Direct measurement of the break-out 19F(p,γ)20Ne reaction in the China Jinping underground laboratory(CJPL)

Calcium production and the stellar evolution of first-generation stars remain fascinating mysteries in astrophysics.As one possible nucleosynthesis scenario,break-out from the hot carbon–nitrogen–oxygen(HCNO)cycle was thought to be the source of the calcium observed in these oldest stars.However,according to the stellar modeling,a nearly tenfold increase in the thermonuclear rate ratio of the break-out 19F(p,γ)20 Ne reaction with respect to the competing 19F(p,α)16 O back-processing reaction is required to reproduce the observed calcium abundance.We performed a direct measurement of this break-out reaction at the China Jinping underground laboratory.The measurement was performed down to the low-energy limit of E_(c.m.)=186 keV in the center-of-mass frame.The key resonance was observed at 225.2 keV for the first time.At a temperature of approximately 0.1 GK,this new resonance enhanced the thermonuclear 19F(p,γ)20 Ne rate by up to a factor of≈7.4,compared with the previously recommended NACRE rate.This is of particular interest to the study of the evolution of the first stars and implies a stronger breakdown in their“warm”CNO cycle through the 19F(p,γ)20 Ne reaction than previously envisioned.This break-out resulted in the production of the calcium observed in the oldest stars,enhancing our understanding of the evolution of the first stars.

Preliminary research and scheme design of deep underground in situ geo-information detection experiment for Geology in Time

The deep earth,deep sea,and deep space are the main parts of the national“three deep”strategy,which is in the forefront of the strategic deployment clearly defined in China’s 14th Five-Year Plan(2021-2025)and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035.It is important to reveal the evolutionary process and mechanism of deep tectonics to understand the earth’s past,present and future.The academic con-notation of Geology in Time has been given for the first time,which refers to the multi-field evolution response process of geological bodies at different time and spatial scales caused by geological processes inside and outside the Earth.Based on the deep in situ detection space and the unique geological envi-ronment of China Jinping Underground Laboratory,the scientific issue of the correlation mechanism and law between deep internal time-varying and shallow geological response is given attention.Innovative research and frontier exploration on deep underground in situ geo-information detection experiments for Geology in Time are designed to be carried out,which will have the potential to explore the driving force of Geology in Time,reveal essential laws of deep earth science,and explore innovative technologies in deep underground engineering.

NνDEx-100 conceptual design report

Observing nuclear neutrinoless double beta (0vββ) decay would be a revolutionary result in particle physics.Observing such a decay would prove that the neutrinos are their own antiparticles,help to study the absolute mass of neutrinos,explore the origin of their mass,and may explain the matter-antimatter asymmetry in our universe by lepton number violation.We propose developing a time projection chamber (TPC) using high-pressure ^(82)SeF_(6) gas and Topmetal silicon sensors for readout in the China Jinping Underground Laboratory (CJPL) to search for neutrinoless double beta decay of82Se,called the NvDEx experiment.Besides being located at CJPL with the world’s thickest rock shielding,NvDEx combines the advantages of the high Qββ(2.996 MeV) of82Se and the TPC’s ability to distinguish signal and background events using their different topological characteristics.This makes NvDEx unique,with great potential for low-background and high-sensitivity 0 vββsearches.NvDEx-100,a NvDEx experiment phase with 100 kg of SeF_(6)gas,is being built,with plans to complete installation at CJPL by 2025.This report introduces 0 vββ physics,the NvDEx concept and its advantages,and the schematic design of NvDEx-100,its subsystems,and background and sensitivity estimation.

中国锦屏地下实验室与稀有物理实验

中国锦屏地下实验室是目前世界上岩石覆盖最深的深地实验室,对宇宙线μ子具有良好的屏蔽作用,具有极低的宇宙线通量,因此适用于开展对稀有物理事例的探测实验。目前,包括中国暗物质实验(China Dark matter EXperiment,CDEX)、粒子和天体物理氙实验(Particle and Astrophysical Xenon Experiments,PandaX)、锦屏深地核天体物理实验装置(Jinping Underground Nuclear Astrophysics Experiment,JUNA)等实验组已经入驻锦屏实验室,对暗物质直接探测、无中微子双β衰变、天体核反应等一系列稀有物理事例进行实验探测,并给出了一系列国际先进水平的研究成果。本文总结了中国锦屏地下实验室自成立以来的发展过程和本底控制情况,并对实验室中各个实验组所开展实验的物理意义、实验原理、关键技术、物理成果等进行介绍,同时给出实验组接下来的实验计划。

地下实验室^(96)Zr无中微子双贝塔衰变实验研究进展

无中微子双贝塔衰变实验是为了找寻超出标准模型的新物理(new physics beyond the standard model)而在地下实验室开展的最具潜力的低本底前沿物理实验之一。符合无中微子双贝塔衰变实验要求的核素有^(76)Ge、^(96)Zr、^(100)Mo、^(130)Te、^(136)Xe等,其中^(96)Zr具有独特的理论优势,但相关实验较少。该文从理论上分析^(96)Zr无中微子双贝塔衰变的高事例发生率、强中微子质量限制能力和潜在发生无中微子四贝塔衰变的特点及实验本底要求,阐述地下实验室^(96)Zr无中微子双贝塔衰变实验研究现状,展望未来在中国锦屏地下实验室开展^(96)Zr无中微子双贝塔衰变实验的愿景。

国际地下实验室发展综述

地下实验室是开展粒子物理学、天体物理学及宇宙学等领域一些重大基础性前沿课题的重要研究场所和良好的低本底环境,建设和发展地下实验室对于一个国家的基础科学研究具有重要科学意义.目前,国际上许多国家都已经建立起地下实验室,而中国一直没有很好的地下实验室,特别是极深地下实验室.2009年,清华大学与二滩水电开发有限责任公司开展战略合作,利用锦屏山隧道建立中国首个世界最深的地下实验室--中国锦屏地下实验室(China Jinping Underground Laboratory,CJPL),并于2010年12月12日正式启用.中国锦屏地下实验室的建成,标志着中国已经具备开展物理学重大基础前沿科学研究的自主地下实验平台,对于推动我国相关领域的重大基础前沿课题的自主研究意义重大.文章对国际上一些重要地下实验室的情况进行了介绍,并对中国锦屏地下实验室的基本情况进行了介绍.

中国锦屏地下实验室开挖隧洞灾变特征与长期原位力学响应分析

深埋高应力隧洞建设过程中潜在岩爆、片帮、塌方等工程灾害。中国锦屏地下实验室二期(CJPL-II)是目前世界上埋深最大的实验室(2 400 m),在隧洞群建设过程中开展了变形、应力、微震等系统的综合原位监测和力学响应数值模拟,该文系统分析了隧洞灾变特征与长期原位力学响应,研究结果表明:隧洞围岩变形以1#实验室和4#实验室北侧边墙较大,最大变形达83.7 mm,岩体锚杆应力最大为530 MPa,开挖完成后3个月,岩体变形趋于稳定;基于岩体声波和钻孔摄像揭示的围岩松弛深度范围总体约为0.8~3.5 m;围岩随开挖内部破裂演化,存在分区现象,强度较高且完整的岩体,破裂区范围较小,强度较低且完整性较差的岩体,破裂区范围较大;各实验室开挖时的微震在完整岩体隧洞和断层附近区域更为活跃,各隧洞强弱顺序依次为:8#、7#、4#、3#、5#、6#、1#、2#、9#,已完成开挖后的各洞室微震活动性逐渐趋于平静;基于CASRock软件分析表明:实验室开挖卸荷后南侧拱肩和边墙应力高、松弛深度较大,是高风险区。研究成果为实验室灾害预警、稳定性评估、动态设计及长期安全运营提供了直接支撑,也将为相似地质条件的高应力深埋隧洞安全建设提供借鉴。

深地前沿物理研究中的关键科学问题

基于中国锦屏地下实验室建设的国家“十三五”重大科技基础设施“极深地下极低辐射本底前沿物理实验设施”因其世界岩石覆盖最深、可用空间最大、综合条件一流的独特条件为国内外科学家瞩目。在我国积极推动基础研究领域创新发展的大背景下,研讨基于深地实验平台的前沿物理研究具有重要意义。本文基于国家自然科学基金委员会第268期双清论坛总结了深地前沿物理科学研究所面临的重大机遇和重大挑战,回顾了我国深地前沿学科近年来所取得的主要进展和成就,凝练了未来5~10年该领域涉及的重大关键科学问题与技术瓶颈,探讨了相关前沿研究方向和科学基金资助战略。

Introduction to the CDEX experiment

It is believed that weakly interacting massive particles （WIMPs） are candidates for dark matter （DM） in our universe which come from outer space and might interact with the standard model （SM） matter of our detectors on the earth. Many collaborations in the world are carrying out various experiments to directly detect DM particles. China Jinping underground Laboratory （CJPL） is the deepest underground laboratory in the world and provides a very promising environment for DM search. China Dark matter EXperiment （CDEX） is going to directly detect the WIMP flux with high sensitivity in the low WIMP-mass region. Both CJPL and CDEX have achieved a remarkable progress in recent three years. CDEX employs a point-contact germanium （PCGe） semi-conductor detector whose energy threshold is less than 300 eV. In this report we present the measurement results of muon flux, monitoring of radioactivity and radon concentration carried out in CJPL, as well describing the structure and performance of the 1 kg-PCGe detector in CDEX-1 and 10 kg- PCGe detector array in CDEX-10 including the detectors, electronics, shielding and cooling systems. Finally we discuss the physics goals of CDEX-1, CDEX-10 and the future CDEX-1T experiments.