效果观察

目的:调查分析1~6岁儿童缺血性贫血饮食情况,以及治疗中实施强化铁食物和铁补充剂的临床治疗效果。方法:选择厦门市海沧区2019年1-12月1~6岁儿童1583例儿童,其中95例(6.0%)为缺铁性贫血,调查其饮食情况,对缺铁性贫血患儿实施不同的治疗方式,其中48例实施强化铁食物和铁补充剂联合治疗方案的患儿纳入试验组,47例实施铁补充剂治疗方案的患儿纳入对照组,对比分析两组治疗效果。结果:2019年本区缺铁性贫血患儿95例,均为轻度,无中度和重度。试验组治疗效果优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。试验组血清运转蛋白饱和度、血清铁蛋白、血红蛋白均明显高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。试验组患儿治疗后半年优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:本区1~6岁儿童受饮食情况的影响可发生缺铁性贫血,针对患儿实施强化铁食物和铁补充剂联合方案可达到满意的治疗目标,建议推广,同时加强普及辖区内婴幼儿及学龄前儿童膳食营养指导,合理膳食,均衡营养。

十堰市1～6岁儿童麻疹抗体水平监测

为了解十堰市学龄前儿童麻疹抗体水平,评价全市儿童的麻苗免疫状况,为控制麻疹提供科学依据,2000年12月—2001年1月对十堰市675名1～6岁儿童进行了麻疹抗体水平监测,采用ELISA方法进行麻疹LgG抗体滴度测定,GMT值为1:912,抗体阳性率为77.48％,达到保护水平(≥1:800)者占65.43％。2岁组、3岁组麻疹抗体阳性率显著高于其他年龄组,不同地区抗体阳性率有显著差异。建议开展麻疹强化免疫,加强监测和常规督导。

Assessment of Usual Fruit, Vegetable and Vitamin C Intakes in a Sample of Egyptian Children: Pilot Study

The objective was to create an Egyptian database on the contributors of fruit and vegetables in the diets of preschool children and to estimate the usual daily intakes of fruits, vegetables and vitamin C. A total of 59 healthy boys and girls aged 2.5 - 6 years attending day care centers in urban Giza governorate completed the study by interviewing their mothers on 6x non-consecutive days using the 24 h dietary recall. Participants were classified according to age, gender and socioeconomic class. Prevalence of daily consumptions of fruits and vegetables amounted to 22% and 54%, respectively of the total children. The daily intakes of fruits and vegetables averaged 117.5 and 56.4 g, respectively. The consumption of different types of fruits and vegetables was unevenly distributed by different personal and social variables. Estimated daily vitamin C supply from the diet was 38 mg per child, which satisfied the respective recommended nutrient intake (RNI) of 30 mg for the first six years of life. However, the diet of 15% of the children covered less than 75% of RNI. Top fruits contributing to vitamin C were oranges, guava, watermelon, pears and grapes. Extra foods such as chipsy was consumed by 81% of the children, contributed 18% to daily vitamin C supply and also 58.6 mg sodium. A multilevel intervention strategy is warranted for promoting daily fruit and vegetable intake and healthy eating in early childhood.

Vitamin A supplement: a key strategy to prevent vitamin A deficiency among young children in Afghanistan

Background:Vitamin A deficiency is the main problem of public health worldwide demonstrated that 190 million population of preschool children and 122 countries(in Africa and South-East Asia)have vitamin A deficiency,according to recent estimated research.In Afghanistan,vitamin A supplementation is a key strategy to prevent vitamin A deficiency among young children.Children receive vitamin A supplements as part of National Immunization Days(NID)campaigns.Methods:In this case study,the data was collected from June 15/2015 to February 23/2016,and the final report of the Afghanistan Demographic Health Survey(AfDHS)2015 was released on February 15/2017.All 27,209 children aged 6-59 months who are living with their mothers were included in this study.Who consumed foods rich in vitamin A was not included in this study.Results:The percentages who were given vitamin A supplements in the last 6 months among all children 6-59 months aged.A total of 1,572 children aged among 6-8 months were given vitamin A supplements 670(42.6%)children and comparison with the total community of the study(27,209)children(2.46%).A total of 1,148 children aged among 9-11 months were given vitamin A supplements to 465(40.5%)children and comparison with the total community of the study(27,209)children(1.70%).Conclusion:After following up on more studies,we found that vitamin A deficiency is a public problem,thus it is better to use wheat flour fortification,vitamin A capsule(VAC)supplementation,nutrition education,source of vitamin A,and training of primary healthcare workers on the clinical to prevent and treat the vitamin A deficiency among children.Therefore,we aimed to determine the given vitamin A supplementation among children aged 6-59 months in 33 provinces in Afghanistan,in 2015.

广西壮族自治区1～6岁儿童乙型病毒性肝炎血清流行病学调查

目的了解广西壮族自治区（广西）2012年1~6岁儿童乙型病毒性肝炎（乙肝）血清流行病学特征,为控制乙肝提供参考。方法调查广西122个县（区、市,下同）,每个县采用分层随机抽样方法按东、西、南、北、中方位各抽取1~6岁儿童25人,对儿童监护人进行问卷调查,利用化学发光法对调查儿童血清标本进行检测,并对调查结果进行流行病学分析。结果广西2012年1~6岁儿童乙肝病毒表面抗原[Hepatitis B Virus（HBV）Surface Antigen,HBs Ag]阳性率为0.60%,抗乙肝病毒表面抗原抗体（Antibody to HBs Ag,Anti-HBs）阳性率为59.76%,且随着年龄的增长HBs Ag阳性率逐渐上升,Anti-HBs阳性率逐渐下降（χ2=13.530,P=0.019;χ2=789.306,P=0.000）。不同地区、接种不同剂次和不同剂量乙肝疫苗（Hepatitis B Vaccine,Hep B）其Anti-HBs阳性率差异有统计学意义（χ2=10.469,P=0.655;χ2=429.417,P=0.000;χ2=818.100,P=0.000）。调查16 760儿童中,有Hep B接种史100.00%,首剂（First Dose）Hep B（Hep B1）及时接种率为89.68%,全程接种率为99.86%,全程合格接种率为84.87%。结论广西2012年1~6岁儿童HBs Ag阳性率为0.60%,开展儿童Anti-HBs监测,及时接种Hep B1,全程接种Hep B,可减少HBV感染机会。

2010年山东省1～6岁儿童麻疹血清流行病学调查

目的了解山东省2010年1～6岁儿童麻疹免疫现状,为免疫策略制定、麻疹预防控制提供借鉴与指导。方法按多级抽样原则,选取烟台、淄博、莱芜、滨州、菏泽5市1～6岁儿童360名开展血清IgG抗体水平检测。结果山东省2010年1～6岁儿童麻疹IgG抗体阳性率均在92.86%以上,东、中、西部地区及1、2,3、4,5、6岁年龄组间抗体阳性率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);血清抗体浓度在735.56～2 250.20 U/ml之间,1、2,3、4,5、6和1～6岁年龄组东、中、西部地区抗体浓度差异有统计学意义(F=4.31、6.89、8.97、12.69,均P<0.05)。结论山东省2010年1～6岁儿童麻疹抗体阳性率较高,东部地区抗体浓度明显低于中部及西部地区,需进一步关注。

哈尔滨市香坊区1～6岁儿童麻疹抗体水平血清学调查

目的了解哈尔滨市香坊区1～6岁儿童麻疹的血清学免疫水平,为进一步调整免疫策略提供依据。方法随机抽取香坊区1～6岁儿童924人,进行问卷调查并采集末梢血,采用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）检测麻疹病毒IgG抗体水平,应用统计学软件对不同人群进行比较分析。结果香坊区1～6岁儿童的麻疹抗体阳性率为90.3%。不同年龄和不同来源儿童麻疹抗体水平差异有统计学意义（χ^2分别为28.958和21.915,P均〈0.01）,且有随接种次数增多抗体阳性率增高的趋势（χ^2=53.332,P〈0.01）;不同社区和不同性别儿童麻疹抗体阳性率差异无统计学意义（χ^2分别为1.407和0.960,P均〉0.05）。结论哈尔滨市香坊区1～6岁儿童麻疹抗体阳性率高于90%,能够形成有效的免疫屏障。