The double-difference earthquake relocation algorithm (DD algorithm) has been applied to the accurate relocation of 10057 earthquakes in the central-western China (21°-36°N, 98°-112E°) during the p...The double-difference earthquake relocation algorithm (DD algorithm) has been applied to the accurate relocation of 10057 earthquakes in the central-western China (21°-36°N, 98°-112E°) during the period of 1992-1999. In total, 79706 readings for P waves and 72169 readings for S waves were used in the relocation, and the source parameters of 6496 events were obtained. The relocation results revealed a more complete picture of the hypocentral distribution in the central-western China. In several seismic belts the relocated epicenters present a more defined lineation feature, reflecting the close correlation between the seismicity and the active tectonic structures. The relocated focal depths confirmed that most earthquakes (91 percent of the 6496 relocated events) in the central-western China were located at shallower depths not deeper than 20 km. The distribution of focal depths indicates that the seismogenic layer in the central-western China is located in the upper-mid crust with its thickness no deeper than 20 km.展开更多
Determining the location of earthquake emergency shelters and the allocation of affected population to them are key issues that face shelter planning and emergency management. To solve this emergency shelter location...Determining the location of earthquake emergency shelters and the allocation of affected population to them are key issues that face shelter planning and emergency management. To solve this emergency shelter location–allocation problem, evacuation time and the construction cost of shelters—both influenced by the evacuation population size and its spatial distribution—are two important considerations. In this article, a mathematical model with two objectives—to minimize total weighted evacuation time(TWET) and total shelter area(TSA)—is allied with a modified particle swarm optimization algorithm to address the problem. The relationships between evacuation population size, evacuation time, and total shelter area are examined using Jinzhan Town in Chaoyang District of Beijing, China, as a case study. The results show that TWET has a power function relationship with TSA under different population size scenarios, and a linear function applies between evacuation population and TWET under different TSAs. The joint relationships of TSA, TWET, and population size show that TWET increases with population increase and TSA decrease, and compared with TSA, population influences TWET more strongly. Given a reliable projection of population change and spatial planning of a study area, this method can be useful for government decision making on the location of earthquake emergency shelters and on the allocation of evacuees to those shelters.展开更多
西南地区处于青藏高原东缘川滇、巴颜喀拉和华南三大活动块体的交接部位,是我国地震活动最强烈的地区之一.然而该区大多数历史地震震源参数均存在缺失或者不准确的问题.本文主要通过以下三点工作:(1)基于西南地区地震地质及区域构造应...西南地区处于青藏高原东缘川滇、巴颜喀拉和华南三大活动块体的交接部位,是我国地震活动最强烈的地区之一.然而该区大多数历史地震震源参数均存在缺失或者不准确的问题.本文主要通过以下三点工作:(1)基于西南地区地震地质及区域构造应力场研究结果,推断了西南地区M≥6.0的部分历史地震(1900年至1970年)断层面参数,并对结果的不确定性进行了分析,发现该推断断层面参数的方法在西南地区复杂的构造应力场条件下的适用程度有限;(2)使用1900年至1970年之间Shide Circulars(British Association for the Advancement ofScience,Seismological Committee(BAASSC),1900—1912),《国际地震资料汇编》(ISS)和EHB Bulletin的P波和S波到时,对该时间范围内41个地震事件重新定位,得到了其中32个地震事件的可靠定位结果;(3)使用1933年(ISS从1933年开始收录P波初动记录)至1970年之间ISS的P波初动,对该时间范围内的29个地震事件求解震源机制解,得到了其中14个地震事件的震源机制解的可靠结果,从而丰富了西南地区1900年来历史强震目录震源参数资料.展开更多
为了提高震后城市避难资源供需匹配效率,根据应急避难灾民的需求特征,分析了避难人员分层疏散和不同类型避难所规划布局,提出了基于模糊集理论、多属性妥协解决策(VlseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje,VIKOR)方法和...为了提高震后城市避难资源供需匹配效率,根据应急避难灾民的需求特征,分析了避难人员分层疏散和不同类型避难所规划布局,提出了基于模糊集理论、多属性妥协解决策(VlseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje,VIKOR)方法和双目标机会约束模型的混合决策方法。根据定性因素评价结果优化开放避难所的适宜性,并最小化避难所开放数量。通过加权ε-约束、中心极限定理和分段线性函数逼近得到近似单目标混合整数线性规划模型,借助实例验证模型的有效性。对比确定性和机会约束性模型得到的优化结果,为考虑避难所选址问题中的需求多样性和不确定性提供依据。结果表明,该方法不仅可以从多个决策者的专业知识中受益,还能更好地对冲震后需求的不确定性,确保在时间、空间有限的情况下,避难救援行动有序和高效开展。展开更多
文摘The double-difference earthquake relocation algorithm (DD algorithm) has been applied to the accurate relocation of 10057 earthquakes in the central-western China (21°-36°N, 98°-112E°) during the period of 1992-1999. In total, 79706 readings for P waves and 72169 readings for S waves were used in the relocation, and the source parameters of 6496 events were obtained. The relocation results revealed a more complete picture of the hypocentral distribution in the central-western China. In several seismic belts the relocated epicenters present a more defined lineation feature, reflecting the close correlation between the seismicity and the active tectonic structures. The relocated focal depths confirmed that most earthquakes (91 percent of the 6496 relocated events) in the central-western China were located at shallower depths not deeper than 20 km. The distribution of focal depths indicates that the seismogenic layer in the central-western China is located in the upper-mid crust with its thickness no deeper than 20 km.
基金funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology, China (Grant Number: 2016YFA0602404)Ministry of Education and State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs, China (Grant Number: B08008)National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Number: 41201547)
文摘Determining the location of earthquake emergency shelters and the allocation of affected population to them are key issues that face shelter planning and emergency management. To solve this emergency shelter location–allocation problem, evacuation time and the construction cost of shelters—both influenced by the evacuation population size and its spatial distribution—are two important considerations. In this article, a mathematical model with two objectives—to minimize total weighted evacuation time(TWET) and total shelter area(TSA)—is allied with a modified particle swarm optimization algorithm to address the problem. The relationships between evacuation population size, evacuation time, and total shelter area are examined using Jinzhan Town in Chaoyang District of Beijing, China, as a case study. The results show that TWET has a power function relationship with TSA under different population size scenarios, and a linear function applies between evacuation population and TWET under different TSAs. The joint relationships of TSA, TWET, and population size show that TWET increases with population increase and TSA decrease, and compared with TSA, population influences TWET more strongly. Given a reliable projection of population change and spatial planning of a study area, this method can be useful for government decision making on the location of earthquake emergency shelters and on the allocation of evacuees to those shelters.
文摘西南地区处于青藏高原东缘川滇、巴颜喀拉和华南三大活动块体的交接部位,是我国地震活动最强烈的地区之一.然而该区大多数历史地震震源参数均存在缺失或者不准确的问题.本文主要通过以下三点工作:(1)基于西南地区地震地质及区域构造应力场研究结果,推断了西南地区M≥6.0的部分历史地震(1900年至1970年)断层面参数,并对结果的不确定性进行了分析,发现该推断断层面参数的方法在西南地区复杂的构造应力场条件下的适用程度有限;(2)使用1900年至1970年之间Shide Circulars(British Association for the Advancement ofScience,Seismological Committee(BAASSC),1900—1912),《国际地震资料汇编》(ISS)和EHB Bulletin的P波和S波到时,对该时间范围内41个地震事件重新定位,得到了其中32个地震事件的可靠定位结果;(3)使用1933年(ISS从1933年开始收录P波初动记录)至1970年之间ISS的P波初动,对该时间范围内的29个地震事件求解震源机制解,得到了其中14个地震事件的震源机制解的可靠结果,从而丰富了西南地区1900年来历史强震目录震源参数资料.
文摘为了提高震后城市避难资源供需匹配效率,根据应急避难灾民的需求特征,分析了避难人员分层疏散和不同类型避难所规划布局,提出了基于模糊集理论、多属性妥协解决策(VlseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje,VIKOR)方法和双目标机会约束模型的混合决策方法。根据定性因素评价结果优化开放避难所的适宜性,并最小化避难所开放数量。通过加权ε-约束、中心极限定理和分段线性函数逼近得到近似单目标混合整数线性规划模型,借助实例验证模型的有效性。对比确定性和机会约束性模型得到的优化结果,为考虑避难所选址问题中的需求多样性和不确定性提供依据。结果表明,该方法不仅可以从多个决策者的专业知识中受益,还能更好地对冲震后需求的不确定性,确保在时间、空间有限的情况下,避难救援行动有序和高效开展。
