Chimerical与希腊神话

Chimerical adj.fantastically improbable;highly unrealistic;imaginative;fandrut.异想天开的;空 想的;幻想的;爱幻想的 ……

An inactivated recombinant rabies virus chimerically expressed RBD induces humoral and cellular immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and RABV

Many studies suggest that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)can infect various animals and transmit among animals,and even to humans,posing a threat to humans and animals.There is an urgent need to develop inexpensive and efficient animal vaccines to prevent and control coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)in animals.Rabies virus(RABV)is another important zoonotic pathogen that infects almost all warmblooded animals and poses a great public health threat.The present study constructed two recombinant chimeric viruses expressing the S1 and RBD proteins of the SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan01 strain based on a reverse genetic system of the RABV SRV9 strain and evaluated their immunogenicity in mice,cats and dogs.The results showed that both inactivated recombinant viruses induced durable neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and RABV and a strong cellular immune response in mice.Notably,inactivated SRV-nCoV-RBD induced earlier antibody production than SRV-nCoV-S1,which was maintained at high levels for longer periods.Inactivated SRV-nCoV-RBD induced neutralizing antibodies against both SARS-CoV-2 and RABV in cats and dogs,with a relatively broadspectrum cross-neutralization capability against the SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses including Alpha,Beta,Gamma,Delta,and Omicron,showing potential to be used as a safe bivalent vaccine candidate against COVID-19 and rabies in animals.

Revolutionizing gastric cancer treatment:The potential of immunotherapy

Gastric cancer,a prevalent malignancy worldwide,ranks sixth in terms of frequency and third in fatality,causing over a million new cases and 769000 annual deaths.Predominant in Eastern Europe and Eastern Asia,risk factors include family medical history,dietary habits,tobacco use,Helicobacter pylori,and Epstein-Barr virus infections.Unfortunately,gastric cancer is often diagnosed at an advanced stage,leading to a grim prognosis,with a 5-year overall survival rate below 5%.Surgical intervention,particularly with D2 Lymphadenectomy,is the mainstay for early-stage cases but offers limited success.For advanced cases,the National Comprehensive Cancer Network recommends chemotherapy,radiation,and targeted therapy.Emerging immunotherapy presents promise,especially for unresectable or metastatic cases,with strategies like immune checkpoint inhibitors,tumor vaccines,adoptive immunotherapy,and nonspecific immunomodulators.In this Editorial,with regards to the article“Advances and key focus areas in gastric cancer immunotherapy:A comprehensive scientometric and clinical trial review”,we address the advances in the field of immunotherapy in gastric cancer and its future prospects.

Aptasensing biosynthesized phosphatidylserine with a AuNPs nanozyme-based colorimetric aptasensor

Sensitive monitoring of the target products during the biosynthesis process is crucial,and facile analytical approaches are urgently needed.Herein,phosphatidylserine(PS)was chosen as the model target,a colorimetric aptasensor was developed for the rapid quantitation in biosynthesis samples.A chimeric aptamer was constructed with two homogeneous original PS aptamers.Specific recognition between the chimeric aptamer and PS results in the desorption of aptamer from the surface of the AuNPs nanozyme,and the peroxidase-like enzymatic activity of the AuNPs nanozyme was weakened in a relationship with the different concentrations.The developed aptasensor performed well when applied for analyzing PS in biosynthesis samples.The aptasensor offers good sensitivity and selectivity,under optimal conditions,achieving monitoring and quantitation of PS in the range of 2.5-80.0μmol/L,with a limit of detection at 536.2 nmol/L.Moreover,the aptasensor provides good accuracy,with comparison rates of 98.17%-106.40%,when compared with the HPLC-ELSD.This study provides a good reference for monitoring other biosynthesized products and promoting the development of aptamers and aptasensors in real-world applications.

Prevention of hepatitis B reactivation in patients with hematologic malignancies treated with novel systemic therapies:Who and Why?

The risk of reactivation in patients with chronic or past/resolved hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection receiving chemotherapy or immunosuppressive drugs is a wellknown possibility.The indication of antiviral prophylaxis with nucleo(t)side analogue is given according to the risk of HBV reactivation of the prescribed therapy.Though the advent of new drugs is occurring in all the field of medicine,in the setting of hematologic malignancies the last few years have been characterized by several drug classes and innovative cellular treatment.As novel therapies,there are few data about the rate of HBV reactivation and the decision of starting or not an antiviral prophylaxis could be challenging.Moreover,patients are often treated with a combination of different drugs,so evaluating the actual role of these new therapies in increasing the risk of HBV reactivation is difficult.First results are now available,but further studies are still needed.Patients with chronic HBV infection[hepatitis B surface antigen(HBsAg)positive]are reasonably all treated.Past/resolved HBV patients(HBsAg negative)are the actual area of uncertainty where it could be difficult choosing between prophylaxis and pre-emptive strategy.

Influencing factors and solution strategies of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy(CAR–T)cell immunotherapy

Chimeric antigen receptor T-cesll therapy(CAR–T)has achieved groundbreaking advancements in clinical application,ushering in a new era for innovative cancer treatment.However,the challenges associated with implementing this novel targeted cell therapy are increasingly significant.Particularly in the clinical management of solid tumors,obstacles such as the immunosuppressive effects of the tumor microenvironment,limited local tumor infiltration capability of CAR–T cells,heterogeneity of tumor targeting antigens,uncertainties surrounding CAR–T quality,control,and clinical adverse reactions have contributed to increased drug resistance and decreased compliance in tumor therapy.These factors have significantly impeded the widespread adoption and utilization of this therapeutic approach.In this paper,we comprehensively analyze recent preclinical and clinical reports on CAR–T therapy while summarizing crucial factors influencing its efficacy.Furthermore,we aim to identify existing solution strategies and explore their current research status.Through this review article,our objective is to broaden perspectives for further exploration into CAR–T therapy strategies and their clinical applications.

Targeted Therapy of CEA-CAR-NK Cells Against Colorectal Cancer Cells

Objective:Investigate the cytotoxic effect of CAR-NK cells targeting CEA on colorectal cancer cells with positive CEA expression.Methods:The mRNA and protein levels of CEA in different CRC cell lines were detected by qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis.Lentiviral transduction was used to construct CAR-NK cells and empty vector CON-NK cells targeting CEA.Fluorescence microscopy and WB were used to determine whether the cells successfully constructed and expressed CAR structures.The effector NK cells were co-cultured with target cells,and the levels of LDH,IFN-γ,and GM-CSF were detected.The killing rate of effector cells was calculated,and the release of cytokines during the killing of target cells by different effector cells was compared.Results:The expression level of CEA in colorectal cancer patients was significantly higher than that in normal samples and other tumor samples,and the prognosis survival time of patients with high CEA expression was lower than that of CRC patients with low or no CEA expression(P<0.05).The CEA expression of the HT29 cell line was significantly higher than that of the SW1116 cell line at both the mRNA and protein levels.CEA-CAR-NK92 cells and CON-NK92 cells expressed green fluorescence under a microscope,and WB results showed that CEA-CAR-NK92 cells successfully expressed the CAR structure.Compared with CON-NK92 cells and NK92 cells,CEA-CAR-NK92 cells effectively killed HT29 cells(P<0.05).CEA-CAR-NK92 cells secreted a large amount of IFN-γand GM-CSF during the killing of HT29 cells,while the cytokine secretion of CON-NK92 cells and NK92 cells was not significant(P<0.05).Conclusion:CAR-NK92 cells targeting CEA can effectively kill CEA-positive colorectal cancer cells.

Prevention and management of hepatitis B virus reactivation in patients with hematological malignancies in the targeted therapy era

Hepatitis due to hepatitis B virus(HBV)reactivation can be serious and potentially fatal,but is preventable.HBV reactivation is most commonly reported in patients receiving chemotherapy,especially rituximab-containing therapy for hematological malignancies and those receiving stem cell transplantation.Patients with inactive and even resolved HBV infection still have persistence of HBV genomes in the liver.The expression of these silent genomes is controlled by the immune system.Suppression or ablation of immune cells,most importantly B cells,may lead to reactivation of seemingly resolved HBV infection.Thus,all patients with hematological malignancies receiving anticancer therapy should be screened for active or resolved HBV infection by blood tests for hepatitis B surface antigen(HBsAg)and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen.Patients found to be positive for HBsAg should be given prophylactic antiviral therapy.For patients with resolved HBV infection,there are two approaches.The first is pre-emptive therapy guided by serial HBV DNA monitoring,and treatment with antiviral therapy as soon as HBV DNA becomes detectable.The second approach is prophy-lactic antiviral therapy,particularly for patients receiving high-risk therapy,especially anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.Entecavir and tenofovir are the preferred antiviral choices.Many new effective therapies for hematological malignancies have been introduced in the past decade,for example,chimeric antigen receptor(CAR)-T cell therapy,novel monoclonal antibodies,bispecific antibody drug conjugates,and small molecule inhibitors,which may be associated with HBV reactivation.Although there is limited evidence to guide the optimal preventive measures,we recommend antivi-ral prophylaxis in HBsAg-positive patients receiving novel treatments,including Bruton’s tyrosine kinase inhibitors,B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitors,and CAR-T cell therapy.Further studies are needed to determine the risk of HBV reactivation with these agents and the best prophylactic strategy.

Facing challenges with hope:universal immune cells for hematologic malignancies

Many patients have achieved a favorable overall survival rate since allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation(allo-HSCT)has been widely implemented to treat hematologic malignancies.However,graft-versus-host disease(GVHD)and complications of immunosuppressive drugs after allo-HSCT are the main causes of non-relapse mortality and a poor quality of life.In addition,GVHD and infusion-induced toxicity still occur with donor lymphocyte infusions(DLIs)and chimeric antigen receptor(CAR)T-cell therapy.Because of the special immune tolerance characteristics and anti-tumor ability of universal immune cells,universal immune cell therapy may strongly reduce GVHD,while simultaneously reducing tumor burden.Nevertheless,widespread application of universal immune cell therapy is mainly restricted by poor expansion and persistence efficacy.Many strategies have been applied to improve universal immune cell proliferation and persistence efficacy,including the use of universal cell lines,signaling regulation and CAR technology.In this review we have summarized current advances in universal immune cell therapy for hematologic malignancies with a discussion of future perspectives.

Donor-derived CD 19 CAR-T Cells versus Chemotherapy Plus Donor Lymphocyte Infusion for Treatment of Recurrent CD 19-positive B-ALL after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Objective:This study aimed to compare the efficacy of anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T cells(CAR-T cells)versus chemotherapy plus donor lymphocyte infusion(chemo-DLI)for treating relapsed CD 19-positive B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia(B-ALL)after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation(allo-HSCT).Methods:Clinical data of 43 patients with B-ALL who relapsed after allo-HSCT were retrospectively analyzed.Twenty-two patients were treated with CAR-T cells(CAR-T group),and 21 with chemotherapy plus DLI(chemo-DLI group).The complete remission(CR)and minimal residual disease(MRD)-negative CR rates,leukemia-free survival(LFS)rate,overall survival(OS)rate,and incidence of acute graft-versus-host disease(aGVHD),cytokine release syndrome(CRS)and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome(ICANS)were compared between the two groups.Results:The CR and MRD-negative CR rates in the CAR-T group(77.3%and 61.5%)were significantly higher than those in the chemo-DLI group(38.1%and 23.8%)(P=0.008 and P=0.003).The 1-and 2-year LFS rates in the CAR-T group were superior to those in the chemo-DLI group:54.5%and 50.0%vs.9.5%and 4.8%(P=0.0001 and P=0.00004).The 1-and 2-year OS rates in the CAR-T versus chemo-DLI group were 59.1%and 54.5%vs.19%and 9.5%(P=0.011 and P=0.003).Six patients(28.6%)with grade 2-4 aGVHD were identified in the chemo-DLI group.Two patients(9.1%)in the CAR-T group developed grade 1-2 aGVHD.Nineteen patients(86.4%)developed CRS in the CAR-T group,comprising grade 1-2 CRS in 13 patients(59.1%)and grade 3 CRS in 6 patients(27.3%).Two patients(9.1%)developed grade 1-2 ICANS.Conclusion:Donor-derived anti-CD19 CAR-T-cell therapy may be better,safer,and more effective than chemo-DLI for B-ALL patients who relapse after allo-HSCT.

Tumor neoantigens: Novel strategies for application of cancer immunotherapy

Neoantigen-targeted immunotherapy is a rapidly advancing field that holds great promise for treating cancer.The recognition of antigens by immune cells is a crucial step in tumor-specific killing,and neoantigens generated by mutations in cancer cells possess high immunogenicity and are selectively expressed in tumor cells,making them an attractive therapeutic target.Currently,neoantigens find utility in various domains,primarily in the realm of neoantigen vaccines such as DC vaccines,nucleic acid vaccines,and synthetic long peptide vaccines.Additionally,they hold promise in adoptive cell therapy,encompassing tumor-infiltrating cells,T cell receptors,and chimeric antigen receptors which are expressed by genetically modified T cells.In this review,we summarized recent progress in the clinical use of tumor vaccines and adoptive cell therapy targeting neoantigens,discussed the potential of neoantigen burden as an immune checkpoint in clinical settings.With the aid of state-of-the-art sequencing and bioinformatics technologies,together with significant advancements in artificial intelligence,we anticipated that neoantigens will be fully exploited for personalized tumor immunotherapy,from screening to clinical application.

Molecular and cellular changes in the post-traumatic spinal cord remodeling after autoinfusion of a genetically-enriched leucoconcentrate in a mini-pig model

Post-traumatic spinal cord remodeling includes both degenerating and regenerating processes,which affect the potency of the functional recovery after spinal cord injury(SCI).Gene therapy for spinal cord injury is proposed as a promising therapeutic strategy to induce positive changes in remodeling of the affected neural tissue.In our previous studies for delivering the therapeutic genes at the site of spinal cord injury,we developed a new approach using an autologous leucoconcentrate transduced ex vivo with chimeric adenoviruses(Ad5/35)carrying recombinant cDNA.In the present study,the efficacy of the intravenous infusion of an autologous genetically-enriched leucoconcentrate simultaneously producing recombinant vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF),glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor(GDNF),and neural cell adhesion molecule(NCAM)was evaluated with regard to the molecular and cellular changes in remodeling of the spinal cord tissue at the site of damage in a model of mini-pigs with moderate spinal cord injury.Experimental animals were randomly divided into two groups of 4 pigs each:the therapeutic(infused with the leucoconcentrate simultaneously transduced with a combination of the three chimeric adenoviral vectors Ad5/35‐VEGF165,Ad5/35‐GDNF,and Ad5/35‐NCAM1)and control groups(infused with intact leucoconcentrate).The morphometric and immunofluorescence analysis of the spinal cord regeneration in the rostral and caudal segments according to the epicenter of the injury in the treated animals compared to the control mini-pigs showed:(1)higher sparing of the grey matter and increased survivability of the spinal cord cells(lower number of Caspase-3-positive cells and decreased expression of Hsp27);(2)recovery of synaptophysin expression;(3)prevention of astrogliosis(lower area of glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive astrocytes and ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1-positive microglial cells);(4)higher growth rates of regeneratingβIII-tubulin-positive axons accompanied by a higher number of oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2-positive oligodendroglial cells in the lateral corticospinal tract region.These results revealed the efficacy of intravenous infusion of the autologous genetically-enriched leucoconcentrate producing recombinant VEGF,GDNF,and NCAM in the acute phase of spinal cord injury on the positive changes in the post-traumatic remodeling nervous tissue at the site of direct injury.Our data provide a solid platform for a new ex vivo gene therapy for spinal cord injury and will facilitate further translation of regenerative therapies in clinical neurology.

Recent advances in treatment of nodal and gastrointestinal follicular lymphoma

Follicular lymphoma(FL)is the most common low-grade lymphoma,and although nodal FL is highly responsive to treatment,the majority of patients relapse repeatedly,and the disease has been incurable with a poor prognosis.However,primary FL of the gastrointestinal tract has been increasingly detected in Japan,especially due to recent advances in small bowel endoscopy and increased opportunities for endoscopic examinations and endoscopic diagnosis.However,many cases are detected at an early stage,and the prognosis is good in many cases.In contrast,in Europe and the United States,gastrointestinal FL has long been considered to be present in 12%-24%of Stage-IV patients,and the number of advanced gastrointestinal cases is expected to increase.This editorial provides an overview of the recent therapeutic advances in nodal FL,including antibody-targeted therapy,bispecific antibody therapy,epigenetic modulation,and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy,and reviews the latest therapeutic manuscripts published in the past year.Based on an understanding of the therapeutic advances in nodal FL,we also discuss future possibilities for gastroenterologists to treat gastrointestinal FL,especially in advanced cases.

Population genetics of marmosets in Asian primate research centers and loci associated with epileptic risk revealed by whole-genome sequencing

The common marmoset(Callithrix jacchus)has emerged as a valuable nonhuman primate model in biomedical research with the recent release of high-quality reference genome assemblies.Epileptic marmosets have been independently reported in two Asian primate research centers.Nevertheless,the population genetics within these primate centers and the specific genetic variants associated with epilepsy in marmosets have not yet been elucidated.Here,we characterized the genetic relationships and risk variants for epilepsy in 41 samples from two epileptic marmoset pedigrees using whole-genome sequencing.We identified 14558184 single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)from the 41 samples and found higher chimerism levels in blood samples than in fingernail samples.Genetic analysis showed fourth-degree of relatedness among marmosets at the primate centers.In addition,SNP and copy number variation(CNV)analyses suggested that the WW domain-containing oxidoreductase(WWOX)and Tyrosine-protein phosphatase nonreceptor type 21(PTPN21)genes may be associated with epilepsy in marmosets.Notably,KCTD18-like gene deletion was more common in epileptic marmosets than control marmosets.This study provides valuable population genomic resources for marmosets in two Asian primate centers.Genetic analyses identified a reasonable breeding strategy for genetic diversity maintenance in the two centers,while the case-control study revealed potential risk genes/variants associated with epilepsy in marmosets.

Immunotherapy in glioblastoma treatment:Current state and future prospects

Glioblastoma remains as the most common and aggressive malignant brain tumor,standing with a poor prognosis and treatment prospective.Despite the aggressive standard care,such as surgical resection and chemoradiation,median survival rates are low.In this regard,immunotherapeutic strategies aim to become more attractive for glioblastoma,considering its recent advances and approaches.In this review,we provide an overview of the current status and progress in immunotherapy for glioblastoma,going through the fundamental knowledge on immune targeting to promising strategies,such as Chimeric antigen receptor T-Cell therapy,immune checkpoint inhibitors,cytokine-based treatment,oncolytic virus and vaccine-based techniques.At last,it is discussed innovative methods to overcome diverse challenges,and future perspectives in this area.

Immunotherapy for advanced or recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is associated with high morbidity and mortality,and is prone to intra-and extrahepatic metastasis due to the anatomical and functional characteristics of the liver.Due to the complexity and high relapse rate associated with radical surgery or radiofrequency ablation,immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs)are increasingly being used to treat HCC.Several immunotherapeutic agents,along with their combinations,have been clinically approved to treat advanced or recurrent HCC.This review discusses the leading ICIs in practice and those currently undergoing randomized phase 1-3 trials as monotherapy or combination therapy.Furthermore,we summarize the rapidly developing alternative strategies such as chimeric antigen receptor-engineered T cell therapy and tumor vaccines.Combination therapy is a promising potential treatment option.These immunotherapies are also summarized in this review,which provides insights into the advantages,limitations,and novel angles for future research in establishing viable and alternative therapies against HCC.

Integration of molecular testing for the personalized management of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma(DLBCL)and follicular lymphoma(FL)are the most common forms of aggressive and indolent lymphoma,respectively.The majority of patients are cured by standard R-CHOP immunochemotherapy,but 30%–40%of DLBCL and 20%of FL patients relapse or are refractory(R/R).DLBCL and FL are phenotypically and genetically hereterogenous B-cell neoplasms.To date,the diagnosis of DLBCL and FL has been based on morphology,immunophenotyping and cytogenetics.However,next-generation sequencing(NGS)is widening our understanding of the genetic basis of the B-cell lymphomas.In this review we will discuss how integrating the NGS-based characterization of somatic gene mutations with diagnostic or prognostic value in DLBCL and FL could help refine B-cell lymphoma classification as part of a multidisciplinary pathology work-up.We will also discuss how molecular testing can identify candidates for clinical trials with targeted therapies and help predict therapeutic outcome to currently available treatments,including chimeric antigen receptor T-cell,as well as explore the application of circulating cell-free DNA,a non-invasive method for patient monitoring.We conclude that molecular analyses can drive improvements in patient outcomes due to an increased understanding of the different pathogenic pathways affected by each DLBCL subtype and indolent FL vs R/R FL.

“Too Soon on Earth”: A Biophilosophical Model of Schizophrenia. Some Implications for Humanoid Robots

This paper presents a new explanatory model for schizophrenia based upon philosophical, molecular and neurobiological hypotheses as well as on years of experience in observing and treating these patients. To start with, a novel interpretation of the Hegelian concept of mediation is presented. Mediation is defined as the rejection of non-realizable programs, such as thoughts and ideas, at a certain point in time in the evolution of a living system. Whenever a system treats non-realizable programs as if they were realizable, its ability to “test the reality” is lost, and consequently a loss of ego-boundaries may occur. On the molecular level, I will try to show how “non-splicing” of introns during the mRNA splicing process is equivalent to a loss of the rejection function corresponding to mediation. At the cellular level in the brain, mediation can be explained in terms of glial-neuronal interactions. Glia exert a spatio-temporal boundary setting function determining the grouping of neurons into functional units. Mutations in genes that result in non-splicing of introns can produce truncated (“chimeric”) neurotransmitter receptors. I propose that such dysfunctional receptors are generated in glial cells and that they cannot interact properly with their cognate neurotransmitters. The glia will then lose their inhibitory-rejecting function with respect to the information processing within neuronal networks. This loss of glial boundary setting could be an explanation for the loss of ego or body boundaries in schizophrenia. Pertinent examples of case studies are given attempting to deduce the main symptoms of schizophrenia from the proposed hypothesis. Some implications for the design of delusional robots are also discussed. Finally, the evolutionary potency of non-coding introns is philosophically interpreted that schizophrenics may be “too soon on earth”.

Chimeric ALT Perforator-Free Flap with Vastus Lateralis Muscle for the Obliteration of the Intrathoracic Dead Space Post-Pneumonectomy: A Case Report

Chest wall reconstruction is a surgical procedure aimed at restoring the integrity and function of the chest wall, which may be damaged due to trauma, cancer, infection, or congenital defects. The chest wall plays a vital role in protecting the thoracic organs, supporting the respiratory system, and maintaining the shape of the chest. Therefore, any defect or deformity of the chest wall can have significant functional and aesthetic consequences for the patient. The authors present a case report at Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH) of a dyspneic 47-year-old male patient with a right anterolateral chest wall defect post-pneumonectomy previously complicated by bronchopleural fistula. Past attempts at the chest wall reconstruction had utilized the ipsilateral latissimus dorsi muscle, pectoralis major muscle, and the omental pedicled flaps with limited success. A chimeric anterolateral thigh (ALT) perforator-free flap with vastus lateralis (VL) muscle was used to obliterate the post-pneumonectomy intrathoracic dead space and to provide a cutaneous paddle. This case report aims to show the versatility of the ALT flap for chest wall reconstruction to prevent the post-pneumonectomy syndrome associated with tracheal deviation, inspiratory stridor, and exertional dyspnea. In conclusion, chest wall reconstruction with obliteration of intrathoracic dead space post-pneumonectomy is challenging and needs careful planning and execution.

Cotton Plants Transformed with the Activated Chimeric Cry1Ac and API-B Genes

A chimeric gene, Bt29K, composed of coding sequences of activated Cry1Ac insecticidal protein and an endoplasm reticulum-retarding signal peptide, was synthesized. A plant expression vector containing two expression cassettes for the Bt29K and API-B genes was constructed. These two insect-resistant genes were transferred into two cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) varieties ( or lines) via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and nine homozygous transgenic cotton lines showing a mortality of 90.0% - 99.7% to cotton ballworm (Heliothis armigera) larvae and good agronomic traits were selected through six generations. Molecular biology analysis revealed that one or two copies of the insecticidal protein genes were integrated into the transgenic cotton genome and activated Cry1Ac and API-B protein expression was at a level of 0.17% and 0.09% of the total soluble protein in the transgenic cotton leaves, respectively. Comparison of the insect-resistance of the homozygous lines expressing the activated chimeric Cry1Ac and API-B with that expressing Cry1Ac only revealed that the insect-resistance of the former is apparently higher than the latter. These results also indicate that the strategy to construct a plant expression vector expressing two different insect-resistant genes reported here is reasonable.