Comparison of Cancer Incidence between China and the USA

Objective The incidence of cancer varies around the globe,especially between less-developed and developed regions.The aim of this study is to explore differences in cancer incidence between China and the USA. Methods Data were obtained from the GLOBOCAN 2008 database.Estimated numbers of new cancer cases in the USA were obtained from the American Cancer Society,while the numbers of cases in China,including those in urban and rural areas,were obtained from 36 cancer registries(2003-2005).Cancer incidence for major sites between China and the USA were analyzed. Results In China,lung cancer was the predominant type of cancer detected in males;in females,breast cancer was the main type of cancer.Gastrointestinal cancers,such as those of the liver,stomach,and esophagus,were more commonly seen in China than in the USA.A significant difference in the incidence of melanoma of the skin was observed between China and the USA.During comparison of differences in the age-standardized rates by world population(ASRWs) of major cancer sites between the two countries,4 sites in males(i.e.,nasopharynx,esophagus,stomach,and liver) and 6 sites in females(i.e.,nasopharynx,esophagus,stomach,liver, gallbladder,and cervix uteri) showed higher cancer incidence rates in China than in the USA. Conclusions Significant differences in cancer incidence sites were found between the two countries.Cancer may be prevented through public education and awareness.Programs to promote cancer prevention in China,especially those of the lung,breast,and gastrointestinal region,must also be implemented.

ON PHYTOGEOGRAPHICAL AFFINITIES OF THE FOREST FLORAS BETWEEN EAST CHINA AND JAPAN

The flora of the eastern China is the main part of Sino-Japaners floristic region. It shows from the analysis and comparison that the floristic relation of East China with Japan is closer than that with northeast China and Korea. The similarity indices of genera and species of seed plants in the two regions are very high, being 72.6% and 43.3% respectively. The structure and species composition of broad-leaval evergreen forests in the two regions are also similar, and there exist many corresponding communities, such as the forests of Castanopsis carlesii and C. sieboldii. Many plants in East China are conspecific with there in Japan, such as Cercidiphyllum japonicum, Magnolia sieboldii, Nandina domestica etc. Though the genera of Ginkgo, Liriodendron, Sassafras etc. existing now in China are extinct from Japan, their fossils have been discovered from the Tertiary strata in Japan. It seems to indicate that the phytogeographical affinities between East China and Japan are closer in ancient the than it is now, and both of the forest floras originated from the same flora. The flora in Japan did not evolve independently until it separated from Chinese continent and drifted northeastwards in the late period of the Tertiary.

Temporal variation of gravity-field in North China before and after the 2011 Japan Mw9. 0 earthquake

By using absolute and relative-gravity data recorded by the gravity network in North China, we obtained some large-scale and high-spatial-resolution images of gravity variation in this area for the first time. By analyzing these images, we found that the gravity in Liaodong peninsula area showed an obvious increase of 80 × 10^-8ms^-2 during about one- and-half year before the 2011 Japan Mwg. 0 earthquake, and a rapid decrease after the earthquake. This gravity variation is similar to that observed previously for the 1976 Tangshan 1147.8 earthquake.

Impact of Autumn SST in the Japan Sea on Winter Rainfall and Air Temperature in Northeast China

We studied the impact of sea surface temperature anomaly(SSTA) in the Japan Sea and the sea area east of Japan on the winter rainfall and air temperature in Northeast(NE) China using the singular value decomposition(SVD) and empirical orthogonal function(EOF). The monthly-mean rainfall data observed at 160 stations in China, monthly-mean sea surface temperature(SST) of the Hadley Center for Climate Prediction and Research and monthly-mean air temperature from the NCEP reanalysis during 1960–2011 were used. Correlation analysis indicates that the SSTAs in the Japan Sea in September may last for three or four months and are an important index for forecasting the winter rainfall and air temperature in NE China. Positive SSTAs in the central Japan Sea and in the sea area east of Tokyo correspond to positive rainfall anomaly and negative air temperature anomaly in NE China. With the rise of SST in the Japan Sea, a weak cyclone appears over the Japan Sea. The northeasterly wind transports water vapor from the Okhotsk to NE China, resulting in more rainfall and lower air temperature. Negative SSTA years are accompanied by warmer air temperature and less snow in NE China. The 1000 h Pa geopotential height anomaly and wind anomaly fields are simulated by IAP-9L model, which supports the analysis results.

Comparative Study on the E-waste Recycling Systems in Japan and China

This study aims to identify processes, current situations and issues of recycling systems for four home appliances, namely, air conditioners, television receivers, refrigerators, and washing machines, among e-wastes in China and Japan for understanding and comparison of their characteristics. In accordance with results of a literature search, review of information disclosed online, and questionnaire survey conducted, the findings of this study are summarized in the following two points： （1） The results show that in Japan most of the home appliances mentioned above have been collected through home appliance recycling tickets, resulting in an issue of ＂requiring some effort＂ in treatment and recycling stages, and most plants have contracted out their e-waste recycling; （2） It is found out that advantages of the recycling system in Japan include easiness to monitor concrete data and thorough environmental friendliness ensured while its disadvantages include illegal dumping and export. It becomes apparent that advantages of the recycling system in China include a high reuse rate, low treatment cost, and fewer illegal dumping while its disadvantages include less safe reused products, environmental pollution caused by e-waste treatment, illegal import and difficulty in obtaining data.

Changes in Spatiotemporal Land Use Patterns in Selected Hydrogeomorphic Areas of China and the USA

Differences exist in land use/cover pattern and its change between the P. R. China and the USA. In order to describe those differences, land use changes in representative regions were quantitatively analyzed and compared. Xiamen City, Changzhutan region and Liupan Mountains regions were selected to represent three different hydrogeomorphic areas of eastern, central, and western China, respectively, while the Goodwin Creek Experimental Watershed (GCEW) located in the north-central part of Mississippi in the bluff hills just east of the Mississippi River floodplain was chosen in the USA. By integrating historical Landsat TM imagery and geographical information system data, the spatiotemporal land use dynamics and conversion of land use in China and the USA between 1980 and 2010 were explored and compared. Results indicated an urban sprawl in eastern and central China, which encroached upon large amount of cropland, forest land and grassland. On the other hand, western China reclaimed cropland from grassland, forest land, which led to severe soil erosion between 1990 and 2000. Goodwin Creek Watershed of the USA converted 73.3% of the lost cropland into forest land, pasture and idle land, which accounted for about 90% in 2010. Further, counter-urbanization occurs in the GCEW due to favorable eco-environment for living. Compared with the land dynamic degree of the GCEW, eastern China is greater than it;western China is smaller than it while central China is almost equal to it. And the land use intensity index of GCEW is smaller than that of China all these years. Eastern China advocated ecological civilization in 2007 to meet the serious challenges of sustainable development. Western China started the Return of Land from Farming to Forestry and Grassland Project in 2000. The Changzhutan region in central China is served as the resource-saving and environment-friendly community in 2007, which will be favorable for the sustainable land utilization and protection of ecology. From the eco-environmental view, China might use the experience of USA for future reference.

The journey,gain,and thought from engaging in the research of Chinese herbal medicines in China,Japan,and United States

<正>Since early 80s of last century,Chinese herbal medicines focused on the isolation and structural identification of active/chemical compounds have being investigated,started the journey from Henan College of Traditional Chinese Medicine.After one year(1985~1986) advanced study in Prof.Jingxi Xie's laboratory in the

Visualizing Patterns and Differences in Fine Particulate Matter(PM2.5) Research Between the USA and China over Last 25 Years: A Bibliometric Analysis

To reveal patterns in scientific research results and compare differences in studies on fine particulate matter (PM_(2.5)) between China and the USA, 6608 publications from 1992 to 2016 were collected from the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-E)databaseandanalyzedbybibliometrics.Histcite^(TM), Bib Excel1.0.0.0, Net Draw and VOSviewer were used for statistical and visual analysis during this study. Publication outputs, journals, institutions, authors and author keywords were all analyzed to identify publication patterns, research hotspots and research trends. Based on this study, the number of publications produced in future years is expected to be at least twice that in 2016. The number of publications in China and the USA increased annually from 1992 through2014, promoted by improved social and economic conditions. Gross domestic product (GDP) was significantly positively correlated with the number of annual articles published in China and the USA (p<0.05). Through comparative analysis, it was observed that the output of publications in the USA before 2014 was larger than that in China. The total output of PM2.5-related publications in China increased rapidly and far exceeded that in the USA after 2014. It is predicted that the leading region for research on PM2.5 in the future would be China. Analysis of author keywords indicated that"chemical composition"and"source allocation"were the main research hotspots in China and the USA. This research on exposure would be valuable in the future because of the pollution problem in China.Moreover, patterns and differences in scientific outcomes were revealed in this study and this study might provide potential guidelines for future research and management.

Factors associated with the nurses’intent to stay in China,Japan,and Korea:an integrative review

Objective:Nurse’s dimission and attrition are globally considered as a public health issue.However,few studies have focused on the nurse shortage from the perspective of intent to stay,as previous studies have focused only on why they left.The purpose of this study was to conduct an integrative review of the factors connected with why nurses in China,Japan,and Korea stay in their current workplace.Methods:The review was done using three databases namely CNKI,Wanfang,and Web of science.The relevant studies published by Chinese,Japanese,and Koreans from 2010 were also included in this review.Literature screening and data extraction were performed by the two researchers,and the qualitative research methods were used for analysis.Results:A total of 17 studies were analyzed in this review and of these two were qualitative and 15 were quantitative.Three themes and six sub-themes emerged from the synthesization of the data of 17 studies,which will help us to find the factors for nurses’intent to stay.The three aspects such as professional characteristics,nurses’individual characteristics,and organizational factors are the main contributing factors of nurses’intent to stay.Conclusions:This integrated review has thrown some important factors about nurses’intent to stay.It is increasingly clear that when(1)nurses have a good professional status,(2)nurses could enjoy a good working relationship,(3)the workplace could meet the needs of personal development,and(4)nurses have good organizational support and excellent leaders,they are inclined to stay in their current jobs.Managers need to adopt targeted measures to improve nurses’intent to stay and to provide a practical reference for health care institutions and managers in different countries and areas to increase the retention rate of nurses and to alleviate the current situation of nurse shortage.

Analysis of Economic Cooperation between China, USA, Japan, and ASEAN

Since China’s Belt and Road Initiative was introduced,the rapid development of China–ASEAN economic cooperation has aroused suspicion from the United States and Japan,nations that have been cooperating with Southeast Asia for a long time.Through comparative analysis,this paper draws a conclusion that the cooperation between China and ASEAN has rapidly grown in trade volume,tourism,infrastructure construction,and other fields,but its advantages in some fields are not yet apparent,and there is no evidence of crowding out the United States and Japan overall.The United States and Japan have been adjusting policies toward ASEAN in a targeted manner,while ASEAN countries do not completely depend on China,establishing a balance in foreign economic cooperation between great powers.Therefore,the economic cooperation between China,the United States,Japan,and ASEAN is experiencing a dynamic adjustment process in long-term competition that is unlikely to lead to exclusive monopoly circumstances.

Comparison of Minimum Energy Performance Standards (MEPS) Programs in the USA and China

Abstract： Nowadays energy saving and environmental protection are crucial issues in the international society. One of the best solutions for both issues is to improve energy efficiency. To improve energy efficiency, it is commonly recognized by both standards and energy sectors that Minimum Energy Performance Standards （MEPS） could play an important role . China and the USA, the top two energy consumption countries in the world, both have adopted MEPS program to address the problem of energy conservation and environmental protection. This paper analyzes and compares the two countries＇ MEPS programs from a historical and legal context, examining the role of different stakeholders in the process,the process, the outcomes by standards,and then makes some recommendations for both sides.

The Rise of Women’s Education and the Modernity of East Asia:Focusing on the Education of“Virtuous Wives and Worthy Mothers”in China and Japan

This year marks the 50th anniversary of the normalization of diplomatic relations between China and Japan.Looking back on the past and forward to the future,we realize modernity has become a critical issue that not only China and Japan,but the whole East Asian region should pay attention to.China and Japan are both within the“Circle of Confucius Culture”and are both modern latecomer countries.As they were coerced by western countries to enter the modern age,they shared multiple common features.An exploration of the two countries’respective rising of modern women’s education is an important path to discuss the reconstruction of gender and an important method of the course of the embodiment of east-Asian women into modernization drives.With regards to conclusion,entering the modern age,Chinese and Japanese intellectuals reshaped the female gender in terms of interpersonal relationship,value system,and knowledge structure by advocating the idea of“virtuous wives and worthy mothers”education.In the concept of virtuous wives and worthy mothers in East Asia,the Confucian ethics of“docility and virtue”is the soul,and modern scientific knowledge serves this core value.On the other hand,in the course of localization in China and Japan,this imported concept from the West has encountered a completely different historical fate.

Differences between China and Japan in the Eyes of Winners of the First Essay Contest on China-Japan Friendship

The First Essay Contest on China-Japan Friendship jointly held by Japan-China Society and Chinese Association for International Understanding was successfully organized from April to July 2016.According to the selection of 8 review

Building a Bridge Connecting the Hearts of People in Japan and China

At the time marking the 40th anniversary of the normalization of Japan-China diplomatic relationship the public show of Hiroshima Kagura was successfully staged in China. As the sponsor on the Japanese side, first of all, I would like to express

An Inquiry into the Approach to Asian Regional Trade Integration Under the Belt and Road Initiative——The Case of the Alignment of a China-Japan-South Korea Free Trade Area

It has been five years since the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) was first introduced. Though there has been a growing body of literature on regional cooperation between covered countries, Japan and South Korea have been barely discussed. This paper starts with the consensus-based mechanism of a China-Japan-South Korea Free Trade Area (FTA) to probe the approach of its alignment with the BRI in terms of the sequence of “master plans,”“viability of cooperation,” and “embedding of rules.” This inquiry found that the three countries have a shared interest in cooperation in Central Asia to which China prefers a pragmatic approach, while Japan and South Korea an approach combining idealism with pragmatism. Given the huge potential of cooperation between the trio, it is suggested that a “Central Asia chapter” be incorporated in the negotiation framework of this trilateral FTA, and that the design feature three aspects;fundamental principles, specific rules, and an executive body with a view to functionally contributing to regional trade integration in Asia. This approach may also be applied to the alignment of other Asian areas with the BRI.

The Adjustment of the Abe Administration's Policy on China and Its Limits

The adjustment of the Abe administration's foreign policy on China from tension toward détente was achieved through the combination of internal and external factors such as the China School within the Japanese ruling coalition, Japan's business community and US economic protectionism. Starting from the promotion of bilateral interaction by means of the China-Japan Ruling Party Exchange Mechanism to discussing the feasibility of China-Japan economic and trade cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI), and influenced by US trade protectionism in particular, the Abe administration decided to implement foreign policy that would ease tensions between China and Japan,claiming that China-Japan relations"has entered the era of coordination from that of competition."The adjustment of the Abe administration's China policy is still tactical, and it remains uncertain whether Japan can adhere to the spirit of the four political documents signed between China and Japan and implement the four-point principled agreement they reached.

Current guidelines for Helicobacter pylori treatment in East Asia 2022:Differences among China,Japan,and South Korea

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is highly prevalent in East Asia. The overallseroprevalence rate of H. pylori infection is 44.2% in China, 37.6%-43.2% in Japan,and 51.0% in South Korea. H. pylori can cause peptic ulcer disease and gastriccancer. East Asian countries have high rates of gastric cancer (age-standardizedincidence rate: 20-30 per 100000). The Kyoto global consensus report emphasizedthat H. pylori gastritis should be considered the main cause for the development ofgastric cancer. H. pylori treatment guidelines in China, Japan, and South Koreahave recently been revised according to data from each of those countries.However, emerging antibiotic resistance is an important barrier to H. pylorieradication. The recommended H. pylori treatment regimens differ among thosethree East Asian countries. In this review, recent guidelines and up-to-dateresearch on H. pylori treatment regimens from China, Japan, and South Korea arediscussed.

Ground fissure hazards in USA and China

Tremendous losses were caused by ground fissure hazard both in USA and China. Six states of southwestern USA and seven provinces of central China were affected by the destructive ground fissures. The aseismic ground fissure hazards usually take place in land subsidence area. The comparison of the two countries' ground fissures were given including ground fissure formation, evolution, mechanics of destruction and countermeasures against them. The destructive ground fissures occurred about a half century earlier in USA than in China The mechanisms of various ground fissures were analyzed with interdisciplinary studies. It has been found that the preexisted faults are serving as the bases of forming modem ground fissure, and human activities, e.g. over pumping ground water, or oil, can accelerate the creeping of the fissures and make them destructive to many kinds of civil engineering. The countermeasures to mitigate ground fissure hazard were put forward, not only in science and technology but also in social administration. The successful practices in the two countries were introduced as examples.