Trade Barriers and Countermeasures for Export of China's Agricultural Products

At present,export of China's agricultural products is faced with many trade barriers,especially technological barriers.Trade barriers include(1)technological barriers(such as quarantine and inspection barrier,identity certification/authentication barrier and labeling rules barrier);(2)trade remedy barrier;(3)other non-tariff barriers(NTB).Through positioning and analysis of trade barriers of China's agricultural products,it is known that technological barriers should not be deemed unreasonable totally.Some barriers also have certain positive significance.To respond to trade barriers,it comes up with countermeasures and recommendations from the perspective of agricultural producers and government.Agricultural producers should actively improve product quality,abide by requirement of importers,and treat quarantine and inspection in a rational manner;government should supply information and issue early warning,assist domestic producers in responding to lawsuits,and take advantage of WTO platform to solve trade disputes.

China Light Industrial Products Export Trade and China Light Industrial Products I/E Corp.

Under the impact of the reform and opening policy, China’s foreign economic and trade undertakings are increasingly flourishing, and light indus-

Republic of Congo’ Wood Products Exported to China: Insight of the Characteristics, Trends, and Perspectives for Sustainable Trade

Wood products trade sector remains crucial for many countries’ economies. This is also for the Republic of Congo (RC) where wood is the second most exported natural resource. In this study, we aimed to determine the predominant wood products exported from the RC to China from 2007 to 2019, analyze the trends related to this trade, compare the quantities of wood products exported to China and other destinations, and determine the perspectives for the sustainable trade. The descriptive study using graphs and tables, non-parametric technique Kruskal-Wallis, pairwise comparisons, and SWOT analysis made up the methodological basis for this study. IBM SPSS Statistics 26 software supported data processing. The results showed that logs were mainly exported to China, 92.585% of the three major wood products quantity (Logs, Wet sawnwood, and Dried sawnwood). Volume distributions between products categories differ significantly (Sig. = 0.000 < α = 0.05). Besides, a significant volume (69.32%) was exported to China compared to the other destinations, and volume distributions between different destinations differ significantly (Sig. = 0.000 < α = 0.05). The SWOT analysis describes weaknesses, strengths, opportunities, and potential threats related to RC’ wood products trade sector. The prospects for sustainable trade in wood products between the RC and China lie in establishing a good governance in the timber sector, supporting the emergence of domestic operators, and improving the business climate.

China’s alfalfa market and imports: Development, trends, and potential impacts of the U.S.-China trade dispute and retaliations

This study examines the development and trends of China’s alfalfa market and imports, identifies key factors for the rapid increase in China’s alfalfa imports, and discusses potential impacts of the U.S.-China trade dispute and retaliations on the alfalfa markets and trade in both nations. China’s rapid transition toward larger-scale commercial dairy production, with enhanced feed and cost management as well as quality and safety control, and its limited resources for high-quality alfalfa production are key factors for the dramatic increase in its alfalfa imports, from 19 601 metric tons in 2008 to 1.38 million metric tons(mmt) in 2018. While the United States dominated China’s alfalfa imports with an average share of 97.01% from 2007 to 2017, the share dropped to 83.76% in 2018 and 63.28% in January 2019 due to the trade dispute and retaliations started in 2018. China will likely remain a large importer of alfalfa because of both its growing demand and the comparative advantages of imported alfalfa in quality and price, but the imports from the United States will be highly affected by the ongoing trade dispute and negotiations. China is also expected to make more efforts to reduce its dependence on U.S. alfalfa through increased investment in domestic alfalfa production and identification of alternative sources of alfalfa and other hay imports.

Empirical Analysis on the Impacts of Technical Barrier to Trade on Chinese Agro-products Export

In view of the impacts on Chinese agro-products export caused by various technical barriers to trade,the academic circles analyzed them from the costs and quantity of exported agro-products.On the basis of the status quo of Chinese agro-products,the gravity model is introduced to analyze the impacts on Chinese agro-product export caused by technical barriers to trade.The results show that as long as the quality of Chinese agro-products can achieve the standard set by developed countries,for one thing,the health of Chinese consumers can be ensured,for another thing,the export of Chinese agro-products will be more smooth,which can provide reference for our government to make decisions and solve trade dispute.

2023年中国咖啡进出口贸易形势分析

据分析,2017—2023年中国咖啡及制品年均出口数量为6.47万t,年均增长率-10.87%;年均出口金额为2.52亿美元,年均增长率-8.11%。其中2023年中国咖啡出口数量为2.80万t,较上年增长-49.98%;出口金额为1.43亿美元,较上年增长-51.67%,中国咖啡出口量总体呈下降趋势。2017—2023年中国咖啡及制品年均进口数量为13.62万t,年均增长率为13.23%;年均进口金额为7.10亿美元,年均增长率为17.94%。其中2023年中国咖啡及制品进口数量为19.67万t,较上年增长12.21%;进口金额为11.06亿美元,较上年增长0.54%,中国咖啡进口量总体呈快速增长态势。2017—2023年中国咖啡及制品进出口贸易年均逆差4.58亿美元,其中2023年逆差9.63亿美元,随着国内消费量增长,中国咖啡国际贸易逆差将呈常态化。

双循环格局下贸易便利化对进出口贸易的影响--以中日贸易为例

贸易便利化作为一种综合性制度安排,能有效提升我国对外贸易的质量,在国内因素和国际因素发生显著性变化的当下,是挖掘新贸易增长动力的重要手段。本研究对进出口贸易和贸易便利化相关文献进行了回顾,分析了中日贸易便利化的现状,并通过基础设施、商业环境、制度环境和金融环境四个层面分析贸易便利化对中日贸易的影响。研究结果表明,中日贸易便利化对中日贸易发展存在显著的正向促进作用,同时贸易便利化对中日贸易的影响作用受行业、地域等不同因素的影响。为了进一步推动中日贸易提质增效,中国要在推进基础设施建设的基础上,加快制度环境的构建,利用好RCEP这一中日间首个自贸协定的签订契机来提升中日贸易便利化水平,维护中日之间的供应链体系,提升区域经济合作水平。

美国加征关税与我国产品出口变动

基于2017~2020年HS6位码产品贸易月度数据,采用双重差分法分轮次评估了美国对华加征关税对我国产品出口的影响。研究发现,加征关税虽然抑制了我国输美产品的出口贸易额,降低了我国输美产品的出口竞争力,但也间接丰富了我国产品出口流向及路径。异质性分析表明加征关税对我国消费品和采用加工贸易方式出口的产品影响更显著。进一步分析表明加征关税对我国输美出口产品质量和产品结构产生了负面影响。本文拓展了美国加征关税经济效应的研究,为我国应对国际经贸摩擦、推进更高水平对外开放提供了政策参考。

加入世贸组织以来中国丝绸出口的变动特征分析

利用贸易增长的三元分析方法,基于2001—2020年中国对主要丝绸出口国的面板数据,对加入世贸组织(WTO)后中国丝绸出口的变动特征,从总体、双边和出口品类3个维度进行实证分析。结果表明,中国对主要丝绸出口市场的出口份额受集约边际的影响大于拓展边际,数量效应大于价格效应,丝绸出口存在数量优势大、出口品类完整但价格优势小的特点,中国对主要出口市场的丝绸出口仍“以量取胜”,亟待提高产品定价话语权。就出口品类而言,中国对主要出口市场丝类商品出口贸易的边际结构比较稳定,中国丝类商品在主要出口市场渗透率的影响,市场拓展效应大于出口数量效应大于出口价格效应。

我国葡萄酒出口贸易发展的困境与对策

积极推动我国葡萄酒“走出去”,对实现国内葡萄酒产业的转型升级发展具有重要意义。采用联合国商品贸易统计数据库数据与结合相关贸易指数等方法对2001-2022年我国葡萄酒出口贸易规模、市场结构、出口均价、国际竞争力等进行分析,发现我国葡萄酒出口贸易存在着总体规模偏小,发展缺乏平稳性,在世界葡萄酒出口贸易中排名相对靠后,对国际市场拓展不足,地区结构分布不合理,出口均价偏高,国际竞争力较弱等问题。研究结果认为,一是加速推进国内葡萄酒产业供给侧结构性改革,提振出口贸易规模,对接产品国际标准,提升产品品质,实施品牌战略,培育竞争新优势;二是积极拓展国际市场,优化地区结构分布,增强抵御国际风险能力,更好地维护出口利益;三是完善葡萄酒出口促进政策,创新贸易合作方式,实现我国葡萄酒出口贸易高质量可持续发展。

“一带一路”沿线国交通基础设施条件对中国出口贸易的影响

加强沿线各国道路联通和贸易畅通是“一带一路”倡议的重要内容,本文基于沿线65个国家1997—2016年的经验数据,将中国产品出口到进口国最优路线经过的国家数量作为权重,构建产品途经沿线国交通基础设施条件的加权值,并将其作为这条线路上沿线国交通基础设施条件的一个综合指标LT,实证分析“一带一路”沿线国交通基础设施条件对中国出口贸易的影响。研究发现LT的提升有利于中国出口贸易额的增加,LT和中国出口贸易之间存在倒“U”型关系;LT和地理距离的交乘项系数显著为负,说明贸易双方的地理距离会削弱沿线国交通基础设施条件对中国出口贸易的促进作用;此外进口国的经济体量越大,LT对中国出口贸易的促进作用也越大。

中欧班列开通对中国城市出口结构升级的影响研究

利用双重差分模型,实证检验了中欧班列开通对中国城市出口结构升级的影响,并探讨背后的相关机制。研究表明,中欧班列开通能够显著促进中国城市出口结构的升级,多种稳健性检验方法下研究结论依然成立。机制检验表明,城市资源配置效率提高和城市创新水平提升是城市开通中欧班列促进出口结构升级的有效途径。进一步分析表明,中欧班列开通的影响效应存在非均衡性特征,西部城市、非资源型城市和中心节点城市更易享有政策红利。

出口管制政策对企业投资的影响——来自美国实体清单政策的证据

本文使用2010—2021年A股上市公司样本,运用多期双重差分模型检验美国BIS施行的实体清单形式的出口管制政策对企业投资水平的影响及其作用机制。研究结果发现,实体清单政策显著抑制企业的投资水平并通过一系列的稳健性检验,在PSM-DID和工具变量回归分析中得到进一步证实;实体清单政策对非国有企业、高固定资产比例企业和高资本密集度企业的影响更大,主要通过削弱企业绩效、增加企业融资难度两个渠道影响企业的投资水平;实体清单政策风险显著降低同行业非受限企业的投资水平,而企业的绩效和融资约束的作用机制在实体清单政策风险的影响中仍然成立。最后,本文针对如何应对出口管制提出相应的政策建议。

基于细分产品测度美国关税加征对中国出口的影响

本文通过自然排除新冠疫情影响的2017—2019年36期HS2出口数据及美国4张关税加征清单,运用多期双重差分和连续双重差分模型测度了关税加征对中国出口金额的影响。结果表明,加征关税导致中国出口美国的金额下降20.75%,其边际负效应为1.43%,该边际负效应明显低于以往研究结果。动态效应检验发现,关税加征负效应随着时间推移而逐步加深,并可能存在政策效应滞后性。理论启示:进一步明确了经典关税传递理论,一国对另一国具体商品加征关税会导致其出口金额下降,带来负面效应和边际负面效应。

Prospect Analysis of the United States' Crude Oil Exports to the Asia-Pacific Region

At the end of 2015, the United States lifted a 40-year ban on crude oil exports, which has far-reaching implications for the global crude oil market and crude oil trade patterns. Since the release of crude oil exports, with the recovery of crude oil production and improved export infrastructure in the United States, U.S. crude oil exports have been growing rapidly, with an average of about one million barrels/day in 2017, making the U.S one of the major global crude oil exporters. Currently, the AsiaPacific region has replaced North America as the first major destination for U.S. crude oil exports. In light of future trends in the oil refining industry of the Asia-Pacific region, it will usher in a new wave of refinery operations around 2020 and crude oil imports will continue to grow rapidly. The American region, represented by the United States, will replace West Africa as the second largest source of crude oil imports to the Asia-Pacific region, and that energy trade cooperation between the Asia-Pacific region and the United States will continue to grow. In particular, for China, the United States will become an important source of crude oil imports for our country in the future, and the two countries will shift from the past of energy competition to energy cooperation. Sino-US energy trade will play a more active role in economic and trade cooperation between the two countries.

中国咖啡进出口贸易形势分析

据分析,2017—2022年中国咖啡及制品年均出口量为7.08万t,年均增长率-3.04%。其中,2022年中国咖啡出口量为5.60万t,较上年增长59.64%;出口金额为2.96亿美元,较上年增长90.99%。2017—2022年中国咖啡及制品年均进口量为12.61万t,年均增长率为13.43%;进口金额为6.44亿美元,年均增长率为21.42%。其中,2022年中国咖啡及制品进口量为17.53万t,较上年增长5.67%;进口金额为11.00亿美元,较上年增长31.65%。2017—2022年中国咖啡及制品进出口贸易年均逆差3.74亿美元,其中2022年逆差8.04亿美元,创历史新高。随着中国消费量增长,中国咖啡国际贸易逆差将呈常态化。

中国-泰国经贸合作新进展

泰国位于东盟中心位置,为东盟创始成员国,与中国有着“中泰一家亲”的特殊情谊。随着中国-东盟FTA建设、RCEP、共建“一带一路”和澜湄合作的不断推进,双方的经贸合作进一步拓展与深化:截至2021年中国已连续9年成为泰国最大的贸易伙伴及农产品出口市场、连续8年成为泰国的最大进口市场,同时还是泰国的主要外资来源地;基础设施建设、数字经济合作也取得积极进展;即使面对新冠疫情的冲击,中-泰经贸合作依然展现出强劲的发展态势。

入世20周年中国向主要国家和地区出口农产品影响因素与贸易潜力分析

深入分析中国农产品出口影响因素与贸易潜力,可为科学把握入世以来中国农产品贸易趋势,进一步推动中国农产品贸易发展提供参考。基于2001~2020年中国向主要国家和地区出口农产品贸易数据,采用随机前沿引力模型和贸易非效率模型探究其影响因素,进一步测算贸易潜力与效率。结果表明,中国与农产品主要进口国的经济规模和地理边界因素对贸易有显著正向影响,而人口规模和地理距离有显著负向影响;班轮运输连通性指数、关税水平、自贸协定签订和世贸组织加入情况可显著促进贸易效率提升,而贸易自由度和货币自由度对贸易效率提升有显著阻碍作用。此外,中国对日本的农产品出口贸易潜力最大,而对越南、泰国等东南亚国家的出口贸易潜力较小。对此,应利用好WTO新一轮谈判契机,加强与各国之间的农产品贸易合作;持续推动国家经济发展,大力推进农产品国际贸易基础设施建设,与各国共同打造高效畅通便捷的农产品立体交通贸易网络;积极推进与贸易效率较高国家的合作,进一步挖掘贸易潜力。

中国生姜产业国际市场竞争力分析(2001—2021年)

为探讨中国生姜产业国际市场竞争力,对FAO的生姜贸易数据进行了分析。结果表明,全球生姜出口国主要集中在亚洲的发展中国家,其中中国生姜的国际市场占有率占全球一半以上的市场份额,远远超过其他国家;中国生姜的贸易竞争力指数接近1,在国际市场上具有很强的贸易竞争力;中国生姜的出口价格比接近或大于1,在主要出口国中总体处于中间水平,在国际市场上具有一定的价格竞争优势,但与荷兰、秘鲁相比还有较大的提升空间。针对中国生姜产业存在的主要问题,提出了突破贸易壁垒、进一步提高中国生姜的国际市场竞争力,实施有机认证和标准化战略、进一步提高中国生姜质量安全标准,加强生姜精深加工产品开发、提高产品附加值,提高生姜机械化种植管理水平、降低生产成本,实施多元化战略、进一步拓宽生姜出口市场等5点稳定与巩固中国生姜在国际市场上竞争力的对策与建议。