MicroRNAs as potential biomarkers for diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Inappropriate levels of hyperactivity,impulsivity,and inattention characterize attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,a common childhood-onset neuropsychiatric disorder.The cognitive function and learning ability of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are affected,and these symptoms may persist to adulthood if they are not treated.The diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is only based on symptoms and objective tests for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are missing.Treatments for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children include medications,behavior therapy,counseling,and education services which can relieve many of the symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder but cannot cure it.There is a need for a molecular biomarker to distinguish attention deficit hyperactivity disorder from healthy subjects and other neurological conditions,which would allow for an earlier and more accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment to be initiated.Abnormal expression of microRNAs is connected to brain development and disease and could provide novel biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.The recent studies reviewed had performed microRNA profiling in whole blood,white blood cells,blood plasma,and blood serum of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.A large number of microRNAs were dysregulated when compared to healthy controls and with some overlap between individual studies.From the studies that had included a validation set of patients and controls,potential candidate biomarkers for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children could be miR-140-3p,let-7g-5p,-30e-5p,-223-3p,-142-5p,-486-5p,-151a-3p,-151a-5p,and-126-5p in total white blood cells,and miR-4516,-6090,-4763-3p,-4281,-4466,-101-3p,-130a-3p,-138-5p,-195-5p,and-106b-5p in blood serum.Further studies are warranted with children and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,and consideration should be given to utilizing rat models of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.Animal studies could be used to confirm microRNA findings in human patients and to test the effects of targeting specific microRNAs on disease progression and behavior.

Whole Exome Sequencing: Novel Genetic Polymorphisms in Saudi Arabian Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Children

Background: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a widespread and debilitating disorder with relatively high prevalence in Saudi Arabia. Neuropsychological and radiological investigations have revealed that there are some differences in the components of the brain regions in children with and without ADHD. In this study we have performed whole exome sequencing (WES) in four non-familial cases of ADHD from Makkah Region to identify the genetic polymorphisms associated with the disease in our Saudi population. Methods: Exome sequencing was carried out using Ion Proton with AmpliSeq Exome library methods, and the data were analysed by Ion Reporter 5.6 software. Results: A total of 33 variants were identified from 222 genes selected from the GWAS catalogue for ADHD associated genes. However, the SNPs we identified in these genes were not reported to be associated with ADHD in previous studies. We have identified 2 novel missense variants;one in c.3451G > T;p. (Ala1151Ser) in ITGA1 gene and another is c.988G > A;p. (Ala330Thr) in SPATA13 genes. The variants rs928661, rs11150370 and rs386792899 were the only three variants that appeared on all the 4 patients studied. Six missense variants, rs16841277, rs2228209, rs2230283, rs3741883, rs1716 and rs2272606, were found in 3 different patients, respectively. However, the three documented variants are rs13166360 with bipolar disorder, rs920829 with neuropathic pain, and rs6558702 with schizophrenia. Conclusion: We have identified 2 novel variants in ADHD children. SIFT score of all variants indicates that these substitutions have damaging effects on the protein function. Further screening studies are recommended for confirmation.

Risk for emerging bipolar disorder, variants, and symptoms in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, now grown up

AIM: To determine the prevalence of bipolar disorder(BD) and sub-threshold symptoms in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) through 14 years' follow-up, when participants were between 21-24 years old.METHODS: First, we examined rates of BD type Ⅰ?and Ⅱ diagnoses in youth participating in the NIMH-funded Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD(MTA). We used the diagnostic interview schedule for children(DISC), administered to both parents(DISC-P) and youth(DISCY). We compared the MTA study subjects with ADHD(n = 579) to a local normative comparison group(LNCG, n = 289) at 4 different assessment points: 6, 8, 12, and 14 years of follow-ups. To evaluate the bipolar variants, we compared total symptom counts(TSC) of DSM manic and hypomanic symptoms that were generated by DISC in ADHD and LNCG subjects. Then we sub-divided the TSC into pathognomonic manic(PM) and non-specific manic(NSM) symptoms. We compared the PM and NSM in ADHD and LNCG at each assessment point and over time. We also evaluated the irritability as category A2 manic symptom in both groups and over time. Finally, we studied the irritability symptom in correlation with PM and NSM in ADHD and LNCG subjects.RESULTS: DISC-generated BD diagnosis did not differ significantly in rates between ADHD(1.89%) and LNCG 1.38%). Interestingly, no participant met BD diagnosis more than once in the 4 assessment points in 14 years. However, on the symptom level, ADHD subjects reported significantly higher mean TSC scores: ADHD 3.0; LNCG 1.7; P < 0.001. ADHD status was associated with higher mean NSM: ADHD 2.0 vs LNCG 1.1; P < 0.0001. Also, ADHD subjects had higher PM symptoms than LNCG, with PM means over all time points of 1.3 ADHD; 0.9 LNCG; P = 0.0001. Examining both NSM and PM, ADHD status associated with greater NSM than PM. However, Over 14 years, the NSM symptoms declined and changed to PM over time(df 3, 2523; F = 20.1; P < 0.0001). Finally, Irritability(BD DSM criterion-A2) rates were significantly higher in ADHD than LNCG(χ2 = 122.2, P < 0.0001), but irritability was associated more strongly with NSM than PM(df 3, 2538; F = 43.2; P < 0.0001).CONCLUSION: Individuals with ADHD do not appear to be at significantly greater risk for developing BD, but do show higher rates of BD symptoms, especially NSM. The greater linkage of irritability to NSM than to PM suggests caution when making BD diagnoses based on irritability alone as one of 2(A-level) symptoms for BD diagnosis, particularly in view of its frequent presentation with other psychopathologies.

A Controlled Study of the Effectiveness of EEG Biofeedback Training on Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

In order to study the treatment of the children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the integrated visual and auditory continuous performance test (IVA-CPT) was clinically applied to evaluate the effectiveness of electroencephalogram (EEG) biofeedback training. Of all the 60 children with ADHD aged more than 6 years, the effective rate of EEG biofeedback training was 91.6 % after 40 sessions of EEG biofeedback training. Before and after treatment by EEG biofeedback training, the overall indexes of IVA were significantly improved among predominately inattentive, hyperactive, and combined subtype of children with ADHD (P<0.001). It was suggested that EEG biofeedback training was an effective and vital treatment on children with ADHD.

Visual-Motor Perceptual and Reading Processes of Schoolchildren With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Objectives:Compare and relate the performance of schoolchildren with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD)and with good academic performance in the visual-motor perceptual and reading processes.Method:Twenty schoolchildren,of both genders,aged between nine and 11 years old,participated in this study.They were divided into two groups:Group I(GI):comprising 10 students diagnosed with ADHD;and Group II(GII):10 students with good academic performance paired according to gender,age group,and educational level with GI.All students were submitted to the Developmental Test of Visual Perception(DTVP 3)and Reading Processes Assessment Protocol(PROLEC).Results:There was lower performance of GI compared to GII in the subtests of copying,eye-hand coordination,and figure-ground in the standard score of general visual perception and visual-motor integration.GI presented lower performance in all reading processes except for the punctuation marks test.There was a statistically significant difference in the comparison between GI and GII regarding the classification of reading processes.A relationship was identified between the reading and visual perception subtests in the GI students,demonstrating a relationship between the visual perceptual motor skills and the reading processes in the group of students with ADHD.Conclusion:Schoolchildren with ADHD performed less well than their peers with good academic performance in the visual-motor perceptual and reading skills;such that the worse their performance in the visual-motor perceptual processes,the worse their performance in the reading processes.

Behavioral and Neural Enhancing Effects of a Summer Treatment Program in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Deficiency in executive functioning is a core symptom of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The brain part responsible for executive functions is the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Although drug-based interventions can improve PFC activity, reports on PFC activity being improved by behavioral treatment are lacking. We evaluated whether a summer treatment program (STP) administering comprehensive behavioral treatment would increase PFC activity in children with ADHD. We examined behavioral and neural changes in 20 children before and after the STP, conducted over a 2-week period. We asked the parents/guardians to complete the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham IV scale to assess severity of ADHD. The main task evaluating executive control was the reverse Stroop task. To examine changes in physiological indices, we used near-infrared spectroscopy to measure changes in PFC activity. Subjective assessments by parents/guardians indicated that ADHD symptoms improved significantly. There was also significant improvement in the number of correct responses and interference rates in the reverse Stroop task. Furthermore, post-intervention PFC activity was significantly higher. These results suggest that the STP improved inhibitory control in executive function, which is considered as a key symptom of ADHD. The increase in PFC activity further suggests that the STP improves cognition through neural function.

Review of barriers and interventions to promote treatment engagement for pediatric attention deficit hyperactivity disorder care

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)is a common and impairing behavioral health disorder,impacting over 5%of children worldwide.There are multiple evidence-based pharmacological and psychosocial treatments for ADHD,and greater service utilization is associated with improved acute and long-term outcomes.However,long-term outcomes are suboptimal as multimodal treatments are often not accessed and most care ends prematurely.This narrative review discusses barriers to engagement for children and adolescents with ADHD and their families as well as interventions to overcome these barriers.Families face a variety of structural and attitudinal barriers,ranging from cost and access to stigma and low self-efficacy to successfully implement change.There are multiple interventions that may enhance engagement with ADHD care including psychoeducation,integration of behavioral services in general medical settings,telehealth as well as specific adaptations to existing ADHD treatments,such as the use of motivational interviewing or shared decision making.Integration of behavioral health into general medical settings and telehealth have been found in controlled studies to increase access by reducing both structural and attitudinal barriers.Adding motivational interviewing,shared decision making and other engagement interventions to evidence-based ADHD treatments has been found to reduce attitudinal barriers that translates into improved participation and satisfaction while enhancing outcomes.However,little is known about how to promote extended engagement with ADHD services even though a chronic care model for ADHD is recommended.

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults with High-Functioning Pervasive Developmental Disorders in Japan

Aims: This study was designed to verify the proportion of Japanese adults with pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) who met the diagnostic criteria (other than E) for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR). Furthermore, we examined to what extent adults with PDD think that they exhibit ADHD symptoms. Methods: We developed an original Japanese self-report questionnaire to determine the presence or absence of 18 symptoms from the diagnostic criteria for ADHD in the DSM-IV-TR. We administered the questionnaire to 64 adults with high-functioning PDD (45 men and 19 women) and 21 adults with ADHD (10 men and 11 women), aged 18 to 59 years, with a full-scale intelligence quotient ≥75. Target patients were evaluated for ADHD by their psychiatrists. Results: Twenty-nine (45.3%) adults with PDD also had ADHD. The percentage of these adults who had over six perceived inattention symptoms from the DSM-IV-TR was 96.6%. The percentage of these adults who had over six perceived hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms was 65.5%. Thirty-five (55.6%) adults with PDD responded that they were aware of having ADHD symptoms at the level of the relevant diagnostic criteria. Conclusions: The present study is the first to examine the frequency of objective and perceived ADHD symptoms in adults with PDD in Japan. Our results show that both objective and perceived ADHD symptoms frequently appear in a large number of adults with PDD. This suggests that it is necessary to attend to concomitant ADHD symptoms in the medical care of adults with PDD.

Main focus of parents of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and the effectiveness of early clinical screening

BACKGROUND Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)is a common mental and behavioral disorder among children.AIM To explore the focus of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder parents and the effectiveness of early clinical screening METHODS This study found that the main directions of parents seeking medical help were short attention time for children under 7 years old(16.6%)and poor academic performance for children over 7 years old(12.1%).We employed a two-stage experiment to diagnose ADHD.Among the 5683 children evaluated from 2018 to 2021,360 met the DSM-5 criteria.Those diagnosed with ADHD underwent assessments for letter,number,and figure attention.Following the exclusion of ADHD-H diagnoses,the detection rate rose to 96.0%,with 310 out of 323 cases identified.RESULTS This study yielded insights into the primary concerns of parents regarding their children's symptoms and validated the efficacy of a straightforward diagnostic test,offering valuable guidance for directing ADHD treatment,facilitating early detection,and enabling timely intervention.Our research delved into the predominant worries of parents across various age groups.Furthermore,we showcased the precision of the simple exclusion experiment in discerning between ADHD-I and ADHD-C in children.CONCLUSION Our study will help diagnose and guide future treatment directions for ADHD.

Early Intervention Facilitates Neuropsychological Development in Children with Autism and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Objective:This study aims to investigate the impact of early intervention on neuropsychological development in children with autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD),providing effective intervention strategies for clinical practice.Methods:A total of 130 children with autism and ADHD who visited the hospital between June 2023 and June 2024 were selected as study subjects and randomly divided into an intervention group and a control group,with 65 children in each group.The intervention group received a one-year early comprehensive intervention,including behavioral therapy,cognitive training,and family guidance,while the control group only received routine medical care.The neuropsychological development assessment scale was used to evaluate both groups before and after the intervention to compare changes in their neuropsychological development levels.Results:Children in the intervention group showed significant improvements in cognitive function,social skills,language ability,and attention concentration,with an average improvement score of 23.5 points.Children in the control group did not show significant improvements in these areas,with an average improvement score of only 5.8 points.The difference between the two groups was statistically significant(P<0.05).Conclusion:Early comprehensive intervention has a significant promoting effect on the neuropsychological development of children with autism and ADHD.Targeted behavioral therapy,cognitive training,and family guidance can effectively enhance children’s cognitive,social,language,and attention abilities,laying a solid foundation for their future overall development.Therefore,it is recommended to actively promote and apply early intervention strategies in clinical practice.

ADHD in Children and Adolescents: Barriers to Ethical and Successful Treatment

This review provides a comprehensive analysis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, or impulsivity. The global prevalence of the disorder ranges from 2% to 7%, with an average of around 5%. ADHD affects individuals of all ages, with symptoms typically becoming visible as early as 3 years. The symptoms range from mild to severe and may persist into adulthood. The disorder affects a variety of demographic groups, including differences in age, gender, race, and ethnicity, with varying effects, prevalence, and treatment options among these groups. Treatment options for ADHD range from behavioral interventions to prescription medication, with a number of medications available on the market for treating ADHD. The review also highlights the issues of relapse and safety concerns associated with the use of medication, as well as the challenges associated with diversity and socioeconomic barriers in the diagnosis and treatment of the disorder.

Cognitive Function of Children and Adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Learning Difficulties： A Developmental Perspective

Background： The cognitive function of children with either attention deficit hyperactivity disorder （ADHD） or learning disabilities （LDs） is known to be impaired. However, little is known about the cognitive function of children with comorbid ADHD and LD. The present study aimed to explore the cognitive function of children and adolescents with ADH D and learning difficulties in comparison with children with ADHD and healthy controls in different age groups in a large Chinese sample. Methods： Totally, 1043 participants with ADHD and learning difficulties （the ADHD ＋ learning difficulties group）, 870 with pure ADHD （the pure ADHD group）, and 496 healthy controls were recruited. To investigate the difference in cognitive impairment using a developmental approach, all participants were divided into three age groups （6-8, 9-11, and 12-14 years old）. Measurements were the Chinese-Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, the Stroop Color-Word Test, the Trail-Making Test, and the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Parents （BRIEF）. Multivariate analysis of variance was used. Results： The results showed that after controlling for the effect of ADHD symptoms, the A DHD ＋ learning difficulties group was still significantly worse than the pureADHD group, which was, in turn, worse than the control group on full intelligence quotient （98.66 ± 13.87 vs. 105.17 ± 14.36 vs. 112.93 ± 13.87, P 〈 0.001 ）. The same relationship was also evident for shift function （shifting time of the Trail-Making Test, 122.50 [62.00, 194.25] s vs. 122.00 [73.00, 201.50] s vs. 66.00 [45.00, 108.00] s, P 〈 0.001） and everyday life executive function （BRIEF total score, 145.71 ± 19.35 vs. 138.96± 18.00 vs. 122.71 ± 20.45, P 〈 0.001 ） after controlling for the effect of the severity of ADHD symptoms, intelligence quotient, age, and gender. As for the age groups, the differences among groups became nonsignificant in the 12-14 years old group for inhibition （meaning interference of the Stroop Color-Word Test, 18.00 [13.00, 25.00] s vs. 17.00 [15.00, 26.00] s vs. 17.00 [10.50, 20.00] s, P =0.704） and shift function （shifting time of the Trail-Making Test, 62.00 [43.00, 97.00] s vs. 53.00 [38.00, 81.00] s vs. 101.00 [88.00, 114.00] s, P = 0.778）. Conclusions： Children and adolescents with ADHD and learning difficulties have more severe cognitive impairment than pure ADHD patients even after controlling for the effect of ADHD symptoms. However, the differences in impairment in inhibition and shift function are no longer significant when these individuals were 12-14 years old.

Frequency-specific abnormalities in regional homogeneity among children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a resting-state f MRI study

Although many functional magnetic resonance imaging(f MRI) studies have investigated the neurophysiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD),the existing studies have not yielded consistent findings.This may be related to the different properties of different frequency bands. To investigate the frequency-specific regional homogeneity(Re Ho) of spontaneous neural activities in ADHD, the current study used resting-state f MRI to explore the Re Ho properties of five frequency bands, slow-5(0.01–0.027 Hz), slow-4(0.027–0.073 Hz),slow-3(0.073–0.198 Hz), slow-2(0.198–0.25 Hz) and the extra-low frequency(0–0.01 Hz), in 30 drug-naive boys with ADHD and 30 healthy controls. Compared with controls, the ADHD group showed decreased Re Ho in the default mode network(DMN) including the medial prefrontal cortex and precuneus, middle frontal gyrus and angular gyrus. ADHD patients also showed increased Re Ho in the posterior cerebellum. Significant interactions between frequency band and group were observed predominantly in the dorsolateral prefrontal and parietal cortices, orbital frontal cortex, supplementary motor area,inferior occipital gyrus, thalamus and anterior cerebellum.In particular, we found that the between-group difference in the extra-low frequency band(0–0.01 Hz) seemed to be greater than that in the other frequency bands for most brain regions. The findings suggest that ADHD children display widespread abnormalities in regional brain activity,particularly in the DMN and attention network, and these abnormalities show frequency specificity.

ADHD学龄儿童动作协调能力与其核心症状的关系:基于执行功能的多重中介效应分析

目的:探究注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)学龄儿童的动作协调能力与其核心症状的关系,以及执行功能在其中的中介作用。方法:由2位高年资精神科专科医生从北京市某公立小学1—4年级1781名学生中筛查出符合美国《精神障碍诊断与统计手册(第5版)》(The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5,DSM-5)诊断标准的65名ADHD学龄儿童,以及从北京市某三甲精神专科医院门诊招募确诊ADHD学龄儿童21名,最终纳入被试86名,其中男童68人,女童18人,平均年龄(8.54±1.27)岁。采用注意缺陷/多动障碍评定量表(ADHD RS-IV)、执行功能行为评定量表(behavior rating inventory of executive function,BRIEF)和儿童动作协调能力标准评估工具第二版(MovementAssessment Battery for Children-Two Version,MABC-2)来分别评估被试的核心症状、执行功能和动作协调能力。采用SPSS 26.0软件进行Spearman秩相关分析;采用偏差校正的非参数百分位Bootstrap法对多重中介作用模型进行检验,显著性水平α=0.05。结果:ADHD学龄儿童动作协调能力、执行功能和核心症状各变量间两两相关;ADHD学龄儿童手部精细能力直接显著负向预测注意缺陷核心症状(β=-0.205,P<0.05),执行功能中监控因子的中介作用显著,占中介效应量的32.69%;多重中介效应模型显示,平衡能力显著负向预测注意缺陷核心症状,且执行功能中抑制因子的中介作用显著,占中介效应量的46.45%。结论:AD‐HD学龄儿童的动作协调能力与其核心症状相关,执行功能在两者之间起中介作用。提高ADHD学龄儿童精细能力可促进其监控功能的发展,提升ADHD学龄儿童平衡能力会对其抑制功能产生积极作用,进而改善其核心症状。为缓解ADHD学龄儿童注意缺陷的核心症状,建议选取、设计提高监控和抑制功能的练习内容,针对ADHD学龄儿童精细能力和平衡能力开展精准的运动干预。

注意缺陷多动障碍儿童粗大动作技能与执行功能发展的特点及关系

目的探讨学龄期注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)儿童的粗大动作技能和执行功能的发展特点及其相关关系。方法2020年11月至2021年5月于北京大学第六医院和北京市海淀区万泉小学招募90例ADHD儿童,从该小学另募集年龄和性别匹配的正常发育儿童90例。采用儿童粗大动作发展测试量表第三版(TGMD-3)评估儿童的粗大动作技能,采用Stroop色词测验(SCWT)、Rey-Osterrich复杂图形测验(ROCFT)、连线测验(TMT)分别评估儿童的抑制控制、工作记忆和认知灵活性。结果ADHD儿童TGMD-3得分显著低于正常儿童(t=-6.275,P<0.001),SCWT、ROCFT、TMT测试结果均差于正常儿童(|t|≥1.986,P≤0.05)。ADHD儿童的TGMD-3得分与字义反应时(r=-0.261)、字义错误数(r=-0.404)、颜色错误数(r=-0.326)呈负相关(P<0.05),与延时结构记忆得分(r=0.228)呈正相关(P<0.05),与TMT-A反应时(r=-0.255)、TMT-A错误数(r=-0.329)、TMT-B反应时(r=-0.214)、TMT-B错误数(r=-0.474)呈负相关(P<0.05)。分层线性回归分析显示,ADHD儿童的TGMD-3得分仅对抑制控制和认知灵活性的测试结果具有预测作用(P<0.05),解释率分别为8.7%和22.5%。结论ADHD儿童的粗大动作技能和执行功能均存在发育滞后,且两者之间有一定关联,其中,粗大动作技能水平可在一定程度上影响抑制控制和认知灵活性的发展。

Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor α4 Subunit Gene Variation Associated with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Previous pharmacological, human genetics, and animal models have implicated the nicotinic ace- tylcholine receptor α4 subunit （CHRNA4） gene in the pathogenesis of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder （ADHD）. The objective of this study is to examine the genetic association between single nucleotide poly- morphisms in the CHRNA4 gene （rs2273502, rs1044396, rs1044397, and rs3827020 loci） and ADHD. Both case-control and family-based designs are used. Children aged 6 to 16 years were interviewed and assessed with the children behavior checklist and the revised conner＇ parent rating scale to identify probands. No significant differences in the frequency distribution of genotypes or alleles were found between the case and control groups. However, further haplotype analyses showed the CCGG haplotype on risk for ADHD in 164 case-control samples and the standard transmission disequilibrium test analyses suggest that the allele C of rs2273502 was over-trensferred in 98 ADHD parent-offspring trios. These findings suggest that the CHRNA4 gene may play a role in the pathogenesis of ADHD.

Ascorbic acid derived carbon dots promote circadian rhythm and contribute to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)is one of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders in children,and ADHD patients always display circadian abnormalities.While,the ADHD drugs currently used in clinic have strong side effects,such as psychosis,allergic reactions,and heart problems.Here,we demonstrated carbon dots derived from the ascorbic acid(VCDs)could strongly rescue the hyperactive and impulsive behaviour of a zebrafish ADHD disease model caused by per1b mutation.VCDs prolonged the circadian period of zebrafish for more than half an hour.In addition,the amplitude and circadian phase were also changed.The dopamine level was specifically increased,which may be caused by stimulation of the dopaminergic neuron development in the midbrain.Notably,it was found that the serotonin level was not altered by VCDs treatments.Also,the gene transcriptome effects of VCDs were discussed in present work.Our results provided the dynamic interactions of carbon dots with circadian system and dopamine signaling pathway,which illustrates a potential application of degradable and bio-safe VCDs for the treatment of the attention deficient and hyperactive disorder through circadian intervention.

脑电反馈治疗对共患ADHD和学习障碍患儿注意、智力影响

【目的】探讨脑电生物反馈治疗对共患注意缺陷多动性障碍（attention deficit hyperactivity disorder，ADHD）和学习障碍患儿注意、智力的改善作用。【方法】应用Sprit-8脑电生物反馈治疗仪，对48例（6～12岁）共患ADHD和学习障碍患儿进行40次增强16～20Hzp波，抑制4--8Hz0波脑电反馈治疗，治疗前后采用脑电反馈仪检测患儿脑电波θ／β、θ／SMR功率比值的变化，采用听视觉持续注意测验软件检测注意稳定性变化，采用瑞文推理测验（SPM）评价智力水平变化。【结果】脑电反馈治疗后患儿θ／β、θ／SMR值较前明显下降（P〈0．01），注意指标中的漏报数、错误数、反应时间较前降低（P〈0．01），智商较前改善（P〈0．01）。【结论】脑电反馈治疗能够明显改善共患ADHD和学习障碍患儿的脑电异常、智力、注意力，且对脑电异常改善作用无左右脑半球特异性。