Impact of US Financial Sanctions on the Dollar's International Status

In 2022,the United States stepped up its sanctions on Russia.Most notably,it restricted the flow of the Russian Central Bank's foreign exchange(forex)assets,using financial administrative power as a source of strategic leverage.This move should have reduced the appeal of US dollar assets but in reality has not accelerated as expected the decline of the greenback as a store of value.The US dollar's share of global forex reserves increased instead of decreased during 2022 and 2023.Despite the rise of economic costs caused by tightened US financial sanctions,countries that recognize the geopolitical role of the United States have further accepted the dollar's international status;their continued willingness to live with the dollar's“security premium”has given a fillip to the US dollar in the short term,boosting its appeal as a reserve currency.Meanwhile,de-dollarization of forex reserves has yet to reach a sufficient scale,thus falling short of significantly challenging the dollar's reign.From a longer-term perspective,as economic and security conditions shift,countries that accept the dollar's international role or seek de-dollarization may change their choices.As a result,four possible scenarios may arise:(i)the preeminence of the US dollar remains unthreatened;(ii)the international monetary system splits into blocs;(iii)the international monetary system fragments;and(iv)the dollar loses its throne.The author believes that the last scenario is the most likely outcome.

Status quo and Countermeasures of Tea Export Trade of China

The research analyzed status quo of Chinese tea export, including export scale, exporting countries and regions, product structure, explored factors affecting tea export, and detailed international trade development of Chinese teas. On basis of global politics and economic situations, the research proposed new thoughts and of global trades of Chinese teas with application of the Belt and Road Initiative strategy.

World Cities and International Organizations: Political Global-city Status of Chinese Cities

In this study, the authors use a political perspective to explore the relative global status of cities in China. Two questions are addressed. Firstly, by using international organizations as the subjects and quantitative analysis of the spatial distribution of their offices, the overall position of Chinese cities in the global distribution of international organizations is estimated. The results show that 22 Chi- nese cities are involved in international political affairs. Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou dominate these activities and have high po- litical global-city status. Secondly, through qualitative analysis of Guangzhou City, the authors explore how its status as a center for intemational organizations has been shaped in recent years. The locational decision-making process is analyzed and the factors are demonstrated at both national and city scales. The definition of international organizations as used in this study refers not only to those supranational bodies that have the ability to manage relations across states （such as the European Union）, but also those in- ter-governmental organizations （IGOs）, international non-governmental organizations （INGOs） and diplomatic representatives and delegations that today also manage and regulate relations between and among states.

International Standardization of Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technology:Overlaps,Gaps and Challenges

As one of the most concerned digital technologies in recent years,blockchain and distributed ledger technology are an important driving force for a new round of technological development.It is currently in the process of accelerating its evolution and maturity,and has gradually integrated with other digital technologies.It has been applied in many industries,providing decentralized solutions for various industries,realizing innovative storage models,and building a new trust system.As blockchain technology is officially incorporated into China’s new information infrastructure category,the application fields of blockchain have expanded rapidly,gradually extending from the financial field and government affairs to other fields in the real economy.At the same time,with the continuous development of the globalized economy,blockchain technology will also have a profound impact on international technological and economic development.Therefore,for the healthy and orderly development and real implementation of the blockchain industry,standardize the application of blockchain,effectively break through the cognitive and technical barriers between different countries,industries and systems on a global scale,prevent application risks,the development of the global blockchain industry needs standardization basis,which is particularly important and urgent.A sound standard system is an important key to the successful development of technology,and formulating the right standard at the right time for technology development helps ensure the ease of use and interoperability of the technology.From the perspective of international standardization,this article first introduces the general situation of ISO,ITU-T,IEEE,W3C and other international standardization organizations,and sorts out the status quo of the blockchain standardization working groups of mainstream international standardization organizations.All blockchain-related standards under development have been analyzed for the characteristics of international blockchain technology standards and industry application standards.Through data analysis,the overlaps,differences and conflicts in the field of international blockchain standard formulation are sorted out,and suggestions for blockchain standardization work in the application and development of blockchain technology standardization by international organizations and industries are put forward.The plans and layouts of future international standards are summarized to help the development of the international standardization of blockchain.

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the International Status of the US Dollar

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the high debt and inflation caused by the US emergency relief proposal and expansionary monetary policy,the durability of the dominance of the US dollar has been questioned once again.In absolute terms,the dollar“has lost ground,”but its competitive advantage has not diminished significantly.The international status of currencies is determined by their relative advantages instead of absolute advantages.The US dollar has remained relatively strong and resilient.The US has taken advantage of the international community’s dependence on the dollar and hijacked the global market with dollar assets,successfully covering up its problems during the COVID-19 pandemic.Other major reserve currencies have faced major obstacles in the development process,and the derivative forms of emerging currencies have major defects,which do not pose an urgent challenge to the status of the US dollar.

China's Common Interest Theory in the Context of International Strategy

Common interest is the shared and convergent parts of national interests in the state of inter-dependency, composed of common benefits and common threats, and provides the foundation for international cooperation under bilateral, multilateral and global frameworks. This paper will take the concept of common interest on the level of international politics as the core and supplement it with thoughts, ideas and practices of the CPC and China's government leaders to sort out innovations made in China's common interest theory and international strategic thoughts since 1989, as well as sum up the basic implications of China's common interest theory and the rules of its evolution so as to offer a brand new dimension for Marxist international strategic studies in China.

Current Status of the Integrated Circuit Industry in China--IC Special Equipment Industry by:Lithotechsolutions.org

1.Introduction In recent years,China's semiconductor equipment industry has made considerable progress,some key equipment have been developed,achieving a revolutionary breakthrough.Meanwhile,a great number of domestic equipment have been applied to large mass production lines,indicating new progress in industrialization.From the policy perspective,the state has continuously introduced policies to support the localization of the semiconductor industry,and has invested more than 100 billion yuan to boost the development of the semiconductor industry chain since 2014.

The Status Quo of Chinese International Business Practitioners’Intercultural Business Communication and PedagogicImplications

We propose an intercultural business communication(IBC)model and design a questionnaire basing on the model to gain detailed knowledge on the status quo of 239 Chinese international business practitioners’IBC activities.The factual questions include the main working languages,the communication media applied,their high-frequency communication situations,communication scenarios important to organizations and employees’career life,the most challenging communication situations,and sensitive communication topics.Pedagogic implications are discussed basing on the survey findings.

Reform and Opening-up and China's Participation in International Human Rights Cooperation Process

The process of China’s participation in international human rights cooperation is closely related to the process of reform and opening-up launched at the end of the 1970s, while participation in international human rights cooperation is based on the process of reform and opening-up. It is the fruit of the reform and opening-up policy and the emancipation of the mind for China to decide to participate in international human rights cooperation. Since then, along with the process, the process of China participating in international cooperation can be divided into four periods. The first established the multi-ministries cooperative group to do research on international human rights activities in 1980. The second, was the first white paper on human rights published by the government in 1991. The third was the incorporation of human rights in the Constitution in 2004, and the fourth been putting forward the idea "a community with shared future for human beings" in 2013. All of these are landmark events for China to participate in international human rights cooperation against the general background of the reform and opening-up policy.

Gut Bacteria and Nutritional Status of Nigerian Children at an Internally Displaced Persons’ Camp in Benue State, Nigeria: A Pilot Study

This study was conducted to determine the gut bacteria and nutritional status of children (n = 30) aged 2 - 11 in Benue’s largest internally displaced persons (IDP) camp since information on this is lacking. Gut bacteria were identified using culture techniques, while Body Mass Index (Kg/m2), Weight-for-Height (WHZ), and Weight-for-Age (WAZ) z scores were computed from anthropometric measurements. Socio-demographic and economic variables were collected via structured questionnaires. IBM SPSS v25 was used to analyze the data, with p Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., and Escherichia coli compared to children from a nearby private school (n = 10), except for E. coli, where the prevalence was equal. The results for BMI revealed that 23 (57.5%) of the children had a healthy weight while 17 (42.5%) were underweight.WAZ z-scores were between (-0.02 - 2.51) with evidence of mildly underweight (20%) and mildly overweight (5%) children. WHZ z-scores were between -0.03 - 2.37, with moderately wasted (30%) and severely wasted (5%) found. To ensure better health outcomes for residents, conditions in the camp must be improved.

Ultrasound based estimate of central venous pressure:Are we any closer?

Central venous pressure(CVP)serves as a direct approximation of right atrial pressure and is influenced by factors like total blood volume,venous compliance,cardiac output,and orthostasis.Normal CVP falls within 8-12 mmHg but varies with volume status and venous compliance.Monitoring and managing disturbances in CVP are vital in patients with circulatory shock or fluid disturbances.Elevated CVP can lead to fluid accumulation in the interstitial space,impairing venous return and reducing cardiac preload.While pulmonary artery catheterization and central venous catheter obtained measurements are considered to be more accurate,they carry risk of complications and their usage has not shown clinical improvement.Ultrasound-based assessment of the internal jugular vein(IJV)offers real-time,non-invasive measurement of static and dynamic parameters for estimating CVP.IJV parameters,including diameter and ratio,has demonstrated good correlation with CVP.Despite significant advancements in non-invasive CVP measurement,a reliable tool is yet to be found.Present methods can offer reasonable guidance in assessing CVP,provided their limitations are acknowledged.

Status of Congenital Heart Defects in Nigeria: The Role of Cardiac Surgery

Background: Unlike in developed countries, the delivery of cardiovascular services to children born with congenital heart defects in Nigeria is inadequate. There are problems at both pediatric and adult ages with high morbidity and mortality on account of inadequate surgical care. Objective: To determine the status of congenital defects and assess the impact of foreign cardiac missionary missions vis-à-vis the effects on the magnitude as well as on the educational program for the local cardiac team. Materials and Method: In the last 5.5 years, Foreign Cardiac Surgery missions were reinstituted at National Cardiothoracic Center of Excellence, Enugu, Nigeria. The participants performed cardiac interventions on a variety of patients with CHD. We performed a retrospective review of this endeavor. Patients’ demographics, number of patients, age ranges, types of CHD and clinical evaluation methodology were obtained from our hospital’s record department. We also assessed types of cardiac interventions, outcome and challenges and the impacts of the foreign cardiac surgery missions. Results:?During the study period, a total of 72 children with CHD were evaluated. They were 39 males and 33 females. The age ranged between 0 - 10 years in children and 41 - 50 years in the adult. We studied both simple and complex anomalies. A VSD was the commonest (n = 22, 27.16%). Conclusion: Foreign congenital cardiac surgery missions were not able to provide adequate services for the care of CHD that require cardiac surgery both in terms of reduction in magnitude as well as adequate educational program for the local cardiac team. Thus infants, in particular, suffer an early death. The need for governmental support to develop a comprehensive program to care for these patients is essential in Nigeria and other developing countries.

Current Status on Onshore Petroleum internal Audit

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Singapore Convention on Mediation and Its Ratification in China

China has signed the United Nations Convention on International Settlement Agreements Resultingfrom Mediation 9 namely the Singapore Convention on Mediation,on August 7,2019,making it possible for China's domestic courts to resolve international commercial disputes by implementing settlement agreements resulting from international commercial mediation.Relying on the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI),numerous commercial mediation organizations have successively established and integrated mediation into the international commercial dispute resolution mechanism in making effort for the internationalization of China's commercial mediation system under the background of improving diversified dispute resolution mechanisms.Based on the status quo of commercial mediation in China,this article focuses on the connection and convergence between China's practice and the principle of the Convention,as well as discusses the rationality for its ratification.

我国机电装备国际贸易发展态势研究

我国各类机电装备出口规模变动表现出类似阶段性:1995—2008年,超高速增长;2008—2011年,高速增长;2011—2019年,小幅正增速增长。我国各类机电装备向发展中市场出口占比都经历了先降再升,目前大部分类别占比过半。2019年,我国全部机电装备国际贸易实现大额正盈余,但汽车、航空航天和金属加工三小类对世界贸易的盈余额仍未转正;2015年后我国全部机电装备出口的世界市场占有率基本稳定,其中航空航天、汽车、金属加工和专用机器四小类出口市场占有率仍较低,但可能仍在上升趋势中。国际贸易发展态势特征表明,我国各类机电装备产业的国际市场竞争力总体保持持续上升态势。建议采取深化市场开拓、重视短板产业、推动研企交流和加强工程联动等措施,继续提升我国各机电装备产业的国际竞争力。

Internal Drivers and the Specialization Status of Under-developed Countries: Evidence from China's High-tech Industry

This study incorporates value-added ratio （VAR） and productivity into the analytical framework of intra-product specialization （IPS） as a globally comparable index for international specialization status （ISS）, to analyze the effect of domestic technological innovation, labor force investment, capital investment and foreign direct investment （FDI） spillovers on the ISS of developing countries. It also tests the effects empirically against the data from Chinese high-tech industries and enterprises. The results show that domestic technological innovation and the improved coordination of material capital and human capital are key internal drivers in the improvement of the ISS of Chinese high-tech industries, whereas FDI spillovers play a relatively limited role therein. Therefore, the key to China＇s industry upgrading is to tap and nurture the internal motive forces rather than to rely on FDI spillovers.

Intracellular distribution and internalization pathways of guanidinylated bioresponsive poly(amido amine)s in gene delivery

Guanidinylated bioresponsive poly(amido amine)s polymers, CAR-CBA and CHL-CBA, weresynthesized by Michael-type addition reaction between guanidine hydrochloride(CAR) orchlorhexidine(CHL) and N,N-cystaminebisacrylamide(CBA). Previous studies have shownthat both polymers had high transfection efficiencies as gene delivery carriers. In this study,we investigated the nucleolus localization abilities and cellular internalization pathways ofthese two polymers in gene delivery. Each polymer condensed plasmid DNA(p DNA) andformed nanoparticle complexes, and then their transfection studies were performed inMCF-7 cells. Both complexes were found enriched in nucleolus after cellular transfection,and their transfection efficiencies were significantly improved when transfection was per-formed on MCF-7 cells arrested at M phase. The transfection efficiency of CAR-CBA-pDNAwas inhibited by chlorpromazine, and cell endosomes were disrupted after being exposedto CAR-CBA-pDNA. In regards to CHL-CBA-pDNA, its transfection efficiency was not affected by three types of endocytosis inhibitors used in the study, and CHL-CBA-pDNA showed no effect on endosomes. Cellular lactate dehydrogenase release and membrane morphology were changed after cells were transfected by the two complexes. The results indicated that both CAR-CBA and CHL-CBA polymers demonstrated good nucleolus localization abilities. It was beneficial for transfection when cells were arrested at M phase. CAR-CBA-pDNA cellular internalization was involved with clathrin-mediated endocytosis pathway, and escaping from endosomal entrapment, while the cellular uptake of CHL-CBA-pDNA occurs via clathrin-and caveolae-independent mechanism.

From Paragon to Peer: China's Shifting Perspective on German Education

It is said that comparative education should start by addressing three questions:What is being compared,how is it being compared,and why?However,there is a fourth,more important question:What is it being compared with?The object of comparison is often a self-evident choice requiring little to no argument.