Study on Relative Soil and Water Conservation Benefits of Ridge Tillage in Different Terrain Conditions in the Black Soil Area of Northeast China

Ridge tillage, which is a very common and important tillage measure in the black soil area of northeast China, has some soil and water conservation bene- fits, but has little attention. It is very important to explore the spatial distribution of the ridge direction of the arable land and its soil and water conservation benefits in different terrain conditions in the black soil area. So Binxian County of Heilongjiang Province was selected as the study area, and 168 field investigation units were ex- tracted by stratified sampling method and investigated. According to equations of slope gradient factor and slope gradient in ridge direction, and based on the soft- ware of Arcmap, SPSS and Excel, the investigation data of soil and water loss in Binxian County were analyzed and counted, The results show that in plain, hilly and mountainous areas, the average ground slope gradients are 1.92°, 6.20° and 8.27° respectively, and the average slope gradients along ridge direction are 1.33°, 4.52°and 6.45° respectively, which account for about 70%, 73% and 78% of the average ground slope gradients in the same terrain condition; the relative quantities of soil erosion in the present ridge tillage condition account for about 55%, 69% and 67% respectively of that in down-slope ridge tillage conditions, so the present ridge tillage has obviously relative soil and water conservation benefits. Based on these results, the reasons of the present ridge tillage status were analyzed, and some reform measures were proposed. The results could not only help to comprehend the spatial distribution and soil and water conservation benefits of ridge tillage in the black soil area of Northeast China, but also provide scientific references for the layout of local soil and water conservation measures.

Benefits of Conservation Agriculture on Soil and Water Conservation and Its Progress in China

Conservation agriculture has been practised for three decades and has been spread widely. There are many nomenclatures surrounding conservation agriculture and differ to each other lightly. Conservation agriculture （CA） is a system approach to soil and water conservation, high crop productivity and profitability, in one word, it is a system approach to sustainable agriculture. Yet, because conservation agriculture is a knowledge-intensive and a complex system to learn and implement, and also because of traditions of intensive cultivation, adoption rates have been low, since to date, only about seven percent of the world＇s arable and permanent cropland area is farmed under conservation agriculture. The practice and wider extention of conservation agriculture thus requires a deeper understanding of its ecological underpinnings in order to manage its various elements for sustainable intensification, where the aim is to conserve soil and water and improve sustainability over the long term. This paper described terms related to conservation agriculture, presented the effects of conservation agriculture on soil and water conservation, crop productivity, progress and adoption of CA worldwide, emphasized obstacles and possible ways to increase CA adoption to accelerate sustainable development of China agriculture.

Relationship Between Soil and Water Conservation Practices and Soil Conditions in Low Mountain and Hilly Region of Northeast China

The soil and water conservation practices of ecological restoration(ER),fish scale pit(FP),furrow and ridge tillage across the slope(FR),shrub strips(SS),and vegetation-covered ridge(VR)are characteristic of the Jixing small watershed of the low mountain and hilly region of Jilin Province,Northeast China.This study aims to elucidate the effects of soil and water conservation practices on soil conditions after the short-term implementation of practices.Soil samples were collected from five soil and water conservation sites(ER,FP,FR,SS,and VR)and two controls(BL and CT)to investigate their properties.To evaluate the influence of soil and water conservation practices on soil quality,an integrated quantitative index,soil quality index(QI),was developed to compare the soil quality under the different soil and water conservation practices.The results show that not all soil and water conservation practices can improve the soil conditions and not all soil properties,especially soil organic carbon(SOC),can be recovered under soil and water conservation practice in short-term.Moreover,the QI in the five soil and water conservation practices and two controls was in the following order:ER>VR>BL>FR>CT>SS>FP.ER exhibited a higher soil quality value on a slope scale.In the low mountain and hilly region of Northeast China,ER is a better choice than the conversion of farmlands to planted grasslands and woodlands early in the soil and water conservation program.

A review of soil and water conservation in China

The preservation and sustainable development of soil and water resources isone of the basic principles for the development of China. Throughout the course of history, all thesocial improvement and economic development are deeply concerned with soil loss and ecologicalenvironmental protection. It is now a common sense that soil and water conservation is the safetyinsurance for national ecology and its development. For the past long period of time, soil and waterloss has been recognized as 'the No.1 killer' to the ecological environment. The nation is on thestags of the critical conditions for its development. China has massive mountain and upland areawith complicated geological conditions and accelerated human destruction and serious soil and waterloss. Based on rich historical documents, renovating experience and detailed analysis of the datacollected in field experiments and field surveys for soil and water conservation, this paper aims toreview the general characteristics of soil and water loss, to explore the relationship between soiland water conservation and sustainable economic development, and to provide relevant strategies forsoil and water conservation in China.

Study on the Forest Vegetation and Its Water and Soil Conservation Value in Fuxian Lake Drainage Area in Yunnan Province

By using French SPOT5 satellite remote sensing image to contrast on the spot,the forest vegetation in Fuxian Lake basin was categorized into 23 forest types,6 vegetation subtypes,5 vegetation types,and the areas were respectively calculated.The tree species structure and the coverage degree of every kind of forest vegetation were investigated,and the characteristics of forest vegetation were analyzed.The results showed that the soil conservation amount of forest in Fuxian Lake basin was 137.50×106 t/a,and the soil conservation value was 622.30×106 yuan/a.Moreover,the water source conservation value was 506.84×106 yuan/a.

Study on Water and Soil Conservation Effects of Grassland Based on Live Vegetation Volume at Various Time Scales

Based on the observation data of rainfall,vegetation,runoff and sediment yield in the experimental plots located in Hetian Town,Changting County of Fujian Province during 2007-2010,the changing characteristics and interrelation of live vegetation volume of grass,rainfall parameters,and water(soil)conservation effect RE(SE)were analyzed at four time scales of rainfall event,month,season,and year.The results showed that with the increase of time scales,the rainfall and vegetation indicators increased or decreased more or less,and the variation range of RE was small,while SEslowly decreased.The mean REchanged by 10%-20% at different time scales,and the observed water conservation effect of the grassland was the best at season scale while the worst at year scale.The soil conservation effect of the grassland was the best at month scale and the worst at season scale.The water conservation effect of the grass was mainly controlled by rainfall factors,including rainfall duration and precipitation at rainfall event scale,and the maximum intensity of precipitation within 30 min at longer time scales.However,the soil conservation effect of the grass was mainly controlled by vegetation factors,including the contribution of the litter on soil surface at rainfall event scale,the interaction of rainfall and vegetation at month and season scales,and the live vegetation volume of the grass at year scale.Consequently,at different time scales,the factors influencing water and soil conservation changed and interacted,and the observed water and soil conservation effects were also different,indicating that the influence of time scales deserves attention in both research and management practices.

Position and Role of the Soil and Water Conservation in Building Ecological Province of Anhui

According to the strategic position of ecological environment in building ecological province of Anhui, we discussed the position and role of soil and water conservation in ecological environment construction and ecological province, and put forward development suggestion of soil and water conservation under new situation.

Application of Temporary Technology for Soil and Water Conservation in Crop Protection

The increasing of highway engineering construction makes soil and water loss surrounding highway and also influences the growth of crops around, To control soil and water loss, new engineering measures are put forward to protect soil and water and prevent crops from being damaged.

Study on Evaluation Method of Ecological Restoration for Soil and Water Conservation in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region

On the basis of deeply understanding the domestic existing evaluation method of ecological restoration for soil and water conservation, under the premise of analyzing characteristics of current commonly used evaluation index of ecological restoration, based on the actual situation in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, taking objectivity, independence and operability as the principles, nine evaluation indexes were selected, and a set of comprehensive evaluation method of ecological restoration for water and soil conservation based on AHP was constructed. The hundred mark system corresponded with ecological restoration level, and the weight of each index in evaluation system was calculated according to comparison matrix constructed by frontline workers of soil and water conservation. The method could be used to determine difficult degree of restoration of the disturbed and destroyed ecosystem and the rationality of ecological restoration for soil and water conservation.

Gully Erosion Regionalization of Black Soil Area in Northeastern China

Gully erosion is the frequent and main form of soil erosion in the black soil area of the northeastern China, which is one of the most important commodity grain production bases in China. It is encroaching upon the fertile farmland there. Regionalization of gully erosion can reveal the spatial distribution and regularity of the development of gully erosion. Based on the eco-geographical regional background features of the black soil area, this study combined the regionalization with influencing factors of the development of gully erosion. GIS spatial analysis, geostatistical analysis, spatial statistics, reclassification, debris polygon processing and map algebra methods were employed. As a result, the black soil area was divided into 12 subregions. The field survey data on type, length, volume and other characteristics indicators of gully erosion were used to calibrate the results. Then the features of every subregion, such as where the gully erosion is, how serious it is, and why it happens and develops, were expounded. The result is not only an essential prerequisite for gully erosion surveys and monitoring, but also an important basis for gully erosion prevention.

南方崩岗调查内容与方法探讨

崩岗是我国南方水土流失的一种特殊类型,广泛分布于南方红壤区,是该区域严重的生态问题之一。第一次崩岗调查距今已近20年,相关情况已发生巨大变化。崩岗现状不清直接影响了行政管理部门对崩岗防治相关工作的规划和决策,因此急需开展新一轮崩岗调查。新时代水土保持高质量发展为崩岗调查提供了机遇,差别化分类防治和分步实施对崩岗调查提出了更高要求,现代信息技术为崩岗调查提供了新方法,以服务崩岗风险评估和防治规划为导向,在充分利用第一次崩岗调查成果基础上,补充崩岗发育的小山体调查,将典型调查改为全面普查,系统探讨崩岗调查对象与范围、调查内容、调查程序与方法,以期为行政管理部门和技术单位启动新一轮崩岗调查工作提供参考。

西南岩溶区水土漏失研究进展与展望

水土漏失是岩溶区特有的水土流失问题,自21世纪以来才逐步开展研究与防治工作。本文在系统分析把握已有相关研究进展的基础上,阐明西南岩溶地区水土漏失的特点,揭示以岩溶地下河流域为单元开展水土漏失过程系统研究的重要性,总结水土漏失监测评价和影响因素等方面的研究进展。指出目前的水土漏失研究在岩土缝组构刻画、水土漏失关键过程和机制、水土漏失评价模型等方面存在不足。面向西南岩溶区水土漏失防治的国家目标和国际前沿研究方向,提出下一步应开展岩溶关键带水土漏失网络研究、水土漏失关键过程系统研究、以及水土漏失评价模型构建和应用3个重要方向的工作。

南方主要河流水沙变化及人类活动的影响

为了解我国南方河流的水沙变化及主要成因,利用Mann-Kendall检验法和水文量累积曲线法,分析了南方主要河流代表站径流量和输沙量的变化特征,探讨了影响南方河流水沙变化的主要因素。结果表明,长江、珠江、钱塘江和闽江等南方河流代表站年径流量都没有显著的变化态势;除钱塘江代表站外年输沙量都有显著减少趋势;钱塘江2016—2020年为平水平沙期,2011—2020年为平水多沙期,其他河流2016—2020年和2011—2020年均为平水少沙期;影响南方河流水沙变化的人类活动包括水库拦沙、水土保持措施、河道采砂、流域过度建设等,其中水库拦沙是南方河流减沙的主要措施,水土保持措施在南方河流减沙过程中发挥了重要作用,河道采砂对河道减沙也发挥了一定的作用。

A study on scheme of soil and water conservation regionalization in China

Regionalization of soil and water conservation is a base for the planning of soil and water conservation in China. It can provide scientific basis for constructing healthy eco-environment and regional management and development. It makes a brief review of related regionalization of study and makes clear the concept of regionalization of soil and water conservation. In this paper, based on synthetical analysis of the characteristics of eco-environments of China, the principles, indices and nomenclature of the regionalization of soil and water conservation are proposed. Through the construction of the regionalization of soil and water conservation collaboration platform and data reporting system, combined with existing soil and water conservation research, this paper uses the top-down and bottom-up and the combination of qualitative and quantitative methods to build soil and water conservation regionalization preliminary scheme, with 8 regions, 41 sub-regions and 117 sections divided in China.

民国时期黄河上游地区水土保持建设成效与启示

民国时期,由于报刊的宣传普及、专家学者的讲演与培训、农业技术机构的设立和专门人才的培养,水土保持思想得到广泛传播,农业发展呈现新特征,林业建设和黄河治理得到了有力的推进。尽管受当时社会环境和科学技术水平的影响,黄河上游地区水土保持工作研究存在资金短缺、技术不成熟、设备落后、农民参与度不高等方面的局限性,但其在设立水土保持实验区和农业试验场、加大对水土保持的宣传普及、推进农林牧业协调发展、推进法治建设、实现乡村振兴和生态保护的协调发展等方面的做法仍然值得我们今天借鉴。

基于近20年《中国水土保持公报》的水土流失治理分析

水土保持是生态文明建设的重要组成部分,也是反映经济社会发展与生态环境质量动态平衡的重要综合指标。基于近20 a的《中国水土保持公报》,分析了水土流失现状,总结了水土保持工作进展,深入探究了水土流失动态变化成因及水土保持阶段性成效,研究成果对评价水土保持工作成效具有重要理论意义。研究结果表明:①与20世纪80年代末相比,2020年全国水土流失面积下降了26.6%,相较于20世纪初下降了24.4%;②2011年以前水土流失以中度及以上强度为主,2018年以后轻度流失面积占比超过60%;③水土流失综合治理是水土流失面积降低的主要原因;近20 a来,11条主要江河年总输沙量下降了72.4%,年输沙量与累计水土流失治理面积呈显著的负相关关系(R 2=0.90)。现阶段我国水土流失治理由“面”向“点”纵深推进,水土保持工作迈入高质量发展。研究成果可为我国水土保持工作评价及水土保持高质量发展提供定量数据和理论基础。

东北黑土区水土保持重点工程措施保存现状及其问题

[目的]系统评估国家水土保持重点工程的措施保存情况,为东北黑土区水土流失治理提质增效提供依据,促进黑土地保护和水土保持高质量发展。[方法]以2019年以前在东北黑土区实施的国家水土保持重点工程为对象,选取52个小流域的坡面治理工程和8个小流域(项目区)的侵蚀沟治理工程开展调研,共抽核325个坡面图斑和32条侵蚀沟,并对结果进行分析诊断。[结果]全区水土保持重点工程中的治沟措施保存情况明显优于坡面措施,平均保存率分别为95.00%和56.51%。坡面治理措施的保存率存在明显的类别和空间分异,侵蚀沟治理措施普遍保存完好,生态节地型措施保存率较高,个别措施在部分地区需提质增效和加强管护。[结论]今后应加强东北黑土区梯田、地埂植物带等传统措施的优化和管护,研发适应现代农业的生态节地型水土保持新措施,并探索建设黑土地水土保持技术中试基地;定期开展重点工程成效评估,提出分区分类措施推荐名录,打造不同类型示范样本。

西南地区森林生态系统水源涵养评价

本研究整理了2009—2018年西南地区森林冠层、枯落物站点研究结果,并结合3种模型(冠层截留、枯落物截留和土壤蓄水模型),从林冠截留、枯落物截留以及土壤蓄水量3方面综合评估西南森林生态系统水源涵养,最后分析水源涵养时空变异性。结果表明:(1)西南地区森林生态系统(2009—2018年)年均水源涵养为(1101.54×10^(8)±313.15)m^(3),其中,林冠截留占24.57%、枯落物截留占1.61%、土壤蓄水量占73.82%。(2)西南地区混交林面积最大,水源涵养贡献率高达44.04%;单位面积上落叶阔叶林水源涵养最大[(4228.57±2325.71)t/hm^(2)]。(3)随着海拔升高,水源涵养先增大后减小,在海拔1000~1500 m达到最大。本研究结果可以服务于未来的西南森林生态系统服务功能的价值评估。

南方红壤坡地不同耕作措施的水土保持效应

为解决南方红壤地区坡耕地水土流失问题,采用野外标准径流小区试验方法对南方红壤坡地常见的顺坡间作、横坡间作、果园清耕3种不同耕作方式下5a时间水土保持蓄水保土效应进行了研究。结果表明,与对照小区相比,各试验小区减流率优劣次序为:横坡间作小区(75.33%)>顺坡间作小区(59.56%)>果园清耕小区(21.73%),减沙效应优劣次序为横坡间作(80.57%)>顺坡间作(65.11%)>果园清耕(38.08%),且4-9月的径流量占到全年径流量的85%以上,流失泥沙量占全年流失泥沙量的90%以上。因此,套种作物增加果园覆盖是防治果园水土流失的有效措施,且横坡间作优于顺坡间作。

我国植被水土保持功能研究进展

我国植被水土保持功能的研究可以概括为以下 3个主要方面 :1)植被水土保持功能的对比研究 :通过实地对比观测植被覆盖地与对照地 (裸地、农耕地等 )的径流量、土壤侵蚀量等 ,研究植被的减水减沙效益。研究表明 ,天然植被具有强大的水土保持功能 ,并呈现出林 >灌 >草的规律 ;人工植被水土保持功能的发挥则受到多种因素的影响 ,呈现出较复杂的情况。 2 )植被保持水土的机理研究 :雨滴击溅和径流冲刷是水土流失的动力 ,通过分析植被削减降雨和径流动能的过程 ,来揭示植被水土保持功能的内在机理。研究表明 ,植被外在的水土保持功能是其内部各个垂直层次截留降雨、拦蓄径流从而削减降雨侵蚀动能和径流冲刷作用的综合体现。植被的各个垂直层次对其水土保持功能的发挥都各有重要的作用。 3)植被水土保持功能的评价研究 :建立植被水土保持功能的评价指标 ,分析评价指标与径流量、土壤侵蚀量的定量关系 ,达到评价植被水土保持功能的目的。长期以来 ,我国植被水土保持功能评价研究主要以单一指标———植被覆盖度 (森林为森林覆盖率 )为主。随着植被水土保持机理研究的深入 ,近来许多学者提出了多个指标体系进行综合评价。单一的植被覆盖度指标不能完全反映植被水土保持功能的差异 ,而综合性的评价指标 。