Contribution and Modern Public Debt:On the Nature of Patriotic Public Debt in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Early Republic of China

There are different opinions about the first modern domestic debt in China.The theorists judge whether a certain public debt has modernity according to whether it has modern public debt form,ignoring the inconsistency between form and content,institutional provisions and actual implementation.The modern nature of public debt must have both the form and content of modern public debt.Based on the analysis of the issuing background,system design,collection and repayment of patriotic bonds in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China,it is considered that the part of patriotic bonds subscribed by the Qing royal family is still the nature of donation and return,while the part subscribed by ordinary businessmen and people in the early Republic of China has a modern nature.The dual nature of patriotic bonds is closely related to the social background when the bonds are issued.

A New Inquiry Into the Contents of the Late Qing Dynasty Pictorial News Publication-The Core of “Entertainment Life” in Dianshizhai Pictorial

After the opening of ports in the late Qing Dynasty,Western culture was introduced into China.The local entertainment life presented the phenomenon of the coexistence of the East and the West.A large number of folk entertainment activities were recorded in the Dianshizhai Pictorial which have the function of cultural choice and value dissemination as well as current affairs.This research attempts to use literary analysis and case study to collate the entertainment life in the Dianshizhai Pictorial,combing the characteristics of the late Qing dynasty,and summarizing the value of entertainment in Dianshizhai Pictorial publishing.

Functional Features and Layouts of Yangzhou Residential Gardens in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Early Republic of China: A Case Study of Residential Gardens of Officials, Merchants and Literati

On the basis of analyzing socio-economic structures, social classes and their relations in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, this paper took residential gardens of three principal groups(officials, merchants and literati) for example, analyzed functional features and layouts of the gardens, explored artistic characteristics and cultural connotations of the local residential gardens, so as to provide references for the conservation and construction of historic and cultural cities, design and expression of modern urban livable spaces.

Social Classes and Cultural Connotations of Yangzhou Home Gardens during the Late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China

During the late Qing Dynasty and the early period of the Republic of China(1870-1930),the social classes in Yangzhou were basically dominated by officials,businessmen,and scholars.In the building number,scale,and functional evolution of their home gardens,these three classes were different,reflecting abundant connotation of characteristic of the time and regional culture,revealing the inheritance path of Yangzhou culture,as well as the richness and diversity of home gardens in Yangzhou during the late Qing Dynasty and the early period of the Republic of China.

Literary Construction of Liang Qichao's China Dream in Late Qing Dynasty--Based on the Perspective of Liang Qichao's Political Novels

Liang Qichao actually influenced Chinese society of late Qing dynasty in a great and profound way.H e founded several political newspapers,pioneered a literary style called political commentary and wrote many political fictions,which fully embody his deep thinking over China’s destiny at that time under impacts of western politics as well as his practical activities.H is political fiction does not only pioneer new forms and contents of modern fiction,but also play a crucial role in leading numerous writers to construct a"Chinese Dream"literature by granting politics as theme of fiction and shaping of political heroes.W hat’s more,his political fiction also becomes a basis of integration between literature and politics.

SHANGHAI'S FASHION DURING THE LATE QING DYNASTY PERIOD

The goal of this research is to describe and analyse Shanghai’s fashion in Late Qing Dynasty (the 1840’s-1911), with an emphasis on the fashionable clothing worn by adult. Three aspects is discussed: the development of as a fashion center, the men’s fashion in Shanghai and the women’s fashion in Shanghai. In these parts, the style, textiles, colour, decoration and combination of clothing are described. Many costumes from museums and private collections as well as some historical writings, paintings and photographs are elucidated to give a description about Shanghai’s fashion looks during that period.Here are some tentative conclusions. Firstly, Shanghai has always been a fashion center in China since 1860’s. Shimao was the most important characteristic of clothing. Secondly, fashion of traditional clothing was described as highly stylized, gorgeous, exquisite, miscellaneous, detailed and multicolored. Thirdly, the influence of Western clothing was upwards. It was more obvious in Shanghai than in

Inventing the Barbarians:The Changing Contexts of Yi in the Late Qing Dynasty

This study analyzes how the meaning of yi(夷,barbarian)was constructed in different historical contexts at the end of the Qing dynasty,which is important for us to reconsider xenophobia and Sino-centrism both in the past and present.Our study combines contextual with intertextual reading methods.It places different materials,including missionaries’works,newspapers,and official documents,in their specific historical contexts and links them to obtain a full picture of this transformation.We argue that yi was invented.Various agents and actors created the connotation of yi to suit their interests.It was transformed by the Qing court from“barbarians”to those who follow Confucianism to justify their rule.Then it was first translated as“foreigners”and later as“barbarians”when Europeans came to China.Our study situates the meaning of yi to help us rethink some of the labels and misconceptions attached to yi and the early missionaries in China.

Politicizing the queue： The social, political and cultural symbolism of hair in Qing dynasty and young republican China

The human body, such as hair, serves as a prism through which historical and cultural contexts are effectively refracted. Despite its historical and cultural significance, the role of hair, however, remains curiously a marginalized subject among the renewed interests on the body in the academic fields. In this paper, the author attempts to politicize the queue from 3 perspectives： maintaining a certain prescribed hairstyle is a top-down gesture to construct national conformity; the boundary between Manchu and Han is invoked and reinvented through the battles surrounding the queue politic in late Qing and early Republic; the widespread debate between keeping the queue and cutting the queue at the turn of the 20th century epitomizes the haunting rhetoric of traditionalism and modernism pursuit of modernity in China.

On Artistic Dissemination of Image Text in Urban Media of Late Qing Dynasty: Taking Dian-shi Zhai Pictorial (1884-1898) as the Core Research Object

The Dian-shi Zhai Pictorial was founded under the conflict of new and old culture in the late Qing Dynasty.Based on China,it innovates and adjusts the characters and pictures in the pictorial.This pictorial perfectly integrates news and art in the form of artistic dissemination of pictures and texts,and adapts to the needs of the society for news and new knowledge at that time.At the same time,Wu Youru,the editor in chief and main painter of pictorial,reflected some problems in the artistic dissemination of pictures and texts.

The Origin of Chinese Modem Engineering Education： Fuzhou Shipping School＇s Engineering Education at Late Qing Dynasty

Engineering education is an important issue in engineering practice, and engineering practice and characteristics can be seen through examining the history of early Chinese engineering education. During the period ranging from the 1860s to the middle of the 1890s, the westernization group set up a series of modern industrial and mining enterprises for military and civil use, making the implementation of modern engineering education become possible and necessary. Thanks to their efforts, many schools and old-style private schools for teaching knowledge about western science and technology and training senior engineering managements and talents were gradually founded in China. These modern education organizations are the source and beginning of Chinese engineering education, which is also the origin of modernization of Chinese engineering education. This article takes Fuzhou Shipping School for case studies, using a cultural anthropology approach to examine the overall status, basic characteristics, and impact evaluation of engineering education during the Westernization Movement in China. It reiterates the idea of that ＂engineering education should be returned to engineering practice,＂ and tries to explain the framework of the development of engineering education in China. Through conducting research, we find that the development of engineering education in modem China generally has the basic resources for realization of internationalization through ＂westernization＂ and localization through traditional culture and education and the general characteristics of diversification of social influence. During the development process, it has accumulated valuable experience for timely reform and gradual improvement of modernization： attaching importance to culture and cultivating qualified technical personnel; strictly requiring and building high-level schools and specialties; learning the advanced knowledge and bravely utilizing foreign educational resources; setting pragmatic and highly pertinent disciplines and specialties. It also left the society with thought-provoking lessons, namely, the lagging industrial production and social instability made the development severely restricted and obstructed; the unreasonable development layout resulted in the intensified imbalanced development in different regions; the bureaucracy nature imposed serious impact on efficiency and effectiveness of education; the negligence of innovation made the great-leap-forward development failed, etc.

On Characters in Cities in the Late Qing Dynasty: Taking Dian-shi Zhai Pictorial (1884-1898) as the Core Research Object

Dian-shi Zhai Pictorial(1884-1898)is the earliest and most influential news pictorial in modern China,creating a new form with pictures and text.Taking Dian-shi Zhai Pictorial as the research object,this paper mainly studies how the pictorial uses words to shape the image of characters in cities,especially the image of women,and analyzes the shaping of urban characters’identity,personality,social status,and behavior in different news reports,so as to understand the image of urban characters and civil activities in the late Qing Dynasty.At the same time,the accurate use of words and the attitudes and values contained in pictorial have important reference significance for modern media.

An Overview of the Achievements of Modern Research on the Flying Shadow Pavilion Pictorial

The current academic research on the Dian Shi Zhai Pictorial founded in 1884 has been perfected,but there is very little research on the Flying Shadow Pavilion Pictorial,which can be said to be derived from Dian Shi Zhai Pictorial terms of both content and form,and which was founded by the Haiist painter Wu Youru in 1890 in order to reward the increasing number of admirers,but it is still in the initial stage.Flying Shadow Pavilion Pictorial consisted of four parts:pictures of ladies in Shanghai costumes,news about current affairs,pictures of animals,and compilations of women,each of which was accompanied by the then popular notebooks,which were popular at the time among the then readers because of the matching of pictures with text and the mixing of narratives and discussions.This paper takes Flying Shadow Pavilion Pictorial as the main object,summarizes the existing literature about Flying Shadow Pavilion Pictorial,points out the deficiencies of the current research on this basis,and points out the development trend of Flying Shadow Pavilion Pictorial in the future research.

CHINESE LADY'S DAILY WEAR IN LATE QING DYNASTY AND EARLY REPUBLIC PERIOD

The goal of this research is to describe and analyze women’s wear in the late Qing Dynasty andearly Republic Period(late 19th c.—early 20th c.),with an emphasis on the daily informal orsemi-formal wear,though some formal or ceremonial costumes such as wedding dress will also beincluded.This study will use Chinese costumes and textiles from many museums to fill in theblanks left by previous research and to give a more detailed and accurate description.It will alsouse historical documents to find the original names of these items and to illustrate a general conceptof their usage on different occasions.The different categories of women’s wear will be described in the following order:①robes orcoats;②jackets;③waistcoats or vests;④skirts;⑤pants and leggings;⑥shoes and socks;⑦headdresses;and⑧others.Of every category,the textiles,decoration,cut,form,style,colourand motif will be discussed.The way in which these items were combined will also be discussed.The comparison between women’s wear and men’s wear,women’s and children’s informal andformal dress will be given.Here are some tentative conclusions.First,the Manchu and Han style coexisted and mixedwith each other and were worn by both Manchu and Han women.Second,the basic silhouettesand cuts were relatively stable and conventional,while the decorations and details(openings,fasten-ings,pleats,vents,collars and hemlines)were different.The former represented accepted socialstandards while the latter could be a matter of personal taste.Third,women’s wear in that periodwere highly stylized,miscellaneous,elaborate,detailed,multicolored and multi-thematic.

Research and Discussion on the Stereotyped Writing Criticism Genre during Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties

In this paper, we conduct research on the stereotyped writing criticism genre during the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Eightpart essay writing is a comprehensive strong style, its four topics from the fi ve classics, and its basic form is gradually formed in the evolution of the core imperial examination in China. Review especially on origin, teachers not only with the righteousness that try post poems strategy is so far producing precious examination style also with basic prose. Although some scholars also mentioned as this period literature genre that presents regional features mainly by the local cultural history environment, family relations, economic basis and other factors, but ignores the literature community in the form of the regional literature genre has played important role in the general process. Under this basis, this paper proposes the novel ideals on the corresponding issues that will help understand and analyzes the characteristics of stereotyped writing more.

Research and Discussion on the Stereotyped Writing Criticism Genre during Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties

In this paper, we conduct research on the stereotyped writing criticism genre during the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Eightpartessay writing is a comprehensive strong style, its four topics from the fi ve classics, and its basic form is gradually formed in the evolutionof the core imperial examination in China. Review especially on origin, teachers not only with the righteousness that try post poems strategy isso far producing precious examination style also with basic prose. Although some scholars also mentioned as this period literature genre thatpresents regional features mainly by the local cultural history environment, family relations, economic basis and other factors, but ignores theliterature community in the form of the regional literature genre has played important role in the general process. Under this basis, this paperproposes the novel ideals on the corresponding issues that will help understand and analyzes the characteristics of stereotyped writing more.

Imaging and Inventing Self:Constructing Heroines Through Translation in Late Qing China

A fad for female heroism emerged in the late Qing China as women were urgently mobilized to undertake the mission of‘strengthening the nation and preserving the race.’However,women reaching the modern standards of heroines were almost absent in China.Western heroines were then introduced into China as exemplars for Chinese women to emulate.The story of Madame Roland,the most prestigious Western heroine at that time,was appropriated to the political ends.The male-coded virtues of her were highlighted in conformity to the standards of heroines in late Qing China:hero-worship,patriotism,political maternity and beauty.An ideal heroine was thus created through translation.As a prototype of heroine,she inspired a flood of localized Chinese heroines.

The urban land area Change in China from 1820 to 1999

According to the length of city perimeter and the administration systems recorded in the historical literatures of the Qing Dynasty, a set of methods is developed to convert the historical records into the area of urban land use, by which a set of preliminary estimated urban land use data of the 18 provinces during the Emperor Jiaqing (1820AD) in the Qing Dynasty, is achieved. Based on the above achievements, the regional differences of urban land use are analyzed, and the comparison in urban land use between the Qing Dynasty and present (1999) is made.

The Rise and Fall of Overseas Chinese Problem in the Early Republic of China

In the late Qing Dynasty and the early R epublic of China,foreign invasion made China suffer from an unprecedented humiliation,and the W estern powers initiated a commercial intrusion by forcing China to sign unequal treaties and open treaty ports. From this perspective,a deep exploration is made to study the corresponding influence and its function. The rule shows that the developing route of national politics,economy and culture can determine the trend of the development of overseas Chinese problem; in addition,it objectively reflects that the social nature is vital to overseas Chinese problem.

东方魔橱:1698年The China Cabinet里的中国医疗俗物

1698年,一只庋藏了众多医疗俗物及其他东方博物展品的中国橱柜(The China Cabinet)被捐赠予英国皇家学会,汉斯·斯隆在《哲学汇刊》上发表了对此柜的四篇解说。The China Cabinet内存储的“外科”用刀,修甲、采耳、按摩工具为重构明清中国民俗医疗器物史提供了宝贵的一手资料。在《哲学汇刊》大传统指引下,汉斯·斯隆借助“了解”“同情”的活态叙述、细致严谨的图像语言两项叙述技法成功地全景呈现了The China Cabinet所见中国民俗医疗图景。在表达过程中,包容互鉴的文明对话心态起到了基础而积极的效应。