The rheological properties of South China Sea (SCS) crude oil were studied. A group of synthetic long-chain polymers, including octadecyl acrylate-maleic anhydride bidodecyl amide copolymer (VR-D), octadecyl acryl...The rheological properties of South China Sea (SCS) crude oil were studied. A group of synthetic long-chain polymers, including octadecyl acrylate-maleic anhydride bidodecyl amide copolymer (VR-D), octadecyl acrylate-maleic anhydride bioctadecyl amide copolymer (VR-O) and octadecyl acrylate-maleic anhydride phenly amide copolymer (VR-A), were employed to serve as viscosity reducers (VRs). Their performance was evaluated by both experimental and computational methodologies. The results suggest that the SCS crude oil has low wax content yet high resin and asphaltene contents, which lead to high viscosity through formation of association structures. Additionally, the SCS crude oil appears to be a pseudoplastic fluid showing linear shear stress-shear rate dependence at low temperature. Interestingly, it gradually evolves into a Newtonian fluid with exponential relationship between shear stress and shear rate at higher temperature. Synthetic VRs demonstrate desirable and effective performance on improvement of the rheological properties of SCS crude oil. Upon the introduction of 1000ppm VR-O, which is synthesized by using octadecylamine in the aminolysis reaction, the viscosity of SCS crude oil is decreased by 44.2% at 15 ℃ and 40.2% at 40℃. The computational study suggests significant energy level increase and shear stress decrease for VR-containing crude oil systems.展开更多
Active layer is a key component for permafrost environment studies as many subsurface biological,biogeochemical,ecological,and pedogenic activities prevail in this layer.This study focuses on active layer temperature ...Active layer is a key component for permafrost environment studies as many subsurface biological,biogeochemical,ecological,and pedogenic activities prevail in this layer.This study focuses on active layer temperature monitoring in an area with sporadic permafrost at two adjacent sites along China-Russia Crude Oil Pipeline(CRCOP),NorthEast China.Site T1 is located in disturbed ground on the right-of-way(on-ROW)2 m away from the center of the oil pipeline.T2 is located in a natural and undisturbed site,around 16.6 m off-ROW.Our objective was to study seasonal variability of the active layer depth and thermal regime from October 2017 to September 2018.The monitoring sites consist of soil temperature probes arranged in a vertical array at different depths at both sites.The following parameters were computed:number of isothermal days(ID),freezing days(FD),thawing days(TD),freezing degree days(FDD),thawing degree days(TDD),number of freeze-thaw days(FTD).The mean air temperature in the monitoring period reached-3.2℃.The temperature profile indicates that the maximum active layer thickness observed during the study period was 10 m at T1 and 2 m at T2.The majority of the soil temperatures were above or close to 0℃,resulting in great values of TDD,especially in the first 4 m depth.TDD for T1 were predominant and ranged between 600-1160℃·days(0-4 m depth)reflecting the influence of oil temperature from the pipeline.In T2 borehole FDD were predominant for all the soil layer depths resulting in less permafrost degradation.This comparison emphasizes the significant influence of vegetation removal and the dispersed heat from the pipeline on the active layer thickness.展开更多
The diversity of sandstone diagenesis mechanisms caused by the complex geological conditions of oil/gas basins in China could hardly be reasonably explained by the traditional concept of burial diagenesis. Three genes...The diversity of sandstone diagenesis mechanisms caused by the complex geological conditions of oil/gas basins in China could hardly be reasonably explained by the traditional concept of burial diagenesis. Three genesis types of thermal diagenesis, tectonic diagenesis and fluid diagenesis are presented on the basis of the dynamic environment of the oil/gas basins and.the controlling factors and mechanisms of sandstone diagenesis. Thermal diagenesis of sandstone reservoirs is related not only to the effect of formation temperature on diagenesis, but also to the significant changes in diagenesis caused by geothermal gradients. The concept of thermal compaction is presented. Thermal compaction becomes weaker with increasing depth and becomes stronger at a higher geothermal gradient. At the same formation temperature, the sandstone porosity in the region with a lower geothermal gradient is e^0.077+0.0042T times higher than that in the region with a higher geothermal gradient. Both sudden and gradual changes are observed in diagenetic evolution caused by structural deformation. Average sandstone compaction increased by 0.1051% for every 1.0MPa increase of lateral tectonic compressional stress, while late tectonic napping helped to preserve a higher porosity of underlying sandstone reservoir. Fluid diagenesis is a general phenomenon. The compaction caused by fluid properties is significant. The coarser the grain size, the stronger the fluid effect on compaction. The greater the burial depth, the weaker the fluid effect on compaction for the specific reservoir lithology and the greater the difference in the fluid effects on compaction between different grain sizes.展开更多
The unconventional oil and gas resources presented in oil shales have meant these potential sources of hydrocarbons,which has become a research focus. China contains abundant oil shale resources,ranking fourth in the ...The unconventional oil and gas resources presented in oil shales have meant these potential sources of hydrocarbons,which has become a research focus. China contains abundant oil shale resources,ranking fourth in the world,with ca. 7 254. 48 × 10~8 t within 24 provinces,including 48 basins and 81 oil shale deposits. About 48% of the total oil shale resources are concentrated in the eastern resource region,with a further 22% in the central resource region. 65% of the total quantity of oil shale resources is present at depths of 0-500 m,with 17% of the total resources being defined as high-quality oil shales yielding more than 10% oil by weight.Chinese oil shale resources are generally hosted by Mesozoic sediments that account for 78% of the total resources. In terms of the geographical distribution of these resources,some 45% are located in plain regions,and different oil shale basins have various characteristics. The oil shale resources in China represent a highly prospective future source of hydrocarbons. These resources having potential use not only in power generation and oil refining but also in agriculture,metal and chemical productions,and environmental protection.展开更多
China is now beginning its 13th five-year guideline. As the top CO2 emitter, China has recently submitted the intended nationally determined contributions and made the commitment to start reducing its total carbon emi...China is now beginning its 13th five-year guideline. As the top CO2 emitter, China has recently submitted the intended nationally determined contributions and made the commitment to start reducing its total carbon emissions in or before 2030. In this study, a bottom-up energy system model is built and applied to analyze the energy (mainly coal, oil, and gas) consumption and carbon emissions in China up to 2030. The results show that, the total energy consumption will reach a peak of 58.1 billion tonnes of standard coal and the CO2 emissions will get to 105.8 billion tonnes. Moreover, in the mitigation scenario, proportion of natural gas consumption will increase by 7 % in 2020 and 10 % in 2030, respectively. In the trans- portation sector, gasoline and diesel consumption will gradually decrease, while the consumption of natural gas in 2030 will increase by 2.7 times compared to the reference scenario. Moreover, with the promotion of electric cars, the transport electricity consumption will increase 3.1 times in 2030 compared to the reference scenario. In order to fulfill the emission peaking target, efforts should be made from both the final demand sectors and oil and gas production industries, to help adjust the energy structure and ensure the oil and gas supply in future.展开更多
Intelligent well system is the well that has a set of equipment fixed in the down hole including sensing devices, data transmission system and operating devices for information acquiring, data gathering and decision a...Intelligent well system is the well that has a set of equipment fixed in the down hole including sensing devices, data transmission system and operating devices for information acquiring, data gathering and decision analysis. By this remote control process, the smart well system can ultimately optimize well deliverability; it is used more and more often in oil fields with its stability and control technique. At present, the main intelligent well systems in the worm include SCRAMS, Direct Hydraulic, Digital Hydraulic that belongs to WellDynamics Company, InForce and InCharge that belongs to Baker Oil Tools Company, RMC that belongs to Schlumberger Company. This paper compares different types of systems and their characteristics, recommending the InCharge system as the intelligent well system for East China Sea Oil Field according to its geological and reservoir conditions.展开更多
In recent years,U.S.tight oil exploration and development have achieved significant progress,with rapidly increasing production,which has significantly changed the U.S.A.energy supply pattern(Fig.1).Compared with th...In recent years,U.S.tight oil exploration and development have achieved significant progress,with rapidly increasing production,which has significantly changed the U.S.A.energy supply pattern(Fig.1).Compared with the North American marine to marginal marine-continental transitional facies,China’s tight oil(Fig.1)展开更多
The permafrost along the China-Russia Crude Oil Pipeline(CRCOP) is degrading since the pipeline operation in 2011. Heat dissipated from the pipeline, climate warming and anthropogenic activities leads to permafrost wa...The permafrost along the China-Russia Crude Oil Pipeline(CRCOP) is degrading since the pipeline operation in 2011. Heat dissipated from the pipeline, climate warming and anthropogenic activities leads to permafrost warming. The processes of permafrost warming along the CRCOP were studied based on the monitoring of air and soil temperatures, and electrical resistivity tomography(ERT) surveys. Results show that:(1) the mean annual air temperature(MAAT) in permafrost regions along the CRCOP increased with a rate of 0.21°C/10a–0.40°C/10 a during the past five decades;(2) the mean annual ground temperature(MAGT, at-15 m depth) of undisturbed permafrost increased by 0.2°C and the natural permafrost table remained unchanged due to the zero-curtain effect;(3) permafrost surrounding the uninsulated pipeline right-of-way warmed significantly compared with that in a natural site. During 2012–2017, the MAGT and the artificial permafrost table, 2 m away from the pipeline centerline, increased at rates of 0.063°C/a and 1.0 m/a. The thaw bulb developed around the pipe and exhibits a faster lateral expansion;(4) 80-mm-thick insulation could reduce the heat exchange between the pipeline and underlying permafrost and then keep the permafrost and pipe stable. The MAGT and the artificial permafrost table, 4.8 m away from the center line of the pipeline, increased by 0.3°C/a and 0.43 m/a, respectively. Due to the heat disturbance caused by warm oil, the degradation of wetland, controlled burn each autumn and climate warming, the permafrost extent reduced and warmed significantly along the CRCOP route. Field observations provide basic data to clarify the interactions between CRCOP and permafrost degradation and environmental effects in the context of climate change.展开更多
On-site monitoring is very important for understanding formation mechanisms of frost hazards frequently occurring in pipeline foundation soils and for designing and deploying according mitigative measures in permafros...On-site monitoring is very important for understanding formation mechanisms of frost hazards frequently occurring in pipeline foundation soils and for designing and deploying according mitigative measures in permafrost regions.Significant thaw subsidence of ground surfaces along the ChinaRussia Crude Oil Pipeline(CRCOP) from Mo'he to Daqing,Heilongjiang Province,Northeast China have been observed at some segments underlain by ice-rich warm(>1.0°C) permafrost since the official operation in January 2011.Recent monitoring results of the thermal states of foundation soils at the kilometer post(KP) 304 site along the CRCOP are presented in this paper.The results indicate that during the period from 2012 to 2014,shallow soils(at the depths from0.8 to 4.0 m from ground surface) has warmed by approximately 1.0°C in the lateral range of 1.2 to 2.1 maway from the pipeline axis,and deeper permafrost(such as at the depth of 15 m,or the depth of zero annual amplitude of ground temperatures) by 0.08°C per year 4 m away from the pipe axis,and 0.07°C per year 5 m away from the pipeline axis.The results indicate an all-season talik has developed around and along the CRCOP.The thaw bulb,with a faster lateral expansion(compared with the vertical growth),enlarges in summer and shrinks in winter.This research will provide important references and bases for evaluating thermal influences of warm pipeline on permafrost and for design,construction,operation and maintenance of pipelines in permafrost regions.展开更多
An oil spill forecast system for of fshore China was developed based on Visual C++. The oil spill forecast system includes an ocean environmental forecast model and an oil spill model. The ocean environmental forecast...An oil spill forecast system for of fshore China was developed based on Visual C++. The oil spill forecast system includes an ocean environmental forecast model and an oil spill model. The ocean environmental forecast model was designed to include timesaving methods, and comprised a parametrical wind wave forecast model and a sea surface current forecast model. The oil spill model was based on the "particle method" and fulfi lls the prediction of oil particle behavior by considering the drifting, evaporation and emulsifi cation processes. A specifi c database was embedded into the oil spill forecast system, which contained fundamental information, such as the properties of oil, reserve of emergency equipment and distribution of marine petroleum platform. The oil spill forecast system was successfully applied as part of an oil spill emergency exercise, and provides an operational service in the Research and Development Center for Off shore Oil Safety and Environmental Technology.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to study on the high-valued utilization of China Fir sawdust extracted essential oil.[Method] In the field of fir essential oil extraction,the processed China fir sawdust was used to prepare lo...[Objective] The aim was to study on the high-valued utilization of China Fir sawdust extracted essential oil.[Method] In the field of fir essential oil extraction,the processed China fir sawdust was used to prepare low-valued products.The high-valued utilization of China fir sawdust extracted essential oil(CFSEEO),namely as a precursor to prepare granular activated carbons(GACs),was attempted.The materials were characterized by ultimate analysis,SEM and XRD.[Rusult] A butane working capacity(BWC)of 14.3 g/100 ml was obtained by using the GACs with apparent density of 0.25 g/ml.It was available to introduce the technology of extracting essential oil from the China fir sawdust(CFS)in the industrial production process of activated carbons with high BWC(12.0-16.5 g/100 ml)and high surface area(2 000-2 630 m2/g)using phosphoric acid based on previous studies of the authors.[Conclusion] The resulting carbon prepared with the raw materials containing lower moisture exhibited a better property on n-butane adsorption.展开更多
Rosemary(Rosmarius officinalis L.), an endemic plant species in south region of China, is traditionally used as a spice. In this research, the anti-inflammatory activities of essential oil and the antibacterial activi...Rosemary(Rosmarius officinalis L.), an endemic plant species in south region of China, is traditionally used as a spice. In this research, the anti-inflammatory activities of essential oil and the antibacterial activities of ethanol extraction were determined, respectively. Results showed that based on the GC-MS analysis there were 35 kinds of active ingredients in the essential oil in totally, mainly including D-limonene(24.158 ml/L), α-Pinene(23.325 ml/L), Camphor(9.855 ml/L),Camphene(7.076 ml/L), Verbenone(6.685 ml/L), Borneol(5.580 ml/L), etc. The LCUV determination indicated that the main components in the ethanol extractionwere rosmarinic acid(3 910 mg/kg) and carnosic acid(2 970 mg/kg). By mice peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis of chicken erythrocytes experiment, the essential oil of rosemary was shown having a significant role in anti-inflammation. And the ethanol extraction had broad-spectrum antibacterial effects, but had no effect on mold by the agar diffusion method of 8 bacteria. As a result, both rosemary essential oil and ethanol extraction had good potential medicinal values.展开更多
With the frequent fluctuations of international crude oil prices and China's increasing dependence on foreign oil in recent years, the volatility of international oil prices has significantly influenced China domesti...With the frequent fluctuations of international crude oil prices and China's increasing dependence on foreign oil in recent years, the volatility of international oil prices has significantly influenced China domestic refined oil price. This paper aims to investigate the transmission and feedback mechanism between international crude oil prices and China's refined oil prices for the time span from January 2011 to November 2015 by using the Granger causality test, vector autoregression model, impulse response function and variance decomposition methods. It is demonstrated that variation of international crude oil prices can cause China domestic refined oil price to change with a weak feedback effect. Moreover, international crude oil prices and China domestic refined oil prices are affected by their lag terms in positive and negative directions in different degrees. Besides, an international crude oil price shock has a signif- icant positive impact on domestic refined oil prices while the impulse response of the international crude oil price variable to the domestic refined oil price shock is negatively insignificant. Furthermore, international crude oil prices and domestic refined oil prices have strong historical inheri- tance. According to the variance decomposition analysis, the international crude oil price is significantly affected by its own disturbance influence, and a domestic refined oil price shock has a slight impact on international crude oil price changes. The domestic refined oil price variance is mainly caused by international crude oil price disturbance, while the domestic refined oil price is slightly affected by its own disturbance. Generally, domestic refined oil prices do not immediately respond to an international crude oil price change, that is, there is a time lag.展开更多
The cold-region eco-environments along the China-Russia Crude Oil Pipeline (CRCOP) in northern Northeast China are in disequilibrium due to the combined influences of pronounced climate warming and intensive anthropog...The cold-region eco-environments along the China-Russia Crude Oil Pipeline (CRCOP) in northern Northeast China are in disequilibrium due to the combined influences of pronounced climate warming and intensive anthropogenic activities.This is evidenced by the sharp areal reduction and northward shifting of the boreal forests,shrinking of wetlands,enhancing of soil erosion,accelerating degradation of permafrost and deteriorating of cold-region eco-environments.The degradation of permafrost plays an important role as an internal drive in the eco-environmental changes.Many components of the cold-region eco-environments,including frozen ground,forests,wetlands and peatlands,forest fires and 'heating island effect' of rapid urbanization,are interdependent,interactive,and integrated in the boreal ecosystems.The construction and long-term operation of the CRCOP system will inevitably disturb the cold-region environments along the pipeline.Therefore,a mandatory and carefully-elaborated environ-mental impact statement is indispensable for the proper mitigation of the ensued adverse impacts.Proper management,effective protection and practical rehabilitation of the damaged cold-region environments are a daunting,costly and long-term commitment.The recommended measures for protection and restoration of permafrost eco-environments along the pipeline route include adequate investigation,assessment and monitoring of permafrost and cold-region environments,compliance of pipeline construction and operation codes for environmental management,proper and timely re-vegetation,returning the cultivated lands to forests and grasslands,and effective mitigation of forest fire hazards.展开更多
Concerns about China’s energy security have escalated because of the country’s high dependency on oil and gas imports, so it is necessary to calculate the availability of domestic oil and gas resources and China’s ...Concerns about China’s energy security have escalated because of the country’s high dependency on oil and gas imports, so it is necessary to calculate the availability of domestic oil and gas resources and China’s ability to obtain foreign energy through trade. In this work,the calculation was done by using the energy return on investment(EROI) method. The results showed that the EROIstnd(i.e., standard EROI) of China’s oil and gas extraction decreased from approximately 17.3:1 in 1986 to 8.4:1 in 2003, but it increased to 12.2:1 in 2013. From a company-level perspective, the EROIstnddiffered for different companies and was in the range of(8–12):1. The EROI2,d(EROI considering energy outputs after processed and direct energy inputs) for different companies was in the range of(3–7):1. The EROI of imported oil(EROIIO)declined from 14.8:1 in 1998 to approximately 4.8:1 in 2014, and the EROI of imported natural gas(EROIING)declined from 16.7:1 in 2009 to 8.6:1 in 2014. In 2015, the EROIIO and EROIING showed a slight increase due to decreasing import prices. In general, this paper suggests that from a net energy perspective, it has become more difficult for China to obtain oil and gas from both domestic production and imports. China is experiencing an EROI decline, which demonstrates the risk in the use of unsustainable fossil resources.展开更多
Media reports of China surpassing the United States as the world’s biggest oil importer as shown by data from a U.S.government agency were somewhat overrated.Recently published data by the U.S.Energy Information Admi...Media reports of China surpassing the United States as the world’s biggest oil importer as shown by data from a U.S.government agency were somewhat overrated.Recently published data by the U.S.Energy Information Administration(EIA)showed that net imports of the United States and China stood at 6.24 million and 6.3million barrels per day in September of 2013,respectively.The EIA further forecast that China will start overtaking the United States by October 2013 on a monthly basis and by 2014 on an annual basis in terms of net oil imports.展开更多
On December 2,2017,the 2^(nd) Seminaron the Development Strategy of China‘s Oil and Gas Resources was held in Beijing.This seminar was hosted by the Strategic Research Center for Oil and Gas Resources,Ministry of Lan...On December 2,2017,the 2^(nd) Seminaron the Development Strategy of China‘s Oil and Gas Resources was held in Beijing.This seminar was hosted by the Strategic Research Center for Oil and Gas Resources,Ministry of Land(MLR)and Resources and sponsored by both the CNOOC Exploration Department and the School of Ocean and Earth Sciences of Tongji University.With the theme of"deepwater and deep-layer oil and gas resources and development strategy",the展开更多
基金financially supported by the Training Program of the Major Research Plan of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant no.91634112)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(grant no.16ZR1408100)+2 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(grant no.22A201514010)the Open Project of State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering(SKL-Ch E-16C01)the institutional funds from the Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering at Washington State University
文摘The rheological properties of South China Sea (SCS) crude oil were studied. A group of synthetic long-chain polymers, including octadecyl acrylate-maleic anhydride bidodecyl amide copolymer (VR-D), octadecyl acrylate-maleic anhydride bioctadecyl amide copolymer (VR-O) and octadecyl acrylate-maleic anhydride phenly amide copolymer (VR-A), were employed to serve as viscosity reducers (VRs). Their performance was evaluated by both experimental and computational methodologies. The results suggest that the SCS crude oil has low wax content yet high resin and asphaltene contents, which lead to high viscosity through formation of association structures. Additionally, the SCS crude oil appears to be a pseudoplastic fluid showing linear shear stress-shear rate dependence at low temperature. Interestingly, it gradually evolves into a Newtonian fluid with exponential relationship between shear stress and shear rate at higher temperature. Synthetic VRs demonstrate desirable and effective performance on improvement of the rheological properties of SCS crude oil. Upon the introduction of 1000ppm VR-O, which is synthesized by using octadecylamine in the aminolysis reaction, the viscosity of SCS crude oil is decreased by 44.2% at 15 ℃ and 40.2% at 40℃. The computational study suggests significant energy level increase and shear stress decrease for VR-containing crude oil systems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NNSFC)(No.41672310)Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA2003020102)+4 种基金China’s Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(2019QZKK0905)the NNSFC(Nos.U1703244 and 41630636)National Key Research and Development Program(2017YFC0405101)the Major Program of Bureau of International Cooperation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(131B62KYSB20170012)Foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering(No.SKLFSE-ZY-20)。
文摘Active layer is a key component for permafrost environment studies as many subsurface biological,biogeochemical,ecological,and pedogenic activities prevail in this layer.This study focuses on active layer temperature monitoring in an area with sporadic permafrost at two adjacent sites along China-Russia Crude Oil Pipeline(CRCOP),NorthEast China.Site T1 is located in disturbed ground on the right-of-way(on-ROW)2 m away from the center of the oil pipeline.T2 is located in a natural and undisturbed site,around 16.6 m off-ROW.Our objective was to study seasonal variability of the active layer depth and thermal regime from October 2017 to September 2018.The monitoring sites consist of soil temperature probes arranged in a vertical array at different depths at both sites.The following parameters were computed:number of isothermal days(ID),freezing days(FD),thawing days(TD),freezing degree days(FDD),thawing degree days(TDD),number of freeze-thaw days(FTD).The mean air temperature in the monitoring period reached-3.2℃.The temperature profile indicates that the maximum active layer thickness observed during the study period was 10 m at T1 and 2 m at T2.The majority of the soil temperatures were above or close to 0℃,resulting in great values of TDD,especially in the first 4 m depth.TDD for T1 were predominant and ranged between 600-1160℃·days(0-4 m depth)reflecting the influence of oil temperature from the pipeline.In T2 borehole FDD were predominant for all the soil layer depths resulting in less permafrost degradation.This comparison emphasizes the significant influence of vegetation removal and the dispersed heat from the pipeline on the active layer thickness.
文摘The diversity of sandstone diagenesis mechanisms caused by the complex geological conditions of oil/gas basins in China could hardly be reasonably explained by the traditional concept of burial diagenesis. Three genesis types of thermal diagenesis, tectonic diagenesis and fluid diagenesis are presented on the basis of the dynamic environment of the oil/gas basins and.the controlling factors and mechanisms of sandstone diagenesis. Thermal diagenesis of sandstone reservoirs is related not only to the effect of formation temperature on diagenesis, but also to the significant changes in diagenesis caused by geothermal gradients. The concept of thermal compaction is presented. Thermal compaction becomes weaker with increasing depth and becomes stronger at a higher geothermal gradient. At the same formation temperature, the sandstone porosity in the region with a lower geothermal gradient is e^0.077+0.0042T times higher than that in the region with a higher geothermal gradient. Both sudden and gradual changes are observed in diagenetic evolution caused by structural deformation. Average sandstone compaction increased by 0.1051% for every 1.0MPa increase of lateral tectonic compressional stress, while late tectonic napping helped to preserve a higher porosity of underlying sandstone reservoir. Fluid diagenesis is a general phenomenon. The compaction caused by fluid properties is significant. The coarser the grain size, the stronger the fluid effect on compaction. The greater the burial depth, the weaker the fluid effect on compaction for the specific reservoir lithology and the greater the difference in the fluid effects on compaction between different grain sizes.
基金Supported by the Ministry of Education of China Grants(OSR-1-03)
文摘The unconventional oil and gas resources presented in oil shales have meant these potential sources of hydrocarbons,which has become a research focus. China contains abundant oil shale resources,ranking fourth in the world,with ca. 7 254. 48 × 10~8 t within 24 provinces,including 48 basins and 81 oil shale deposits. About 48% of the total oil shale resources are concentrated in the eastern resource region,with a further 22% in the central resource region. 65% of the total quantity of oil shale resources is present at depths of 0-500 m,with 17% of the total resources being defined as high-quality oil shales yielding more than 10% oil by weight.Chinese oil shale resources are generally hosted by Mesozoic sediments that account for 78% of the total resources. In terms of the geographical distribution of these resources,some 45% are located in plain regions,and different oil shale basins have various characteristics. The oil shale resources in China represent a highly prospective future source of hydrocarbons. These resources having potential use not only in power generation and oil refining but also in agriculture,metal and chemical productions,and environmental protection.
基金funded by the Project supported by China National Petroleum Corporation(Project Name:The development trend of oil and gas industry till 2030Project Number:20150114)
文摘China is now beginning its 13th five-year guideline. As the top CO2 emitter, China has recently submitted the intended nationally determined contributions and made the commitment to start reducing its total carbon emissions in or before 2030. In this study, a bottom-up energy system model is built and applied to analyze the energy (mainly coal, oil, and gas) consumption and carbon emissions in China up to 2030. The results show that, the total energy consumption will reach a peak of 58.1 billion tonnes of standard coal and the CO2 emissions will get to 105.8 billion tonnes. Moreover, in the mitigation scenario, proportion of natural gas consumption will increase by 7 % in 2020 and 10 % in 2030, respectively. In the trans- portation sector, gasoline and diesel consumption will gradually decrease, while the consumption of natural gas in 2030 will increase by 2.7 times compared to the reference scenario. Moreover, with the promotion of electric cars, the transport electricity consumption will increase 3.1 times in 2030 compared to the reference scenario. In order to fulfill the emission peaking target, efforts should be made from both the final demand sectors and oil and gas production industries, to help adjust the energy structure and ensure the oil and gas supply in future.
文摘Intelligent well system is the well that has a set of equipment fixed in the down hole including sensing devices, data transmission system and operating devices for information acquiring, data gathering and decision analysis. By this remote control process, the smart well system can ultimately optimize well deliverability; it is used more and more often in oil fields with its stability and control technique. At present, the main intelligent well systems in the worm include SCRAMS, Direct Hydraulic, Digital Hydraulic that belongs to WellDynamics Company, InForce and InCharge that belongs to Baker Oil Tools Company, RMC that belongs to Schlumberger Company. This paper compares different types of systems and their characteristics, recommending the InCharge system as the intelligent well system for East China Sea Oil Field according to its geological and reservoir conditions.
文摘In recent years,U.S.tight oil exploration and development have achieved significant progress,with rapidly increasing production,which has significantly changed the U.S.A.energy supply pattern(Fig.1).Compared with the North American marine to marginal marine-continental transitional facies,China’s tight oil(Fig.1)
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program(2016YFC0802103)the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDA2003020102)+3 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants Nos.U1703244,41672310,41630636 and 41702333)the Research Project of the State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soils Engineering(Grant No.SKLFSE-ZY-16)the Major Program of Bureau of International Cooperation of CAS(131B62KYSB20170012)the STS research project of CAS(HHS-TSS-STS-1502)
文摘The permafrost along the China-Russia Crude Oil Pipeline(CRCOP) is degrading since the pipeline operation in 2011. Heat dissipated from the pipeline, climate warming and anthropogenic activities leads to permafrost warming. The processes of permafrost warming along the CRCOP were studied based on the monitoring of air and soil temperatures, and electrical resistivity tomography(ERT) surveys. Results show that:(1) the mean annual air temperature(MAAT) in permafrost regions along the CRCOP increased with a rate of 0.21°C/10a–0.40°C/10 a during the past five decades;(2) the mean annual ground temperature(MAGT, at-15 m depth) of undisturbed permafrost increased by 0.2°C and the natural permafrost table remained unchanged due to the zero-curtain effect;(3) permafrost surrounding the uninsulated pipeline right-of-way warmed significantly compared with that in a natural site. During 2012–2017, the MAGT and the artificial permafrost table, 2 m away from the pipeline centerline, increased at rates of 0.063°C/a and 1.0 m/a. The thaw bulb developed around the pipe and exhibits a faster lateral expansion;(4) 80-mm-thick insulation could reduce the heat exchange between the pipeline and underlying permafrost and then keep the permafrost and pipe stable. The MAGT and the artificial permafrost table, 4.8 m away from the center line of the pipeline, increased by 0.3°C/a and 0.43 m/a, respectively. Due to the heat disturbance caused by warm oil, the degradation of wetland, controlled burn each autumn and climate warming, the permafrost extent reduced and warmed significantly along the CRCOP route. Field observations provide basic data to clarify the interactions between CRCOP and permafrost degradation and environmental effects in the context of climate change.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation Program of China on"Formation mechanisms and mitigative measures for thaw settlement of foundation soils of the China-Russia Crude Oil Pipeline"(Grant No.41171055)the State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soils Engineering Research Projects of China on"Monitoring on thaw settlement of permafrost around the China-Russia Crude Oil Pipeline"(Grant No.SKLFSE-ZY-11)and"Research on isotope tracing and radar detection of permafrost along the China-Russia Crude Oil Pipeline route"(Grant No.SKLFSE-201302)
文摘On-site monitoring is very important for understanding formation mechanisms of frost hazards frequently occurring in pipeline foundation soils and for designing and deploying according mitigative measures in permafrost regions.Significant thaw subsidence of ground surfaces along the ChinaRussia Crude Oil Pipeline(CRCOP) from Mo'he to Daqing,Heilongjiang Province,Northeast China have been observed at some segments underlain by ice-rich warm(>1.0°C) permafrost since the official operation in January 2011.Recent monitoring results of the thermal states of foundation soils at the kilometer post(KP) 304 site along the CRCOP are presented in this paper.The results indicate that during the period from 2012 to 2014,shallow soils(at the depths from0.8 to 4.0 m from ground surface) has warmed by approximately 1.0°C in the lateral range of 1.2 to 2.1 maway from the pipeline axis,and deeper permafrost(such as at the depth of 15 m,or the depth of zero annual amplitude of ground temperatures) by 0.08°C per year 4 m away from the pipe axis,and 0.07°C per year 5 m away from the pipeline axis.The results indicate an all-season talik has developed around and along the CRCOP.The thaw bulb,with a faster lateral expansion(compared with the vertical growth),enlarges in summer and shrinks in winter.This research will provide important references and bases for evaluating thermal influences of warm pipeline on permafrost and for design,construction,operation and maintenance of pipelines in permafrost regions.
基金Supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(863 Program)(No.2013AA09A506)NSFCShandong Joint Fund for Marine Science Research Centers(No.U1406404)
文摘An oil spill forecast system for of fshore China was developed based on Visual C++. The oil spill forecast system includes an ocean environmental forecast model and an oil spill model. The ocean environmental forecast model was designed to include timesaving methods, and comprised a parametrical wind wave forecast model and a sea surface current forecast model. The oil spill model was based on the "particle method" and fulfi lls the prediction of oil particle behavior by considering the drifting, evaporation and emulsifi cation processes. A specifi c database was embedded into the oil spill forecast system, which contained fundamental information, such as the properties of oil, reserve of emergency equipment and distribution of marine petroleum platform. The oil spill forecast system was successfully applied as part of an oil spill emergency exercise, and provides an operational service in the Research and Development Center for Off shore Oil Safety and Environmental Technology.
基金Supported by "11th five year" National Science and Technology Support Project Grants(2009BADB1B03)Forestry Public Welfare Industry Special(201004051)
文摘[Objective] The aim was to study on the high-valued utilization of China Fir sawdust extracted essential oil.[Method] In the field of fir essential oil extraction,the processed China fir sawdust was used to prepare low-valued products.The high-valued utilization of China fir sawdust extracted essential oil(CFSEEO),namely as a precursor to prepare granular activated carbons(GACs),was attempted.The materials were characterized by ultimate analysis,SEM and XRD.[Rusult] A butane working capacity(BWC)of 14.3 g/100 ml was obtained by using the GACs with apparent density of 0.25 g/ml.It was available to introduce the technology of extracting essential oil from the China fir sawdust(CFS)in the industrial production process of activated carbons with high BWC(12.0-16.5 g/100 ml)and high surface area(2 000-2 630 m2/g)using phosphoric acid based on previous studies of the authors.[Conclusion] The resulting carbon prepared with the raw materials containing lower moisture exhibited a better property on n-butane adsorption.
基金Department of Fermentation Research of Institute of Bio-engineering from Henan University of Technology for providing strains and Key Scientific Research Project of Henan province in China (No.102102310027) for financial support
文摘Rosemary(Rosmarius officinalis L.), an endemic plant species in south region of China, is traditionally used as a spice. In this research, the anti-inflammatory activities of essential oil and the antibacterial activities of ethanol extraction were determined, respectively. Results showed that based on the GC-MS analysis there were 35 kinds of active ingredients in the essential oil in totally, mainly including D-limonene(24.158 ml/L), α-Pinene(23.325 ml/L), Camphor(9.855 ml/L),Camphene(7.076 ml/L), Verbenone(6.685 ml/L), Borneol(5.580 ml/L), etc. The LCUV determination indicated that the main components in the ethanol extractionwere rosmarinic acid(3 910 mg/kg) and carnosic acid(2 970 mg/kg). By mice peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis of chicken erythrocytes experiment, the essential oil of rosemary was shown having a significant role in anti-inflammation. And the ethanol extraction had broad-spectrum antibacterial effects, but had no effect on mold by the agar diffusion method of 8 bacteria. As a result, both rosemary essential oil and ethanol extraction had good potential medicinal values.
基金support from the Key Project of National Social Science Foundation of China (NO. 13&ZD159)
文摘With the frequent fluctuations of international crude oil prices and China's increasing dependence on foreign oil in recent years, the volatility of international oil prices has significantly influenced China domestic refined oil price. This paper aims to investigate the transmission and feedback mechanism between international crude oil prices and China's refined oil prices for the time span from January 2011 to November 2015 by using the Granger causality test, vector autoregression model, impulse response function and variance decomposition methods. It is demonstrated that variation of international crude oil prices can cause China domestic refined oil price to change with a weak feedback effect. Moreover, international crude oil prices and China domestic refined oil prices are affected by their lag terms in positive and negative directions in different degrees. Besides, an international crude oil price shock has a signif- icant positive impact on domestic refined oil prices while the impulse response of the international crude oil price variable to the domestic refined oil price shock is negatively insignificant. Furthermore, international crude oil prices and domestic refined oil prices have strong historical inheri- tance. According to the variance decomposition analysis, the international crude oil price is significantly affected by its own disturbance influence, and a domestic refined oil price shock has a slight impact on international crude oil price changes. The domestic refined oil price variance is mainly caused by international crude oil price disturbance, while the domestic refined oil price is slightly affected by its own disturbance. Generally, domestic refined oil prices do not immediately respond to an international crude oil price change, that is, there is a time lag.
基金funding from the Chinese Academy of Sciences Knowledge Innovation Program (Grant No. KZCX2-YW-311)the Chinese Academy of Sciences 100-Talents Program (HuiJun Jin)
文摘The cold-region eco-environments along the China-Russia Crude Oil Pipeline (CRCOP) in northern Northeast China are in disequilibrium due to the combined influences of pronounced climate warming and intensive anthropogenic activities.This is evidenced by the sharp areal reduction and northward shifting of the boreal forests,shrinking of wetlands,enhancing of soil erosion,accelerating degradation of permafrost and deteriorating of cold-region eco-environments.The degradation of permafrost plays an important role as an internal drive in the eco-environmental changes.Many components of the cold-region eco-environments,including frozen ground,forests,wetlands and peatlands,forest fires and 'heating island effect' of rapid urbanization,are interdependent,interactive,and integrated in the boreal ecosystems.The construction and long-term operation of the CRCOP system will inevitably disturb the cold-region environments along the pipeline.Therefore,a mandatory and carefully-elaborated environ-mental impact statement is indispensable for the proper mitigation of the ensued adverse impacts.Proper management,effective protection and practical rehabilitation of the damaged cold-region environments are a daunting,costly and long-term commitment.The recommended measures for protection and restoration of permafrost eco-environments along the pipeline route include adequate investigation,assessment and monitoring of permafrost and cold-region environments,compliance of pipeline construction and operation codes for environmental management,proper and timely re-vegetation,returning the cultivated lands to forests and grasslands,and effective mitigation of forest fire hazards.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.71273277)the Philosophy and Social Sciences Major Research Project of the Ministry of Education(No.11JZD048)
文摘Concerns about China’s energy security have escalated because of the country’s high dependency on oil and gas imports, so it is necessary to calculate the availability of domestic oil and gas resources and China’s ability to obtain foreign energy through trade. In this work,the calculation was done by using the energy return on investment(EROI) method. The results showed that the EROIstnd(i.e., standard EROI) of China’s oil and gas extraction decreased from approximately 17.3:1 in 1986 to 8.4:1 in 2003, but it increased to 12.2:1 in 2013. From a company-level perspective, the EROIstnddiffered for different companies and was in the range of(8–12):1. The EROI2,d(EROI considering energy outputs after processed and direct energy inputs) for different companies was in the range of(3–7):1. The EROI of imported oil(EROIIO)declined from 14.8:1 in 1998 to approximately 4.8:1 in 2014, and the EROI of imported natural gas(EROIING)declined from 16.7:1 in 2009 to 8.6:1 in 2014. In 2015, the EROIIO and EROIING showed a slight increase due to decreasing import prices. In general, this paper suggests that from a net energy perspective, it has become more difficult for China to obtain oil and gas from both domestic production and imports. China is experiencing an EROI decline, which demonstrates the risk in the use of unsustainable fossil resources.
文摘Media reports of China surpassing the United States as the world’s biggest oil importer as shown by data from a U.S.government agency were somewhat overrated.Recently published data by the U.S.Energy Information Administration(EIA)showed that net imports of the United States and China stood at 6.24 million and 6.3million barrels per day in September of 2013,respectively.The EIA further forecast that China will start overtaking the United States by October 2013 on a monthly basis and by 2014 on an annual basis in terms of net oil imports.
文摘On December 2,2017,the 2^(nd) Seminaron the Development Strategy of China‘s Oil and Gas Resources was held in Beijing.This seminar was hosted by the Strategic Research Center for Oil and Gas Resources,Ministry of Land(MLR)and Resources and sponsored by both the CNOOC Exploration Department and the School of Ocean and Earth Sciences of Tongji University.With the theme of"deepwater and deep-layer oil and gas resources and development strategy",the