Human Rights and Development:China's Contributions Based on a Larger Concept of Human Rights

The Western liberal view of global governance can no longer effectively address the challenges facing the world today or respond to the demands of developing countries in the fields of human rights and development.Meanwhile,the United Nations human rights and development agenda also has its limitations.Against such a backdrop,China's path of human rights development has avoided the trap of human rights confrontation and the clash of civilizations.It has set an example of complementarity and positive interaction between human rights and development by unifying collective human rights with individual human rights and integrating the universality and particularity of human rights.Xi Jinping,general secretary of the Communist Party of China(CPC)Central Committee,delivered a speech at the 37th group study session of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee on China's Path of Human Rights Development.This elevated China's human rights development to a new historical height.Practice has proved that China's concept and path of human rights in the new era have not only effectively promoted the development of its human rights cause,but also contributed Chinese wisdom to the global cause of human rights and development with a larger concept of human rights.Under the framework of the concept of building a community with a shared future for mankind,the Belt and Road Initiative,and the Global Development Initiative,China has contributed to enhancing the discourse power of developing countries in human rights and building a fairer,more just,more reasonable and more inclusive system for global human rights governance.

Research on the Constitutional,Historical and Practical Logic of the Chinese Path of Human Rights Development——From the Perspective of the Inclusion of Human Rights Clause in the Constitution

The inclusion of the human rights clause in the Chi-nese Constitution is a concern and expression of the spirit of the Con-stitution,which has laid the institutional regulations of the fundamen-tal law for the development of human rights in China,provided the principles and value norms of the highest level of effectiveness for the legal protection of human rights,and built a profound constitutional basis for the formation and improvement of the Chinese path of human rights development.The human rights clause is not only a summariza-tion and affirmation of the historical practice of Chinese human rights development under the leadership of the Communist Party of China,but also a new starting point for the development of human rights in China under the leadership of the Communist Party of China.It marks that the development of human rights in China has entered a new era.The Party and the state have finally embarked on a path of human rights development with Chinese characteristics by formulating and implementing the Human Rights Action Plan of China,eliminating ab-solute poverty through the national poverty alleviation campaign,and promoting human rights protection through the rule of law.

Pioneering a New Realm of Human Rights Civilization in the Chinese Path to Modernization——An Overview of the Symposium on“The Chinese Path to Modernization and the Promotion of Free and Comprehensive Human Development”

On October 14,2023,a symposium themed“The Chinese Path to Modernization and the Promotion of Free and Comprehensive Human Development”was held in Changchun,Jilin Province,China.More than fifty experts,scholars,and researchers from national institutions and universities engaged in discussions and exchanges on human rights on the Chinese path to modernization,including the path,practice,knowledge systems,and civilization forms of human rights.This symposium played a significant role in advancing the construction of the disciplinary system,academic system,and discourse system of human rights in China.

The Development Path for Human Rights with Chinese Characteristics

Like most countries in the world, China supports the ideal of human rights de- picted and advocated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international docu- ments and agrees with the idea that human rights should be universal. However, China also holds that to better realize the common goals of human rights requires that each coun- try explore and find the best and most efficient way in accordance with its own conditions. One of the reasons for the fast development of human rights in China since its reform and opening-up is that China has chosen a development path for human rights according to its own conditions. The path fits the conditions of China and therefore efficiently promotes the realization of universal human rights.

Historical Conditions and Experiences Summary of China’s Human Rights Development Path Since the Founding of the PRC

Since the founding of the People’s republic of china,the path of human rights development in china has been based on national liberation and state sovereignty.The practice of human rights protection in the 30 years before the launch of reform and opening-up accumulated the conditions for the practice after the launch of reform and opening-up.reform and opening-up have provided the great motivation and opportunity for the development of human rights in china.against the background of international practice,china’s human rights development path,since the founding of the People’s republic of china,has been developed in the fight against human rights diplomacy that interferes in china’s internal affairs with human rights used as a political tool.it has gone through the process from evasion to passive counterattacks,and then actively participating and playing a leading role.The 70 years’development of human rights in china shows that human rights progress is highly dependent on the country’s construction of the rule of law,and the coordinated and comprehensive promotion of human rights protection policies promotes the overall progress of the human rights.in order to promote human rights with development,the transition from the top-down path to the combination of top-down and down-top path is suggested.

A Brief Study on the Formation and Features of the Development Path of Human Rights in China

General Secretary Xi Jinping delivered an important speech at a group study session of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China Central Committee on February 25,2022,stressing the importance of"unswervingly following the development path of Human Rights in China."After years of theoretical exploration and practical experience in human rights,the path has been blazed.It has been taken by adhering unswervingly to the strong leadership of the CPC,respecting the principal position of the people,practicing the people-centered development concept,proceeding from China s reality and the requirements of the people,combining the principle of universality of human rights with China's reality,strengthening the system and the rule of law protection of human rights,and actively participating in global governance on human rights.Only by unswervingly following the development path of human rights in China can the cause of human rights in China achieve better and faster development.

The Path of Human Rights Development with Chinese Characteristics and the Party's Leadership Development

Driving the development of human rights in China and participating in global human rights governance are the inherent requirements for the development of human rights with Chinese characteristics.To explore a path for the development human rights with Chinese characteristics,the fundamental requirement is to push forward the development of the Party’s leadership in multiple dimensions while adhering to the Party’s leadership.Among them,the Party’s political leadership is the fundamental guarantee for the path of human rights development with Chinese characteristics to move in the right direction.The Party’s ideological leadership provides advanced guidance for the path of human rights development with Chinese characteristics.The Party’s strategic decision-making capability determines the effectiveness of the path of human rights development with Chinese characteristics.The Party’s capability of mobilizing and leading the whole of society and integrating political and social resources is a necessity for a sustainable power supply for the path of human rights development with Chinese characteristics.Establishing a path of human rights development with Chinese characteristics and further promoting respect for and protection of human rights are important actions to advance the Party’s leadership development in the New Era.

Taking a Path of Human Rights Development Suitable to the Economic Basis and Humanistic Environment of China, Realizing“Chinese Dream”

The Sixth Beijing Forum on Human Rights is opened today, which is co-spon- sored by the China Society for Human Rights Studies and the China Foundation for Human Rights Development. First, on behalf of the China Foundation for Human Rights Development, I would like to express warm congratulations to the opening of the Forum, and heartfelt thanks tothe friends who have always cared for and supported for the development and progress of human rights cause of China.

The Justification Logic of Human Rights in Chinese Modernization

As the fruits and symbols of human civilization, human rights are pursued by people all over the world. Respecting and protecting human rights is the basic spirit of modern civilization, so it is something inherent in the concept of modernization. Chinese modernization is socialist modernization pursued under the leadership of the Communist Party of China. It contains elements common to the modernization processes of all countries, but it is more characterized by features unique to the Chinese context. It is a new path to modernization and creates a new model for human advancement. on the road to promoting Chinese modernization, China cultivated innovative human rights jurisprudence, constructed an optimized human rights system, opened up a developmental human rights approach, established a harmonious human rights relationship, and continuously promoted the well-rounded development of the people. China created a theoretical,institutional, and practical paradigm for respecting and protecting human rights that follows the principle of universal human rights and suits the local conditions, opening up a new realm of human rights civilization of mankind. The successful promotion and expansion of Chinese modernization have justified that China has found a path of human rights development that conforms to the trend of the times and suits its national conditions. The modernization of more than 1.4 billion Chinese people, a number larger than the total population of all developed countries in the world today, and the new path of human rights development will change the basic pattern of human rights development in the world and profoundly influence the process and trend of human rights civilization of mankind.

Persist in Law-based Protection of Human Rights and Improve the Mechanism for the Protection of Human Rights by the Rule of Law

General Secretary Xi Jinping delivered an important speech on China’s Path of Human Rights at a group study session of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee on February 25,2022.Persisting with the law-based protection of human rights and improving the mechanism for the protection of human rights by the rule of law are essential for unswervingly following the development path of human rights in China.The improvement of the mechanism for the protection of human rights by the rule of law necessitates adhering to the principle of respecting the dominant role of the people and removing the institutional obstacles in rule of law protection of human rights;to comprehensively strengthen the implementation of the Constitution,advance the filing and examination of the Constitution,and safeguard the authority of the Constitution;to accelerate the theoretical innovation of human rights and the construction of the discipline system,the academic system and the discourse system of human rights that meet the needs of the new era in China,and to actively participate in and contribute to the global governance on human rights,etc.Improving the mechanism for the protection of human rights by the rule of law can provide a solid protection for people enjoying a better life.

中国社会主义市场经济与人权发展间的三重逻辑

中国式现代化的经济基础是社会主义市场经济体制的建立和完善,中国人权发展与其之间存在着三重逻辑关系:建立顺应社会主义市场经济体制要求的人权意识和规范是其底层的基础结构逻辑,它解释了中国人权发展的总体趋势和制度建设。选择适合经济体制转型要求的人权推进方式是其中层的生成转换逻辑,它解释了中国人权发展的战略和道路。针对社会主义市场经济发展中产生的各种现实问题采取相应的解决措施是其表层的过程周期逻辑,它解释了中国人权发展的关注焦点和具体政策的变化。这三重逻辑相互作用,影响着中国人权发展的总体趋势、基本特征、道路选择、战略部署、政策措施及其变化规律,不仅可以在一定程度上解释中国人权发展的已有实践,还可以对中国人权发展的未来前景作出有根据的展望。

时空建构下中国人权发展道路的逻辑构造

在时空建构理论下,中国共产党是中国人权发展道路的领导核心,党的领导贯穿于其历史逻辑、价值逻辑、实践逻辑和理论逻辑的始终。历史逻辑是中国人权发展道路的“元逻辑”,中国人权发展道路之生成背景、主体选择、伟大成就构成了历史性的逻辑脉络。价值逻辑是以基于共同价值的中国人权发展道路价值体系,突破了普世价值以及绝对主义时空观的封锁,以共识性的价值观为人权的对话、商谈和治理提供了时空语境。实践逻辑是中国人权发展道路的叙事风格,有效拓展了中国人权事业的进步空间、勾连了过去与未来的时空联结。理论逻辑是中国人权发展道路关于人权主体、人权价值、人权功能、人权话语等人权论述的整合,提升了中国人权发展道路的时空构想能力。这四者呈现“四位一体”的时空结构,价值逻辑、实践逻辑、理论逻辑是历史元逻辑在理想观念、制度设计和话语体系等社会时空领域的延伸,可以从中发现或提炼出具有开创探索性的贡献。

“国家人权行动计划”研究现状述评

国家人权行动计划的颁布和实施引起了学术界的一定关注。现有研究集中于国家人权行动计划的意义、主要特点解读、实施分析及对计划的质疑、批评和建议等方面。尤其是对计划的解读和贯彻占绝对多数,学科视角以法学、政治学、行政学为主,所刊登的期刊具有"大报小刊"的特点。相对而言,在人权行动计划的国际比较研究、跨学科的综合研究和学理性的系统研究等方面明显不足。今后应综合学科内与学科间、纵向比较与横向比较、定性与定量等路径对国家人权行动计划的相关重点问题进行进一步的深入研究。

论中国特色社会主义人权发展道路的历史逻辑、理论基础及基本特征

习近平总书记在十九届中央政治局第三十七次集体学习时高度概括了中国人权发展道路所具有的六项基本特征:一是坚持中国共产党领导,二是坚持尊重人民主体地位,三是坚持从我国实际出发,四是坚持以生存权、发展权为首要的基本人权,五是坚持依法保障人权,六是坚持积极参与全球人权治理。以上六条,既是中国人权发展的主要特征,又是我们在推进我国人权事业实践中取得的宝贵经验,要结合新的实践不断坚持好、发展好。中国特色社会主义人权发展道路是党领导人民争取民主、争取人权的百年奋斗历史的必然选择,其背后的理论基础是马克思主义人权观的指导。党的十八大以后,以习近平同志为核心的党中央高举中国特色社会主义人权旗帜,坚持以人民为中心的理念,坚定不移地走中国人权发展道路,在实现国家尊重和保障人权方面取得了一系列重大成就,为参与全球人权治理和构建人类命运共同体指明了方向。

党的十九大以来社会主义民主、法治和人权有序推进的政策特征及发展趋势

党的十九大以来,以习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为指导,社会主义民主、法治与人权事业不断发展,取得了巨大成绩。在理论上,全过程人民民主重大理念、习近平法治思想、习近平关于尊重和保障人权系列论述顺应中华民族伟大复兴的时代要求应运而生,社会主义民主、法治与人权事业在国家治理体系和治理能力现代化中的重要作用得到充分彰显。在实践中,人民代表大会制度不断完善,全面依法治国各项工作走向深入,中国特色人权发展道路更加宽广,国家治理能力与水平不断提升。理论和实践两个层面都表明,只有在社会主义民主、法治与人权轨道上有序推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化,中国特色社会主义现代化事业才能稳定前行、不断进步。因此,在政策层面有必要持续深化并切实贯彻“在社会主义民主、法治与人权轨道上有序推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化”这一理念。

中国人权白皮书的功能及其实现效果分析

中国人权白皮书是中国政府不定期发表的有关人权问题的官方报告书。其对外功能是宣示政府在人权问题上的立场、政策与保障情况,回应国际社会对中国人权状况的特别关切;其对内功能是总结中国人权发展道路和实践经验,在政界、学界和社会各界间凝聚人权共识。未来中国人权白皮书的发展需要指明进一步努力的方向和具体措施,增强传播对象对中国人权事业未来发展的合理预期;用适合传播对象语境的话语来表达中国的人权理念,增强话语表达的针对性和准确性;更加注意对实践过程的描述,增强事实描述的可接受性;加强人权理论体系的建构与支撑,增强话语体系的一致性和深刻性;更充分地利用学术界人权研究的成果,增强发布信息的可信性和说服力。

创建企业人力资源管理体系的产权激励路径分析

企业处于人力资源管理的艰难探索期,很重要的原因是对本企业人力资源激励不够,用产权激励进行界定,把企业发展、产权配置与人力资源管理相结合才能形成新的激励机制,但核心问题是如何切入产权激励的路径才能为企业发展注入不竭动力。

Adherence to the Law-Based Protection of Human Rights and Improvement of the Legal Guarantee Mechanism of Human Rights

XI Jinping,General Secretary of Central Committee of the Communist Party of China(CPC),made an important speech(Speech)on China’s path of advancement of human rights at a group study session of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee on February 25,2022.Adherence to law-based protection of human rights and improvement of the legal mechanism of protection of human rights are important requirements for firmly following China’s path of human rights development.To improve the law-based mechanism of guarantee of human rights,the principles of respecting the people’s principal position and removing systematic and institutional barriers should be adhered to.The Constitution should be comprehensively implemented to promote record and review of new laws presented by legislatures,and to safeguard its authority.Innovations of human rights theory should be accelerated,along with faster construction of a human rights academic system,of a human rights academic system,and of a human rights discourse system,for meeting China’s needs in the new era.A sound legal mechanism of guarantee for human rights can better guarantee people’s better life.Furthermore,China should actively participate in global human rights governance and make appropriate contributions.

规划型人权发展进路:以国家人权行动计划为切入点

中国采用规划型人权发展进路,通过编制和执行国家人权行动计划,以行政主导的方式推进人权实质进步。在国家人权行动计划的编制阶段,通过设立联席会议机制、确定人权优先顺序、组建起草专家组、吸纳社会团体参与等方式,促成国际人权话语转化为国内人权表达,并使得人权表达契合国家整体发展规划和政府部门工作职能,确保国家人权行动计划具有可操作性和必要发展空间。国家人权行动计划的执行和评估阶段,突出体现行政主导色彩,即充分发挥行政科层制、发包制和项目制的优势,促使各部门和各级政府遵循“各司其职、分工负责”的原则,把工作职权与人权发展嵌合起来,同时联动立法机关和司法机关,实现人权行动计划确定的目标。国家人权行动计划中设置的大量指标,使得人权发展成为可度量、可检测、可评估的数值,为开展人权行动计划评估提供了前提条件。在规划型人权发展进路下,籍由编制和执行人权行动计划,促使人权目标被国家发展目标所吸纳,形成“以发展促人权”的底层逻辑,回应了更高水平的人权保障诉求。

论中国人权发展道路的制度、历史与实践逻辑——以人权条款入宪为切入点

人权条款入宪是对宪法精神的关切与表达,为中国人权发展奠定了根本法的制度规范,为人权的法律保障提供了最高位阶效力的原则与价值规范,也为中国人权发展道路的形成发展奠定了深厚的宪制基础。人权条款既是对中国共产党领导下的中国人权发展历史实践的总结与肯定,更是中国共产党领导的中国人权发展事业的新起点,它标志着中国人权事业的发展进入新时代。党和国家通过制定和实施国家人权行动计划、实施国家脱贫攻坚战解决绝对贫困问题、通过法治保障人权,最终走出了一条中国人权发展道路。