Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for gastric and colorectal cancer in China's Mainland

AIM:To investigate the current status of peritoneal carcinomatosis(PC) management,as well as the usage of cytoreductive surgery(CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy(HIPEC) in China's Mainland.METHODS:A potentially curative therapeutic strategy for selecting patients with PC,known as "Techniques",consists of CRS in combination with HIPEC.A systemic search of published works and clinical trials was performed.Additional papers were retrieved by crosschecking references and obtaining information from Chinese oncologists and relevant conferences.One hundred and one papers and one registered clinical trial on HIPEC were included.RESULTS:A literature review identified 86 hospitals in 25 out of all 31 areas of China's Mainland that perform HIPEC.The earliest report included in our survey was published in 1993.Different approaches to HIPEC have been utilized,i.e.palliative,prophylactic,and possiblycurative treatment.Only one center has consistently performed HIPEC according to the "Sugarbaker Protocol",which involves evaluating the extent of PC with peritoneal cancer index and the results of CRS with the completeness of cytoreduction.Positive preliminary results were reported:7 of 21 patients with PC survived,free of tumors,during an 8-43-mo follow-up period.Hyperthermic strategies that include HIPEC have been practiced for a long time in China's Mainland,whereas the "Sugarbaker Protocol/Techniques" has been only rarely implemented in China.The Peritoneal Surface Oncology Group International hosts a biannual workshop with the intent to train more specialists in this field and provide support for the construction of quality treatment centers,especially in developing countries like China,whose population is huge and has a dramatically increased incidence of cancer.CONCLUSION:To popularize Sugarbaker Protocol/Techniques in China's Mainland in PC management arising from gastric cancer or colorectal cancer will be the responsibility of the upcoming Chinese Peritoneal Surface Oncology Group.

Modeling and Simulation of P-Aloha,CSMA /CA and MACAW Protocols for Underwater Acoustic Channel

Medium access control( MAC) protocol of underwater acoustic communication network is a key technology for underwater acoustic networks( UANs). Most of the MAC protocols for wireless terrestrial communication networks have been designed with negligible propagation delay. If it is deployed directly in an underwater environment,the UANs will perform inefficiently. In this paper,the characteristics of underwater acoustic channel are modeled and simulated by using the OPNET simulation tool,which are the speed of sound, propagation loss, and four sources for ambient noise: the turbulence,shipping,wind driven waves and thermal noise. The performance of pure Aloha( P-Aloha),carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance( CSMA / CA) and multiple access collision avoidance for wireless local area network( MACAW) protocols in underwater acoustic channel environment are evaluated. The different performance of protocols in underwater environment is compared in the simulation.

A new multi-channel MAC protocol based on CDMA for ad hoc networks

This paper proposes a novel multichannel medium access control （MAC） protocol based on CDMA that improves network performance and reduces collision probability in wireless ad hoc networks. In the scheme, the code channel is divided into common channel, broadcast channel and several data channels. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol can achieve significantly better performance than the IEEE 802.11 standard.

Performance Analysis of MAC Protocol for LEO Satellite Networks

Considering that weak channel collision detection ability, long propagation delay and heavy load in LEO satellite communications, a valid adaptive APRMA MAC protocol was proposed. Different access probability functions for different services were obtained and appropriate access probabilities for voice and data users were updated slot by slot based on the estimation of the voice traffic and the channel status. In the proposed MAC protocol limited wireless resource is allocated reasonably by multiple users and high capacity was achieved. Three performance parameters: voice packet loss probability, average delay of data packets and throughput of data packets were considered in simulation. Finally simulation results demonstrated that the performance of system was improved by the APRMA compared with the conventional PRMA, with an acceptable trade-off between QoS of voice and delay of data.

AN MAC PROTOCOL SUPPORTING MULTIPLE TRAFFIC OVER MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS

This letter presents the design and performance of a multi-channel MAC protocol that supports multiple traffics for IEEE 802.11 mobile ad-hoc networks. The dynamic channel selection scheme by receiver decision is implemented and the number of the data channel is independent of the network topology. The priority for real-time traffic is assured by the proposed adaptive back off algorithm and different IFS. The protocol is evaluated by simulation and the results have shown that it can support multiple traffics and the performance is better than the performance that IEEE 802.11 standard provides.

A new real-time ethernet MAC protocol for time-critical applications

The authors propose a new persistent transmission based real time Ethernet MAC protocol that provides a predictable upper bound for the delivery delay of real time frames. Moreover, it is compatible with the protocol used by the existing Ethernet controllers for conventional datagram traffic and thus standard Ethernet stations can be used in the system without any modification. The paper describes the protocol in detail and analyses the maximum delivery delay for real time traffic and the efficiency of the channel.

Analysis of Multichannel ALOHA and CSMA Protocols－Normal and Slotted Versions

The performance of ALOHA, Non-Persistent CSMA protocols and their slotted versions in Packet Radio Network is analyzed in consideration of the time of propagation delay, the time of radio transformation from receiving state to transmitting state, and the time for the radio to sense the carrier. The analysis shows that these parameters are the main factors deteriorating the performance of the protocols, especially for CSMA. The multichannel mode efficiently decreases the effects of these factors and the system capacity is changeable conveniently. Comparing curves and some simulation results are given.

A Priority-aware Frequency Domain Polling MAC Protocol for OFDMA-based Networks in Cyber-physical Systems

Wireless networking in cyber-physical systems (CPSs) is characteristically different from traditional wireless systems due to the harsh radio frequency environment and applications that impose high real-time and reliability constraints. One of the fundamental considerations for enabling CPS networks is the medium access control protocol. To this end, this paper proposes a novel priority-aware frequency domain polling medium access control (MAC) protocol, which takes advantage of an orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) physical layer to achieve instantaneous priority-aware polling. Based on the polling result, the proposed work then optimizes the resource allocation of the OFDMA network to further improve the data reliability. Due to the non-polynomial-complete nature of the OFDMA resource allocation, we propose two heuristic rules, based on which an efficient solution algorithm to the OFDMA resource allocation problem is designed. Simulation results show that the reliability performance of CPS networks is significantly improved because of this work. © 2014 Chinese Association of Automation.

A FULLY-HYBRID MAC PROTOCOL IN LANS

In announced hybrid protocols,there are two mechanisms usually employed.One operates in aCSMA family manner and the other follows a token passing family way.However,only one ofthem works efficiently when traffic is light or heavy.This results in an inefficient redundance and aburden to the protocol implementation.In this paper,we present a new hybrid concept and its idealmodel in which risky transmissions alternate with safe transmissions in response to the dynamicchange in traffic.Being similar to virtual time CSMA in the abstract,a single control mechanism isproposed to approach this ideal model.The mechanism is rather compact,and its implementationcan be designed to be simple,efficient,reliable,robust,and fully distributed without any centralizedelement at any instant.Simulation results show that the proposed mechanism performs well overthe entire range of the traffic load from light to heavy.

Exploration of Energy Conservation MAC Protocol of WSNs for Ubiquitous Environment

According to analyze the facade phenomenon of wire-less sensor networks（WSNs）,this paper proposes a feasible method to state clearly and improve the power control efficiency of wire-less sensor networks（WSNs）. One of the crucial problems for WSNs is the design of medium access control （MAC） protocol. Our method want to adjust the activities of the MAC protocols control to achieve the enery conservation when the wireless communication module of sensor nodes is running, which is the major consumer of energy consumed by sensors energy. The energy efficiency of MAC protocol makes a strong impact on the network performance. To some extent,our research work describes and analyze the sources of energy consumption in MAC layer and simultaneously present an optimal method for the design of MAC protocol. Then we discusses some factors impacting on the performance of MAC protocol and metrics of performance evaluation. Eventually, the coming research direction is summarized.

REA-MAC:A low latency routing-enhanced asynchronous duty-cycle MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks

Many energy efficiency asynchronous duty-cycle MAC(media access control) protocols have been proposed in recent years.However,in these protocols,wireless sensor nodes almost choose their wakeup time randomly during the operational cycle,which results in the packet delivery latency increased significantly on the multiple hops path.To reduce the packet delivery latency on multi-hop path and energy waste of the sender's idle listening,a new low latency routing-enhanced asynchronous duty-cycle MAC protocol was presented,called REA-MAC.In REA-MAC,each sensor node decided when it waked up to send the beacon based on cross-layer routing information.Furthermore,the sender adaptively waked up based on the relationship between the transmission request time and the wakeup time of its next hop node.The simulation results show that REA-MAC reduces delivery latency by 60% compared to RI-MAC and reduces 8.77% power consumption on average.Under heavy traffic,REA-MAC's throughput is 1.48 times of RI-MAC's.

Distributed multichannel medium access control protocol without common control channel for single-hop cognitive radio networks

A novel distributed cognitive radio multichannel medium access protocol without common control channel was proposed.The protocol divided a transmission interval into two parts for exchanging control information and data,respectively.In addition to evaluating system saturation throughput of the proposed protocol,a three-dimensional multi channel Markov chain model to describe the sate of the cognitive users (CUs) in dynamic spectrum access was presented.The proposed analysis was applied to the packet transmission schemes employed by the basic,RTS/CTS access mechanism adopted in the normal IEEE 802.11.Analyzing the advantage of the two methods,a hybrid access mechanism was proposed to improve the system throughput.The simulation results show that the experiment results are close to the value computed by the model (less than 5%),and the proposed protocol significantly improves the performance of the system throughput by borrowing the licensed spectrum.By analyzing the dependence of throughput on system parameters,hybrid mechanism dynamically selecting access mechanism can maintain high throughput.

DQCA:a New Medium Access Control Protocol for MANs

A new medium access control protocol for MANs named DQCA(Distributed QueueCyclic Access)is presented in this paper.When the users of DQCA MAN transfer long files,the network will reach a steady state which is fair after a transient period.The transient pe-riod is shorter than that of DQDB.DQCA MAN has the flexibility in bandwidth allocation:the users can achieve different throughputs if the parameters,Pmax(i),are set to be differ-ent.The implementation of priority mechanism is simpler than that of DQDB.

A DUAL RESERVATION CDMA-BASED MAC PROTOCOL WITH POWER CONTROL FOR AD HOC NETWORKS

This paper proposes a new multi-channel Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol named as Dual Reservation Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) based MAC protocol with Power Control (DRCPC). The code channel is divided into common channel,broadcast channel and several data chan-nels. And dynamic power control mechanism is implemented to reduce near-far interference. Compared with IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) protocol,the results show that the pro-posed mechanism improves the average throughput and limits the transmission delay efficiently.

A Novel DSA-Driven MAC Protocol for Cognitive Radio Networks

With the deployment of more wireless applications, spectrum scarcity becomes an issue in many countries. Recent reports show that the reason for this spectrum shortage is the underutilization of some spectrum re-sources. Fortunately, the emergence of open spectrum and dynamic spectrum assess (DSA) technology in cognitive radio networks relieves this problem. In this paper, we propose a novel DSA-driven cognitive MAC protocol to achieve highly efficient spectrum usage and QoS provisioning. In the proposed protocol, secondary users are divided into several non-overlapping groups, and all leftover channels are allocated among groups taking the groups’ bandwidth requirements into consideration. Moreover, the allocation of vacant channels can be adjusted dynamically when members join/leave groups or primary users return/leave the current network. Simulations show that the proposed MAC protocol greatly improves the quality of ser-vice for secondary users and maximizes the utilization ratio of spectrum resources.

A NEW RANDOM PACKET ACCESS PROTOCOL IN WCDMA

In this paper, a new Random Packet Access Protocol (RPAP) is proposed in WCDMA systems. The new proposed RPAP can efficiently prevent unnecessary interference by stopping a transmission if it is bound to be collided with others. Throughput about the new RPAP is deliberated and analyzed. Computer simulation shows that this protocol has better throughput performance compared with conventional one currently used in WCDMA.

Truly Grant-Free Technologies and Protocols for 6G

The further integration of telecommunications and industry has been consider⁃able and is expected to bring significant benefits to society and economics in 6G.It also forms some evolution trends for next-generation communication systems,including further rises in machine-type communications(MTC),uplink-dominated systems,and decentral⁃ized structures.However,the existing access protocols are not friendly to these trends.This paper analyzes the problems of existing access protocols and provides novel access technologies to solve them.These technologies include contention-based non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA),data features,enhanced pilot design and successive interference cancellation(SIC)of diversity.With these key enablers,truly grant-free access can be re⁃alized,and some potential modifications of protocols are then analyzed.Finally,this paper uses massive and critical scenarios in digital transformations to show the great necessity of introducing novel access technologies into future communication protocols.

A web product data management system based on Simple Object Access Protocol

A new web product data management architecture is presented. The three-tier web architecture and Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) are combined to build the web-based product data management (PDM) system which includes three tiers: the user services tier, the business services tier, and the data services tier. The client service component uses the server-side technology, and Extensible Markup Language (XML) web service which uses SOAP as the communication protocol is chosen as the business service component. To illustrate how to build a web-based PDM system using the proposed architecture, a case PDM system which included three logical tires was built. To use the security and central management features of the database, a stored procedure was recommended in the data services tier. The business object was implemented as an XML web service so that client could use standard internet protocols to communicate with the business object from any platform. In order to satisfy users using all sorts of browser, the server-side technology and Microsoft ASP.NET was used to create the dynamic user interface.

Dynamic Spectrum Access Protocol for the Digital Dividend

It is not more and more, easy to satisfy the important and growing spectrum demands in the context of the static conventional policy spectrum allocation. Therefore, to find a suitable solution to this problem, we are to days observing the apparition of flexible dynamic spectrum allocation methods. These methods that ought to improve more significantly the spectrum use have gained much interest. In fact, the digital dividend due to the change-over from the analog television to the digital terrestrial television must be efficiently used. So the Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) can potentially play a key role in shaping the future digital dividend use. In the DSA, two kinds of users or networks coexist on different channels. The first one, known as the primary user, accesses to a channel with high priority;and the second one, known as secondary user has a low priority. This paper presents a dynamic spectrum access protocol based on an auction framework. Our protocol is an interesting tool that allows the networks to bid and obtain on the available spectrum, the rights to be primary and secondary users according their valuations and traffic needs. Based on certain offers, our protocol selects primary and secondary users for each idle channel in order to realize the maximum economic for the regulator or social benefits. We deal with the case in which the offers of the networks are independent one another even if they will share the same channels. We design an algorithm in accordance with our dynamic spectrum access protocol. The algorithm is used here to find an optimal solution to the access allocation problem, specifically to digital dividend. Finally, the results in the numeric section, regarding the three suggested scenarios, show that the proposed dynamic spectrum access protocol is viable. The algorithm is able to eliminate all non-compliant bidders for the available spectrum sharing. We notice that the revenue or social benefits of the regulator is maximized when we have on each channel, one primary user and the maximum number of secondary users.