Hypothetical Commercialization of Biotech Soybeans in China： Impacts on Domestic Markets and International Trade

China is the leading importer of soybeans in the world. If China adopts high yield biotech soybean varieties, China＇s soybean production would increase significantly and this would impact global soybean markets. This paper assesses the possible effects of adoption of herbicide-tolerant, biotech soybeans in China and its impact on the world soybean trade. Results indicate that under a low technology fee and high adoption rate, China would be able to satisfy its soybean food demand. Urban consumers＇ strong preference for non-biotech soybean oil may lead to increase in imports of non-biotech soybeans.

Genetically Modified Doubts Imported GM soybeans impact China’s local farmers and create food safety concerns

The cooking oil made from the imported soybeans does not contain transgenic proteins. So there will be no food safety threat.

Comparison of energy consumption and economic performance of organic and conventional soybean production——A case study from Jilin Province, China

Modern agriculture heavily depends on energy consumption, especially fossil energy, but intensive energy input increases the production cost for producers and results in environmental pollution.Organic agricultural production is considered a more sustainable system, but there is lack of scientific research on the energy consumption between organic and conventional systems in China.The analysis and comparison of energy use between the two systems would help decision-makers to establish economic, effective and efficient agricultural production.Thus, the objectives of the present study are to analyze energy inputs, outputs, energy efficiency, and economic benefits between organic and conventional soybean（Glycine max（L.） Merrill） production.A total of 24 organic farmers and 24 conventional farmers in Jilin Province, China, were chosen for investigation in 2010 production year.Total energy input was 71.55 GJ ha–1 and total energy output was 96.18 GJ ha–1 in the organic system, resulting in an energy efficiency（output/input） of 1.34.Total energy input was 9.37 GJ ha–1 and total energy output was 113.4 GJ ha–1 in the conventional system, resulting in the energy efficiency of 12.1.The huge discrepancy in energy inputs and respective efficiencies lies in the several times higher nutrient inputs in the organic compared to the conventional production system.Finally, the production costs ha–1 were 33% higher, and the net income ha–1 25% lower in the organic compared to the conventional soybean production system.It is recommended to improve fertilizer management in organic production to improve its energetic and economic performance.

The Research on Total Factor Productivity of Soybean in China

This paper uses the panel stochastic frontier model to study the total factor productivity of Chinese soybean.The research shows that the impact of direct cost and labor cost on yield is positive and significant,the impact of indirect cost on yield is not significant,and the impact of cash cost on yield improvement is negative.

Identification of Endophytic Bacillus BHL3501 from Wild Soybean and Its Inhibitory Effect against Soybean Cyst Nematode (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe)

[ Objective] The paper was to identify endophytic bacillus BHL3501 from wild soybean and its inhibitory effect against soybean cyst nematode. [ Meth- od] Through morphological characteristic, physiological and biochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA analysis, a strain of endophytic bacterium BHL3501 with ne- maticidal activity isolated and screened from the root of wild soybean was identified, the effects of BHL3501 metabolite solutions with different dilution multiples on egg hatching and activity of 2rd instar juvenile of soybean cyst nematode were also studied. [ Result ] BHL3501 strain was preliminarily identified to be Bacillus sp.. The relative inhibitory rate of its original fermentation broth on egg hatching of soybean cyst nematode after 24 h was 98.3% ; the relative inhibitory rate under 10- time diluted solution treatment was 79.5%, which had significant difference with sterile water control. The corrected mortality rate of 24 instar juvenile was 93.1% after treated by original fermentation broth for 24 h, the treatments of all diluted solutions had significant difference with sterile water control. [ Conclusion ] BHL3501 metabolites had strong inhibitory effect against egg hatching of soybean cyst nematode, which also had strong toxic effect on its 2nd instar juvenile.

The Study on the Heredity and Parental Correlation of the Oil Content of F_5 Generation at High-oil Content Soybean

[Objective]This paper aims to study the heredity and parental correlation of the oil content of the beginning of the generation at highoil content soybean.[Methods]Seven high yield or high-oil content soybean are selected and eight crosses are made according to the NCII design.[Results]The variation of oil content in F5 relates with the difference between parents.The more the differences between both parents have,the more variations of the oil content of F5 become.When the oil content of both parents are high,and the maturating time of them are very different,the probability of high-oil plant in F5 derived from these cross are high.The oil content of F5 generation has negative correlation with the different between both parents and has positive correlation with the oil content of male parent and significant positive correlation with the oil content of female parent and mid-parent.[Conclusions]This study result provide reference for the seedling of High-oil Content Soybean.

Preparation of Compound Drinks of Jujube,Medlar and Soybean

[ Objective] The aim is to produce compound drinks of jujube, medlar and soybean. [Method] Taking jujube, medlar and soybeam as raw material, the technologies to process compound drinks were studied. The key working procedure was determined. Factors that influenced quali-ty of drinks were studied.[ Result] The best formula was： 30% ：30% ：30% of jujube： medlar： soybean. The color fixative of Vc was 0.02%. The ratio of materials and water was 1 ： 5 mg/ml. The addition of stabilizer xanthan was 0.20%. The addition of white crystal sugar was 6%. [ Conclu-slo] The sensual evaluation of the compound juice of jujube, medlar and soybean was good and the quality achieved national standard.

Preparation of Active Peptides from Corn and Soybean by Bi-enzyme Hydrolysis

[Objective] The aim was to study the optimal test condition for preparation of active peptides from corn and soybean by bi-enzyme hy- drolysis. [Metbod]Taking soybean peptide and corn peptide as materials, different concentrations of soy-corn protein isolate solution were pre- pared. Through pretreatment, and based on compound protease, flavor protease, neutral protease, papaya protease, pineapple hydrolysis, and by measuring the degree of hydrolysis activity and enzyme activity, tested enzyme was determined. Mixing two of those enzymes in certain proportion and by orthogonal test, the optimal condition of enzyme hydrolysis of a double was determined. [ Result] The optimal hydrolysis condition was 2% of substrate concentration, 1 ： 1of hydrolyze compound protease and flavor protease, and 8 h of hydrolysis time, 75.14% of DH. [ Condasien] The study provided a basis for the development and application of active peptides from corn and soybean by bi-enzyme hydrolysis.

南方土壤中导致大豆皱叶的因子分析

为找出南方大豆皱叶症发生的诱因,本研究从南方土壤中非生物因素和生物因素两个角度进行探索研究。利用混池法和ICP-OES技术研究正常叶混池和皱叶混池的差异元素,利用构建的皱叶残留异质系中皱叶家系材料GY_C和正常叶家系材料GY_N,采用单因素随机区组试验设计,研究皱叶土壤的不同土层、营养液、灰烬、叶浆,进行土壤浸泡液、土壤消毒、氮肥等处理后大豆皱叶材料皱叶症的变化。结果表明:皱叶环境土壤的表层、中层和底层土均可导致GY_C叶片皱缩,中层土中的GY_C叶片皱缩程度略高于表层和底层土。氮磷钾配比失衡的营养液处理GY_C叶片未发生皱缩。ICP-OES分析皱叶混池E 1和正常叶混池E 0的31种元素后,未发现E 1/E 0比值为1.7倍以上的元素,且E 1中锰元素含量低于E 0。皱叶灰烬及土壤浸泡液处理基质后GY_C叶片未发生皱缩。移栽试验表明,南方土壤和基质比例超过3∶1时GY_C长出的新叶依然皱缩,而复种的盆栽中南方土壤和基质比例低于1∶8时GY_C叶片也会发生皱缩,且随着复种次数增加,皱叶程度有所增加。解剖观察皱叶材料的根、茎、叶柄未发现明显的虫害痕迹。-80,60,80,100和120℃处理的南方土壤中GY_C叶片不发生皱缩。综上所述,南方土壤中的微生物因素可能是导致大豆皱叶的关键因子。

东北地区大豆种质资源萌发期耐盐性鉴定

为明确东北地区大豆种质资源萌发期耐盐特性,为大豆耐盐性品种选育提供优异亲本,本研究以主要来源于东北地区的348份大豆种质资源为供试材料,在恒温培养箱进行发芽试验,并选用150 mmol·L^(-1)NaCl溶液进行中度盐胁迫处理,测定发芽势、发芽率、芽长和根长,根据发芽率计算相对盐害率,确定耐盐等级并进行耐盐性评价,将筛选出的89份高耐材料使用210 mmol·L^(-1)NaCl溶液进行重度盐胁迫处理,以筛选出萌发期耐盐性稳定材料。结果发现:盐胁迫下各指标测量值与对照相比均明显下降,且各指标之间呈现显著或极显著相关。根据相对盐害率进行耐盐性评价,低盐胁迫下筛选到89份高耐材料,高盐胁迫下筛选到33份耐盐材料。本研究筛选出的33份大豆材料可为耐盐大豆品种培育及大豆耐盐机制解析提供重要基础材料。

气候因子对东北地区大豆生产的影响效应分析

为了定量、动态、精细地评估气候因子对大豆产量的影响,本文选取东北地区1980—2021年182个气象站5月中旬至9月下旬的旬平均气温、旬降水量、旬日照时数及大豆产量数据,基于正交多项式、积分回归原理,以旬为时间尺度,建立了基于气候因子的大豆产量动态评估模型,阐明了气候因子对大豆生产的影响效应及其贡献。结果表明:大豆营养生长期,旬平均气温、降水量、日照时数对东北地区大豆影响的产量变率,旬平均气温对吉林省大豆产量的影响最大,为-4.88~12.02 kg·hm^(-2);旬降水量对辽宁省大豆产量的影响最大,为-7.51~2.38 kg·hm^(-2);旬日照时数对黑龙江省大豆产量的影响最大,为-2.60~2.68 kg·hm^(-2)。大豆营养和生殖生长并进期,气温对黑龙江省大豆产量的影响为显著正效应、对吉林省和辽宁省的影响为负显著效应,黑龙江省和辽宁省旬降水量影响为显著负效应,旬日照时数影响均为负效应,黑龙江省旬平均气温对产量的影响幅度最大,为3.67~11.19 kg·hm^(-2)。大豆生殖生长期,旬平均气温、旬降水量、旬日照时数对大豆产量影响变率排序为:旬平均气温对其产量影响变率最大的是黑龙江省,为-11.20~7.11 kg·hm^(-2),旬降水量和旬日照时数对其产量影响变率最大的是辽宁省,分别为-6.66~2.84 kg·hm^(-2)、-2.66~1.49 kg·hm^(-2)。可见,基于正交多项式和积分回归方法,可动态、定量评估气候因子对大豆生产的影响效应,研究结论可为指导大豆生产提供科学依据。

东北寒旱区大豆-玉米间作种植模式技术优化

【目的】探索适宜东北寒旱区生态条件的大豆-玉米间作模式。【方法】采用单因素随机区组设计,设置优化前大豆-玉米行比2∶2模式(BO-S2∶M2)、4∶4模式(BO-S4∶M4)、4∶2模式(BO-S4∶M2)、6∶4模式(BO-S6∶M4),优化后大豆-玉米行比2∶2模式(AO-S2∶M2)、4∶4模式(AO-S4∶M4)6种处理,以单作大豆、单作玉米为对照,对各间作模式的生育进程、土地当量比、净效应、补偿效应、选择效应及经济效益进行分析。【结果】间作模式下,大豆生育期与单作大豆相比延迟2~3 d;各间作模式的土地当量比均大于1,与单作相比作物增产13%~36%;AO-S2∶M2模式净效应达到317.04 kg/hm^(2),显著高于其他模式(P<0.05);在各间作模式中,AO-S2∶M2模式的补偿效应最大,且显著高于BO-S2∶M2模式(P<0.05);与优化前相比,AO-S2∶M2模式选择效应增加了46.90%。AO-S2∶M2、AO-S4∶M4与单作玉米相比均表现为增收,分别增收38.16、9.33元/hm^(2);各间作模式与单作大豆相比均表现为增收,增幅为53.39~379.74元/hm^(2)。通过主成分分析对各间作模式综合评价,AO-S2∶M2模式综合评分最高(2.11),其次是AO-S4∶M4模式(0.62)。【结论】种植技术优化后的大豆-玉米2∶2、4∶4间作模式优势突出,其中优化后大豆-玉米行比2∶2模式间作优势最大,在东北寒旱区更具推广价值。

新时代中俄推进远东地区农业务实合作研究

中俄关系进入新时代,两国之间的贸易项目越发多样化,其中两国农贸合作引人注目。因为远东地区土地资源丰富,接近中国消费市场,又因俄罗斯政府的进口替代政策及转向东方政策,所以俄罗斯十分重视远东地区的农业开发。俄罗斯加大对远东地区的开发力度,将其视为未来的粮食出口中心。中国因为处于农业结构调整的进程中,也十分重视远东地区的农业开发,并向远东地区注资合作。两国恰好在农业领域需求互补,因此联合开发远东便提上日程。该文旨在悉数俄罗斯农业及远东地区农业的发展状况,分析中俄两国在远东地区的农业合作项目,并提出推动两国在远东地区进一步深化农业合作的建议。

东北黑土区小流域大豆产量空间分布及其影响因素

在东北典型黑土区嫩江市鹤山农场选择典型小流域,在耕地中布设了43个样点进行测产,并判定黑土层厚度、测定土壤理化性质,分析了小流域大豆生长和产量的空间分布特点及其影响因素.研究表明:1)小流域大豆产量变幅大,平均3014.5 kg·hm^(−2),变化范围为950.4~3782.4 kg·hm^(−2);2)大豆高产区分布在地势较低和地形平坦的区域,低产区与砂粒含量分布的高值区相关;3)大豆产量主要与黑土层厚度、机械组成、土壤密度、总孔隙度、水分常数、全量养分、碱解氮等具有显著相关性;4)提取4个主成分,第1主成分主要综合反映碱解氮、全氮、土壤密度的信息,第2主成分主要是由水分常数构成的综合性指标,第3主成分综合反映坡度、全钾、砾石比的信息,第4主成分中黏粒、全磷、砂粒为主要评价指标.

商业组织的作用:近代东北地区商会兴起与豆货贸易发展(1891-1931)

近代东北地区豆货作为中国进出口贸易重要商品,其兴起与发展一直是经济史领域研究的重要内容。然而,尽管现有关于近代东北地区豆货贸易发展的讨论较多,但是对近代商业组织兴起与豆货贸易之间关系考察不足。因此,本文通过耙梳近代东北地区豆货贸易与商会设立相关史料,并且运用历史计量方法,就近代商会对东北豆货贸易的影响及影响路径进行考察。研究发现,近代商会不仅通过建立交易场所、推广新技术、调查贸易情况与直接参与交易等方法来推动豆货贸易的发展,而且分别从大豆种植、豆货加工与出口销售三个环节影响着豆货贸易。本文研究不仅为理解近代东北地区豆货贸易迅速发展提供了新的视角,而且也丰富了近代商会史研究的相关讨论。

营养强国:儿童营养促进会与近代国人营养的改善

在民国后期生活条件艰苦和国人普遍营养不足的情况下,以营养强国为己任的儿童营养促进会,凭借自身的营养权威、专业知识和营养实务,为改善国人营养和提高中华民族的体质与健康水平做出了重要贡献。本文通过对儿童营养促进会改善国人营养工作的实证分析,认为向民众提供营养补助品、灌输科学的营养知识、制定合理的饮食营养标准以及指导民众日常膳食,是该项工作开展的主要途径与方式;而这些途径和方式不但使近代国人逐渐获得现代科学营养知识,而且促进了近代中国科学营养观念的形成,还为当今健康中国建设提供一定的历史借鉴。

中国大豆(Glycine max)核心种质构建Ⅰ.取样方法研究

以 2 3 587份中国栽培大豆为试验材料 ,根据农艺性状 ,用 2 0种方法构建了大豆初级核心种质 ,对 3种分层法、3种确定取样数法和 2种个体选择法进行了比较 ,明确了栽培大豆核心种质构建的适宜取样方法和取样比例。不同取样方法与总体都进行了品种分类数、各性状符合度、数量性状平均数、各性状多样性指数方差和平均品种距离共 5个指标的比较分析 ,结果表明 ,三层次取样方法 (品种分类法 )对总体的代表性优于二层次或一层次取样法 ,按比例和平方根确定取样数方法对总体的代表性优于多样性指数法 ,聚类选择的方法对总体的代表性优于随机选择方法。在 2 0种方法不同取样比例条件下 ,方法 17的平均品种距离降低幅度大于方法 15。因此 ,利用品种分类法进行分层 ,用比例法确定取样数目 ,根据聚类结果进行个体选择的方法 15是构建大豆初级核心种质的最佳方法。用最佳方法构建的初级核心种质 ,比较不同取样比例的品种平均距离 ,确定品种平均距离由缓慢降低到明显降低点 (9.0 % )

中国大豆育成品种品质性状的演变

自1923年采用系统育种方法育成黄宝珠和金大332至2000年,中国共育成大豆品种840余个。本文将中国大豆育种的历史分为3个阶段。第一阶段(1923-1950,共28年)育成大豆品种20个,平均蛋白质含量41.0%,脂肪含量20.6%;第二阶段(1951-1980,共30年)育成品种245个,蛋白质平均含量40.76%,脂肪含量20.15%;第三阶段(1981-2000,共20年)育成品种576个(统计到品质性状数据的有563个),平均蛋白质含量42.04%,脂肪含量19.77%。本文对第三阶段育成品种的品质分4个时期("六五"一"九五")进行重点分析,发现蛋白质含量以"八五"期间育成的品种为最高,110个品种蛋白质含量的平均值为42.8%,其中国审品种10个,平均含量44.36%。脂肪含量以"六五"期间选育的品种为最高,96个品种脂肪的平均含量为20.10%,其中17个国审品种的平均含量为20.73%。"六五"一"九五"期间,在3大产区中,蛋白质含量以南方大豆品种为最高,44个品种平均含量达43.81%,比北方春大豆高2.81个百分点。脂肪含量以北方春大豆品种为高,220个品种平均含量为20.0%。113个黄淮海夏大豆品种的平均蛋白质含量为43.04%,高于北方春大豆,略低于南方大豆;脂肪含量低于北方春大豆,略高于南方大豆。经过20年的努力,3大产区产量逐步提高,其中,北方春大豆提高了12.1%,黄淮海夏大豆提高了7.

改变普通大豆生物学特性提高大豆产量的研究Ⅱ.中国扁茎大豆的生物学特性

中国扁茎大豆是个不稳定的分离群体。与普通大豆品种相比较，节数较多，节间较短，叶数较多，叶柄较短。群体中也有与美国扁茎大豆相似的顶端花序类型，开花结荚密集，但植株中下部仍然有大量花序。中国扁茎大豆可能是吉林２０号大豆品种的突变体。

转基因大豆发展及中国大豆产业对策

为探讨中国商业化种植转基因大豆的可行性,利用公布的统计数据,系统分析了全球大豆主产国转基因大豆的发展及中国种植转基因大豆可能存在的问题。结果表明:1)1996—2004年,美国、阿根廷和巴西转基因大豆种植率分别从2%、1.7%和0增至85%、98%和22%。2)美国和阿根廷转基因大豆快速发展的主要原因是种植转基因大豆可使杂草管理便利化和高效率。3)可能存在问题是:提高单产和增加利润存在不确定性;中国是大豆原产地并具有独特的消费结构,而转基因大豆生物安全和食品安全隐患会对中国大豆产业产生重大影响;中国生产转基因大豆缺乏竞争优势。因此建议:继续禁止在中国商业化种植转基因大豆。