Characteristics of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic in Women Aged 15-49 Years from 2005 to 2012 in China

Objective To describe the characteristics of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in women aged 15-49 years in China. Methods HIV/AIDS cases from 2005 to 2012 that fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria were identified on the Chinese HIV/AIDS case reporting system. Descriptive and spatial analyses were performed. Results A total of 103,559 female HIV/AIDS cases were included in our study. Based on the descriptive analysis, between 2005 and 2012, the proportion of heterosexually acquired HIV infection among women （15-49 years） increased rapidly from 35.8% to 87.4%. Approximately 60% of these cases were infected through non-marital heterosexual contact. Among older women （40-49 years）, a slightly increasing trend was identified. The spatial analysis detected ＇hot spots＇ in the Xinjiang, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guangxi, and Chongqing provinces. The epidemic trends in these areas were predominately driven by heterosexual transmission. Conclusion Non-marital heterosexual contact is a very important factor in the HIV/AIDS epidemic in women aged 15-49 years, and the HIV infection rate in older women is increasing. Several epidemic hot spots were detected in northwestern and southwestern China. Efficient interventions are needed to control the spread of HIV/AIDS among women living in these areas.

How the African Public Views China＇s Aid to Africa

As a vital part of China's foreign relations,China's aid to Africa has scored great achievements.Based on data from the Afrobarometer Survey in 2010 and data from the database of China's aid to Africa in 2000-2010 co-created by the US Center for Global Development and AidData,this paper dissects the macro-and micro-level determinants of the African public's perception of the effectiveness of aid from China through an empirical analysis.As descriptive statistics reveal,the African public has a highly positive view of aid from China despite country differences.According to our further analysis of a multilevel model,aid recipients with higher levels of democracy and economic development have a more favorable view of aid from China,while the size and sector of aid from China are not correlated with public favorability.At the micro-level,age,gender,education,race and media consumption are positively correlated with the public perception of aid.In conclusion,China must refocus its future aid programs on livelihood and welfare that directly benefit local people,rather than simply increasing the amount of aid.In delivering its commitments to Africa,China must also attach importance to public communication and "telling the China story " in its international affairs to improve its national image and gain more recognition by the African people.

Epidemiology of Human Immuno-deficiency Virus and Quality of Life for People Living with HIV/AIDS in China

HIV/AIDS is increasing in prevalence in China and spread of infection from highly risk populations to the general populations was recognized. Despite the fact, there are still only few scientific reviews on quality of life （QOL） for people living with HIV/AIDS （PLWHAs）. However, many PLWHAs are struggling with social and psychological influences such as substances abuse, cultural beliefs, depression, stigma, poverty, which can affect their QOL. Public unawareness about infection and disease, willingness to seek medical care and motivation to follow therapy are indirectly influencing health outcome. In 2003 Chinese government has established the so-called the ＂Four Frees and One Care＂ policy. The policy was officially implemented from 2004 in some areas, yet to date it is not implemented nationwide. This paper discussed the epidemiology of HIV, underlying psychosocial factors affecting PLWHAs and their impact on QOL. We put forward some recommendations for stakeholders, advocacy groups, non-government organizations and Chinese government.

Prevalence and risk factors of HIV and syphilis,and knowledge and risk behaviors related to HIV/AIDS among men who have sex with men in Chongqing,China

High HIV prevalence and incidence burdens have been reported in men who have sex with men（MSM）in Chongqing,China.We aimed to estimate the prevalence of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections（STIs）,to appraise the knowledge and risk behaviors related to HIV/AIDS among MSM,and to analyze the possible causes of deviation between behavior and knowledge to make better strategies.We recruited 617 MSM from February to July in 2008 by using a respondent-driven sampling（RDS） method in Chongqing,China.Through the collection of questionnaire-based data and biological testing results from all objects,we launched a crosssectional survey.STATA/SE was used for data analysis by frequency,ANOVA,rank sum test and logistic regression models.MSM with syphilis（OR=4.16,95%CI：2.35-7.33,P〈0.0001） were more likely to be HIV infected.Being a company employee（OR=3.64,95%CI：1.22-10.08,P〈0.0001） and having bought male for sex（OR=3.52,95%CI：1.10-11.32,P〈0.034） were associated with a higher probability of syphilis.MSM with younger age,higher education and greater monthly income had a higher mean knowledge score.MSM who had HIV testing had a higher mean knowledge score than those who never had.Students,venues for finding sex partners by Internet and homosexuals in MSM had a higher mean knowledge score compared to other occupations,venues for finding sex partners and sexual orientation.There is an urgent need for delivery of barrier and biomedical interventions with coordinated behavioral and structural strategies to improve the effect of HIV interventions among MSM.

Control of Aids Epidemic in China

It is predicted that AIDS will be one of the major barriers impeding social and economic development in the 21st century. The HIV/AIDS epidemic has gone through the entry and expansion phases and entered into a rapid increase phase in China. This paper discusses the challenges and strategies for controlling the HIV/AIDS epidemic in China. Key Words: AIDS, Control and

A Study of China's Bamboo Project Aid to Rwanda

China,as the world's largest developing country,has long combined the common interest of the Chinese people with that of the people of all countries,and under the framework of South-South Cooperation,it has always provided assistance within its capacity to other developing countries. As an important component of aid to Africa,forestry plays an irreplaceable role in foreign aid. Currently,the forestry aid to Africa is gradually changing from the previous trading of resources to sustainable development and utilization of resources. Especially the implementation of Bamboo Planting,Processing and Utilization Project Aid of the Ministry of Commerce to Rwanda undertaken by China National Bamboo Research Center( CBRC),helps Rwanda and the entire east African region to achieve sustainable use of forest resources,improves local employment,provides a new path of development for China's forestry to " go out",and further strengthens the traditional friendship between China and Africa.

Living Conditions and Palliative Care Needs among End-of-Life Former Commercial Plasma Donors Affected with HIV/AIDS in Rural Henan of China

Objective China began providing antiretroviral therapy to people living with HIV/AIDS （PLWHA） in 2003. This study was to investigate the living conditions, including quality of life and happiness, and need for palliative care of end-of-life PLWHA in rural Henan. Methods One hundred end-of-life AIDS patients were selected from Weishi, Zhenping and Tanghe counties in Henan, using convenience sampling. The World Health Organization Quality of Life for HIV （WHOQOL-HIV） BREF Chinese Version was used to measure the quality of life and the Memorial University of Newfoundland Scale of Happiness （MUNSH） was employed to measure subjective welfare. Qualitative interviews and focus group discussions were undertaken to learn about the palliative care provided and the specific needs of the end-of-life patients. Results Patients’ overall quality of life was moderate （12.62±1.97）. Highest scores were in the spirituality/religion/personal beliefs, higher than the average scores in the Chinese population （P0.01）, while psychological （13.58±2.06） and environment （12.50±3.28） domain scores were similar to the latter （P0.05）. Both independence （12.15±2.15） and physiological （14.04±3.16） domain scores were lower than the average of the people living with HIV/AIDS in other studies （P0.01）; however, all were in the moderate range. The average MUNSH score was 21.00±6.20, which was also moderate. The in-depth interviews indicated that the Henan Provincial Government’s policy of treatment and care had a beneficial impact on end-of-life AIDS patients, although the care components could be improved. Conclusions Living conditions of the end-of-life AIDS patients were moderate, and the HIV/AIDS palliative care model used was beneficial to them. Care could be improved by assisting the family unit as a whole.

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Regarding HIV/AIDS among Students in China

HIV/AIDS remains one of the world’s most significant public health challenges, particularly in low and middle-income region. China has witnessed a moderate effect of global HIV/AIDS endemic for which HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention program have been developed and conducted. In China the university students are among the affected target population because of the recent development of casual attitude towards sex, the rapid economic revolution and degradation of traditional value. The purpose of this paper is to describe HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitudes, and practice and identify personal risk behaviors among students in China. Selection of the articles suitable for the review was done from 2007 to 2016 on the basis of their study regarding HIV/AIDS in accordance with different students of schools, undergraduate and postgraduate study. Knowledge of the students is accordance with their education level while attitude have no relation with the knowledge and still there is unsafe sexual practice present among students. Although students have good knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS, they have still negative attitude towards HIV/AIDS patients. There are still misconceptions especially concerning mosquitos and kissing as routes of transmission of HIV. There is difficulty in separating HIV from AIDS by many students. Due to insufficient knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS among school students many of them believe that there is a medicine that can cure HIV/AIDS. Comparatively Students are more focused on knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS rather than developing and maintaining safe sexual behavior among the students. We believe that the review will help to focus further into the more effective attitude based implementation of knowledge and practice among Chinese students.

Study on the Characteristics, Problems, and Models of China＇s Aid to Africa under the New Situation

In this paper, the characteristics of China＇s aid to Africa under the new situation are summarized, and also the existing problems are smmnarized from the level of strategy, the level of public opinion, the level of methods and contents, and the level of effect. Combined with the change of the current international political and economic trend, the model of China＇s aid to Afiica is innovatively concluded by tile author as Ihe model of＂Bidirectional Balance Improved Aid＂ and also its definition, main contents, and practice keys are expounded. This model provides a reference model for China＇s aid to Africa and is good for solving the problems in the aid, so that a better actual effect can be achieved.

Crisis Seen as Possible Aid to China Reform

The global financial crisis will not delay, and could even accelerate, the pace of financial reform in China, one of the country’s leading financial officials said.

Living status and support system of children orphaned by AIDS in central China—Description and policy recommendations

This study aimed to research the living status and support system of children orphaned by AIDS in rural Henan Province. The approach of face-to-face questionnaires research was used to assess 501 children’s current situation while in-depth interview was conducted for the support system research. The age range of the children orphaned by AIDS was 2 - 15 years old and the mean age was 11.10 years. Most children among 2 - 6 years had communication skills with temper control and psychological problems. Children of 7 - 15 years old had the ability to take care of themselves and family members but could not do self-regulation. The support system for children orphaned by AIDS included social support, policies support, education support, and health care support but improvement are needed in the future. Support system can be improved through much more feasible and concrete policies and strategies to guarantee these children’s basic needs and comprehensive development.

Legal Aid in China——History,current conditions and future

Legal aid, also known as legal relief, is commonly adopted in many countries. In fact, it is an indispensable part of the legal system in a modern society ruled by law. It is an important guarantee for the fairness in the administration of justice and human rights relief. It is also an important mark of political civilization and social progress in a country

China's Aid to Africa:Characteristics,Its Role and Challenges ahead

Started from 1956,China's aid to Africa has been playing a very significant role for strengthening Sino-African ties as a whole.Generally speaking,take "the reform and opening-up" policy started from late 1970s as a line of demarcation,China's aid policy to Africa can be divided into two periods in the half century.The driving force of China's aid policy before the line was to strengthen the diplomatic and political ties with African countries.The focus of China's aid policy after the line is to seek mutual economic cooperation and common development.Comparing with the Western approaches,the major characteristics of China's aid policy to Africa are mainly three:the aid is provided with no strings attached,and emphasizing on bilateral aid projects rather than multilateral system,strong focus on "hardware projects" such as physical infrastructure construction rather than "software projects" like research and capacity building.In general,China's aid to Africa has generated effective results and helped a lot for China's involvement in Africa.However,it is also facing new challenges at the moment and future.

Legal Aid in China

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China Takes Action Against AIDS

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The Univariate and Bivariate Impact of HIV/AIDS on the Quality of Life:A Cross Sectional Study in the Hubei Province-Central China

This study is aimed to evaluate the quality of life （QOL） for individuals living with human immunodeficiency virus （HIV）/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome （AIDS） in Hubei province-central China by using WHOQOL-BREF instrument （Chinese version）. One hundred and thirty six respondents （HIV/AIDS individuals） attending out-patient department of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention （Chinese CDC） were administered a structured questionnaire developed by investigators. QOL was evaluated by using WHOQOL-BREF instrument （Chinese version）. The results showed that the mean score of overall QOL on a scale of 0-100 was 25.8. The mean scores in 4 domains of QOL on a scale of 0-100 were 82.9 （social domain）, 27.5 （psychological domain）, 17.7 （physical domain） and 11.65 （environmental domain）. The significant difference of QOL was noted in the score of physical domain between asymptomatic （14.6） and early symptomatic individuals （12） （P=0.014）, and between patients with early symptoms （12） and those with AIDS （10.43） （P〈0.001）. QOL in psychological domain was significantly lower in early symptomatic （12.1） （P〈0.05） and AIDS patients （12.4） （P〈0.006） than in asymptomatic individuals （14.2）. The difference in QOL scores in the psychological domain was significant with respect to the income of patients （P〈0.048） and educational status （P〈0.037）. Significantly better QOL scores in the physical domain （P〈0.040） and environmental domain （P〈0.017） were noted with respect to the occupation of the patients. Patients with family support had better QOL scores in environmental domain. In our research, QOL for HIV/AIDS individuals was associated with education, occupation, income, family support and clinical categories of the patients. It was concluded that WHOQOL-BREF Chinese version was successfully used in the evaluation of QOL of HIV/AIDS individuals in Chinese population and proved to be a reliable and useful tool.