Hypothetical Commercialization of Biotech Soybeans in China： Impacts on Domestic Markets and International Trade

China is the leading importer of soybeans in the world. If China adopts high yield biotech soybean varieties, China＇s soybean production would increase significantly and this would impact global soybean markets. This paper assesses the possible effects of adoption of herbicide-tolerant, biotech soybeans in China and its impact on the world soybean trade. Results indicate that under a low technology fee and high adoption rate, China would be able to satisfy its soybean food demand. Urban consumers＇ strong preference for non-biotech soybean oil may lead to increase in imports of non-biotech soybeans.

Genetically Modified Doubts Imported GM soybeans impact China’s local farmers and create food safety concerns

The cooking oil made from the imported soybeans does not contain transgenic proteins. So there will be no food safety threat.

Comparison of energy consumption and economic performance of organic and conventional soybean production——A case study from Jilin Province, China

Modern agriculture heavily depends on energy consumption, especially fossil energy, but intensive energy input increases the production cost for producers and results in environmental pollution.Organic agricultural production is considered a more sustainable system, but there is lack of scientific research on the energy consumption between organic and conventional systems in China.The analysis and comparison of energy use between the two systems would help decision-makers to establish economic, effective and efficient agricultural production.Thus, the objectives of the present study are to analyze energy inputs, outputs, energy efficiency, and economic benefits between organic and conventional soybean（Glycine max（L.） Merrill） production.A total of 24 organic farmers and 24 conventional farmers in Jilin Province, China, were chosen for investigation in 2010 production year.Total energy input was 71.55 GJ ha–1 and total energy output was 96.18 GJ ha–1 in the organic system, resulting in an energy efficiency（output/input） of 1.34.Total energy input was 9.37 GJ ha–1 and total energy output was 113.4 GJ ha–1 in the conventional system, resulting in the energy efficiency of 12.1.The huge discrepancy in energy inputs and respective efficiencies lies in the several times higher nutrient inputs in the organic compared to the conventional production system.Finally, the production costs ha–1 were 33% higher, and the net income ha–1 25% lower in the organic compared to the conventional soybean production system.It is recommended to improve fertilizer management in organic production to improve its energetic and economic performance.

The Research on Total Factor Productivity of Soybean in China

This paper uses the panel stochastic frontier model to study the total factor productivity of Chinese soybean.The research shows that the impact of direct cost and labor cost on yield is positive and significant,the impact of indirect cost on yield is not significant,and the impact of cash cost on yield improvement is negative.

南方土壤中导致大豆皱叶的因子分析

为找出南方大豆皱叶症发生的诱因,本研究从南方土壤中非生物因素和生物因素两个角度进行探索研究。利用混池法和ICP-OES技术研究正常叶混池和皱叶混池的差异元素,利用构建的皱叶残留异质系中皱叶家系材料GY_C和正常叶家系材料GY_N,采用单因素随机区组试验设计,研究皱叶土壤的不同土层、营养液、灰烬、叶浆,进行土壤浸泡液、土壤消毒、氮肥等处理后大豆皱叶材料皱叶症的变化。结果表明:皱叶环境土壤的表层、中层和底层土均可导致GY_C叶片皱缩,中层土中的GY_C叶片皱缩程度略高于表层和底层土。氮磷钾配比失衡的营养液处理GY_C叶片未发生皱缩。ICP-OES分析皱叶混池E 1和正常叶混池E 0的31种元素后,未发现E 1/E 0比值为1.7倍以上的元素,且E 1中锰元素含量低于E 0。皱叶灰烬及土壤浸泡液处理基质后GY_C叶片未发生皱缩。移栽试验表明,南方土壤和基质比例超过3∶1时GY_C长出的新叶依然皱缩,而复种的盆栽中南方土壤和基质比例低于1∶8时GY_C叶片也会发生皱缩,且随着复种次数增加,皱叶程度有所增加。解剖观察皱叶材料的根、茎、叶柄未发现明显的虫害痕迹。-80,60,80,100和120℃处理的南方土壤中GY_C叶片不发生皱缩。综上所述,南方土壤中的微生物因素可能是导致大豆皱叶的关键因子。

Identification of Endophytic Bacillus BHL3501 from Wild Soybean and Its Inhibitory Effect against Soybean Cyst Nematode (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe)

[ Objective] The paper was to identify endophytic bacillus BHL3501 from wild soybean and its inhibitory effect against soybean cyst nematode. [ Meth- od] Through morphological characteristic, physiological and biochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA analysis, a strain of endophytic bacterium BHL3501 with ne- maticidal activity isolated and screened from the root of wild soybean was identified, the effects of BHL3501 metabolite solutions with different dilution multiples on egg hatching and activity of 2rd instar juvenile of soybean cyst nematode were also studied. [ Result ] BHL3501 strain was preliminarily identified to be Bacillus sp.. The relative inhibitory rate of its original fermentation broth on egg hatching of soybean cyst nematode after 24 h was 98.3% ; the relative inhibitory rate under 10- time diluted solution treatment was 79.5%, which had significant difference with sterile water control. The corrected mortality rate of 24 instar juvenile was 93.1% after treated by original fermentation broth for 24 h, the treatments of all diluted solutions had significant difference with sterile water control. [ Conclusion ] BHL3501 metabolites had strong inhibitory effect against egg hatching of soybean cyst nematode, which also had strong toxic effect on its 2nd instar juvenile.

The Study on the Heredity and Parental Correlation of the Oil Content of F_5 Generation at High-oil Content Soybean

[Objective]This paper aims to study the heredity and parental correlation of the oil content of the beginning of the generation at highoil content soybean.[Methods]Seven high yield or high-oil content soybean are selected and eight crosses are made according to the NCII design.[Results]The variation of oil content in F5 relates with the difference between parents.The more the differences between both parents have,the more variations of the oil content of F5 become.When the oil content of both parents are high,and the maturating time of them are very different,the probability of high-oil plant in F5 derived from these cross are high.The oil content of F5 generation has negative correlation with the different between both parents and has positive correlation with the oil content of male parent and significant positive correlation with the oil content of female parent and mid-parent.[Conclusions]This study result provide reference for the seedling of High-oil Content Soybean.

东北地区大豆种质资源萌发期耐盐性鉴定

为明确东北地区大豆种质资源萌发期耐盐特性,为大豆耐盐性品种选育提供优异亲本,本研究以主要来源于东北地区的348份大豆种质资源为供试材料,在恒温培养箱进行发芽试验,并选用150 mmol·L^(-1)NaCl溶液进行中度盐胁迫处理,测定发芽势、发芽率、芽长和根长,根据发芽率计算相对盐害率,确定耐盐等级并进行耐盐性评价,将筛选出的89份高耐材料使用210 mmol·L^(-1)NaCl溶液进行重度盐胁迫处理,以筛选出萌发期耐盐性稳定材料。结果发现:盐胁迫下各指标测量值与对照相比均明显下降,且各指标之间呈现显著或极显著相关。根据相对盐害率进行耐盐性评价,低盐胁迫下筛选到89份高耐材料,高盐胁迫下筛选到33份耐盐材料。本研究筛选出的33份大豆材料可为耐盐大豆品种培育及大豆耐盐机制解析提供重要基础材料。

东北寒旱区大豆-玉米间作种植模式技术优化

【目的】探索适宜东北寒旱区生态条件的大豆-玉米间作模式。【方法】采用单因素随机区组设计,设置优化前大豆-玉米行比2∶2模式(BO-S2∶M2)、4∶4模式(BO-S4∶M4)、4∶2模式(BO-S4∶M2)、6∶4模式(BO-S6∶M4),优化后大豆-玉米行比2∶2模式(AO-S2∶M2)、4∶4模式(AO-S4∶M4)6种处理,以单作大豆、单作玉米为对照,对各间作模式的生育进程、土地当量比、净效应、补偿效应、选择效应及经济效益进行分析。【结果】间作模式下,大豆生育期与单作大豆相比延迟2~3 d;各间作模式的土地当量比均大于1,与单作相比作物增产13%~36%;AO-S2∶M2模式净效应达到317.04 kg/hm^(2),显著高于其他模式(P<0.05);在各间作模式中,AO-S2∶M2模式的补偿效应最大,且显著高于BO-S2∶M2模式(P<0.05);与优化前相比,AO-S2∶M2模式选择效应增加了46.90%。AO-S2∶M2、AO-S4∶M4与单作玉米相比均表现为增收,分别增收38.16、9.33元/hm^(2);各间作模式与单作大豆相比均表现为增收,增幅为53.39~379.74元/hm^(2)。通过主成分分析对各间作模式综合评价,AO-S2∶M2模式综合评分最高(2.11),其次是AO-S4∶M4模式(0.62)。【结论】种植技术优化后的大豆-玉米2∶2、4∶4间作模式优势突出,其中优化后大豆-玉米行比2∶2模式间作优势最大,在东北寒旱区更具推广价值。

新时代中俄推进远东地区农业务实合作研究

中俄关系进入新时代,两国之间的贸易项目越发多样化,其中两国农贸合作引人注目。因为远东地区土地资源丰富,接近中国消费市场,又因俄罗斯政府的进口替代政策及转向东方政策,所以俄罗斯十分重视远东地区的农业开发。俄罗斯加大对远东地区的开发力度,将其视为未来的粮食出口中心。中国因为处于农业结构调整的进程中,也十分重视远东地区的农业开发,并向远东地区注资合作。两国恰好在农业领域需求互补,因此联合开发远东便提上日程。该文旨在悉数俄罗斯农业及远东地区农业的发展状况,分析中俄两国在远东地区的农业合作项目,并提出推动两国在远东地区进一步深化农业合作的建议。

东北黑土区小流域大豆产量空间分布及其影响因素

在东北典型黑土区嫩江市鹤山农场选择典型小流域,在耕地中布设了43个样点进行测产,并判定黑土层厚度、测定土壤理化性质,分析了小流域大豆生长和产量的空间分布特点及其影响因素.研究表明:1)小流域大豆产量变幅大,平均3014.5 kg·hm^(−2),变化范围为950.4~3782.4 kg·hm^(−2);2)大豆高产区分布在地势较低和地形平坦的区域,低产区与砂粒含量分布的高值区相关;3)大豆产量主要与黑土层厚度、机械组成、土壤密度、总孔隙度、水分常数、全量养分、碱解氮等具有显著相关性;4)提取4个主成分,第1主成分主要综合反映碱解氮、全氮、土壤密度的信息,第2主成分主要是由水分常数构成的综合性指标,第3主成分综合反映坡度、全钾、砾石比的信息,第4主成分中黏粒、全磷、砂粒为主要评价指标.

营养强国:儿童营养促进会与近代国人营养的改善

在民国后期生活条件艰苦和国人普遍营养不足的情况下,以营养强国为己任的儿童营养促进会,凭借自身的营养权威、专业知识和营养实务,为改善国人营养和提高中华民族的体质与健康水平做出了重要贡献。本文通过对儿童营养促进会改善国人营养工作的实证分析,认为向民众提供营养补助品、灌输科学的营养知识、制定合理的饮食营养标准以及指导民众日常膳食,是该项工作开展的主要途径与方式;而这些途径和方式不但使近代国人逐渐获得现代科学营养知识,而且促进了近代中国科学营养观念的形成,还为当今健康中国建设提供一定的历史借鉴。

商业组织的作用:近代东北地区商会兴起与豆货贸易发展(1891-1931)

近代东北地区豆货作为中国进出口贸易重要商品,其兴起与发展一直是经济史领域研究的重要内容。然而,尽管现有关于近代东北地区豆货贸易发展的讨论较多,但是对近代商业组织兴起与豆货贸易之间关系考察不足。因此,本文通过耙梳近代东北地区豆货贸易与商会设立相关史料,并且运用历史计量方法,就近代商会对东北豆货贸易的影响及影响路径进行考察。研究发现,近代商会不仅通过建立交易场所、推广新技术、调查贸易情况与直接参与交易等方法来推动豆货贸易的发展,而且分别从大豆种植、豆货加工与出口销售三个环节影响着豆货贸易。本文研究不仅为理解近代东北地区豆货贸易迅速发展提供了新的视角,而且也丰富了近代商会史研究的相关讨论。

Preparation of Compound Drinks of Jujube,Medlar and Soybean

[ Objective] The aim is to produce compound drinks of jujube, medlar and soybean. [Method] Taking jujube, medlar and soybeam as raw material, the technologies to process compound drinks were studied. The key working procedure was determined. Factors that influenced quali-ty of drinks were studied.[ Result] The best formula was： 30% ：30% ：30% of jujube： medlar： soybean. The color fixative of Vc was 0.02%. The ratio of materials and water was 1 ： 5 mg/ml. The addition of stabilizer xanthan was 0.20%. The addition of white crystal sugar was 6%. [ Conclu-slo] The sensual evaluation of the compound juice of jujube, medlar and soybean was good and the quality achieved national standard.

Preparation of Active Peptides from Corn and Soybean by Bi-enzyme Hydrolysis

[Objective] The aim was to study the optimal test condition for preparation of active peptides from corn and soybean by bi-enzyme hy- drolysis. [Metbod]Taking soybean peptide and corn peptide as materials, different concentrations of soy-corn protein isolate solution were pre- pared. Through pretreatment, and based on compound protease, flavor protease, neutral protease, papaya protease, pineapple hydrolysis, and by measuring the degree of hydrolysis activity and enzyme activity, tested enzyme was determined. Mixing two of those enzymes in certain proportion and by orthogonal test, the optimal condition of enzyme hydrolysis of a double was determined. [ Result] The optimal hydrolysis condition was 2% of substrate concentration, 1 ： 1of hydrolyze compound protease and flavor protease, and 8 h of hydrolysis time, 75.14% of DH. [ Condasien] The study provided a basis for the development and application of active peptides from corn and soybean by bi-enzyme hydrolysis.

多样化种植对土壤团聚体组成及其有机碳和全氮含量的影响

【目的】阐明东北黑土区禾本科与豆科作物多样化种植模式下土壤团聚体组成及其碳氮分布特征,为促进黑土地用养结合型种植制度优化提供理论依据与技术指导。【方法】田间试验于2016—2020年在中国农业科学院作物科学研究所公主岭试验站进行,设置玉米大豆间作(M/S)、玉米大豆轮作(M-S)、玉米花生间作(M/P)和玉米花生轮作(M-P)等多样化种植模式,以玉米连作(CM)常规种植模式为对照。2020年作物收获后采集0—20和20—40 cm土层土壤样品,分析多样化种植模式对土壤团聚体及其有机碳、全氮含量的影响。【结果】多样化种植有利于增加0—20和20—40 cm土层水稳性大团聚体(>0.25 mm)含量,降低黏粉粒(<0.053 mm)含量,4种多样化种植模式的土壤团聚体平均重量直径和平均几何直径均显著高于CM处理(P<0.05)。M/S和M-S处理0—20 cm土层>0.25 mm土壤团聚体比例分别比CM处理高17.6%和13.4%,M/S、M-S和M-P处理20—40 cm土层>0.25 mm土壤团聚体比例则分别比CM处理高10.4%、8.3%和10.5%。多样化种植增加了土壤大团聚体中有机碳和全氮含量,0—20 cm土层,M/S、M-S、M/P和M-P处理>2 mm土壤团聚体有机碳含量分别比CM处理高20.7%、24.3%、18.8%和17.8%;0—20 cm土层,M-S、M/P和M-P处理>2 mm土壤团聚体全氮含量分别比CM处理高13.0%、16.8%和14.8%。M-S和M/P处理0—20 cm土层>2 mm土壤团聚体有机碳和全氮对土壤总有机碳和全氮贡献率高于CM处理,而M/S和M-S处理<0.053 mm土壤团聚体有机碳和全氮对总有机碳和全氮的贡献率则低于CM处理。【结论】东北黑土区多样化种植提高了土壤大团聚体含量,降低了黏粉粒含量,增加了土壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳和全氮含量,有利于促进农田土壤碳氮固持。

浅析东北地区大豆生产现状与发展对策

为掌握东北地区大豆生产过程中存在问题和技术需求,文章对国家大豆产业技术体系综合试验站东北服务区所属4个省、11个综合试验站进行调研。调研内容包括服务区内大豆生产与副产品加工情况、生产中存在问题和技术需求及提高和发展大豆生产保障性建议。通过调研,掌握东北地区大豆生产现状及存在问题,提出大豆生产发展对策,旨在服务我国东北地区大豆产业发展,助力我国大豆产业振兴。

东北地区大豆单产空间分异特征及其影响因素分析

作为中国最重要的大豆主产区,东北地区的大豆生产成为解决大豆进出口产需问题的核心。明晰东北地区大豆单产空间分异特征及其影响因素,对于保卫“黑土粮仓”和夯实粮食安全“压舱石”具有重要意义。该研究基于谷歌地球引擎(Google Earth Engine,GEE)平台,采用多特征随机森林的分类方法,提取2022年大豆种植空间分布信息,结合多时相叶面积指数(leaf area index,LAI)数据与实测产量建立大豆估产模型,明晰区域大豆单产空间分异特征,运用地理探测器定量解析大豆单产空间分异特征的影响因素。结果表明:1)2022年东北地区大豆种植面积的总体提取精度达89.48%,Kappa系数为0.89,与统计数据之间的决定系数(R2)为0.92。大豆种植面积由北向南递减,大豆种植区主要分布于松嫩平原地区,重心位于绥化市。2)2022年东北地区大豆平均单产为2 514.08 kg/hm^(2),与实测产量之间的R2为0.72。大豆单产空间分布集聚性显著(P<0.01),呈现出北高南低的分布特征。3)土壤类型、土壤pH值和大豆补贴是解释大豆单产空间分异特征最重要的3种单因子,q值分别为0.27、0.24和0.24。年均降雨∩年均积温、年均降雨∩大豆补贴以及土壤类型∩大豆补贴是解释大豆单产空间分异特征最重要的3对交互因子,q值分别为0.44、0.40和0.40。人为因素对大豆单产差异影响显著(P<0.01),大豆补贴、大豆粮价、农业灌溉面积、农业机械总动力、肥料价格和文盲率的较佳影响范围分别为4 801~7 500元/hm^(2)、5 601~5 800元/t、13.6×10^(4)~26.4×10^(4)hm^(2)、252×10^(4)~436×10^(4)kW、2 500~2 602元/t以及1.4%~1.8%。东北地区大豆单产在空间上呈现由北向南递减的趋势,具有显著的空间异质性。大豆单产空间分异受自然因素与人为因素的共同影响,自然因素起主导作用,人为因素起调控作用。

气候变化背景下东北大豆种植区气候适宜性变化

东北地区是我国大豆主产区,该地区深受气候变化影响。厘清气候变化背景下的农业气候资源、农业气象灾害和大豆气候种植适宜性变化对指导大豆生产和扩种具有重要意义。通过利用最新气候态(1991-2020年)与旧气候态(1981-2010年)的数据,分析了农业气候资源、农业气象灾害和大豆种植气候适宜度的时空变化。结果发现:1)内蒙古东部、黑龙江西南部和东北部、吉林中西部等地大豆生长季≥10℃活动积温增加26~65℃·d,局部地区增加66~182℃·d;1981-2020年东北大豆的种植区生长季积温大部呈上升趋势。大豆生长季降水和日照变化呈现空间差异。2)东北大部分地区大豆生长季霜冻害日数减少;黑龙江大部和吉林西北部大豆生长季干旱天数减少,吉林中东部和辽宁大部干旱天数增加。3)内蒙古东部、黑龙江西部、吉林西部、辽宁西部和东部大豆种植气候适宜度提高,黑龙江中部和东部、吉林中部和东北部气候适宜度略下降。4)气象因子对大豆气候适宜度变化贡献率分析表明,日照变化是大豆气候适宜度变化的主要因素,其次是积温变化,降水变化对大豆气候适宜度变化贡献率最小。最新气候态下东北大部分地区大豆种植气候条件变好,可以充分利用温度资源,适当调整播期和品种,但从积温上升幅度看,不宜采取过激的跨积温带盲目种植。

中国进口巴西大豆的影响因素分析

对中国进口巴西大豆的主要影响因素进行分析,有助于稳定中巴大豆贸易,进而稳定中国大豆市场。文章着重从政府治理水平、经济发展水平、对外贸易开放度、国内大豆产量、汇率、中美贸易关系六个角度进行分析。总体来看,中国和巴西同为大经济体量的发展中国家,政治、经济环境稳定且对外贸易开放度高,从宏观角度说来对中国进口巴西大豆有着稳定的正向影响,并且国内大豆产量、汇率、中美贸易关系也会产生一定的影响。