China＇s Experience in Rural Poverty Reduction.Jobs from Industrialization and Urbanization to Increase Rural Household Income

This paper makes an appraisal of the successful experience of China, a country with the largest agricultural population in the world, in the reduction of rural poverty. We conclude that it is an indispensible strategy to give priority to the development of urban sectors to promote economic growth and reduce rural poverty, and that the development of low value-added agriculture yields few, if any, benefits in decreasing rural poverty. By first adopting urban-biased policies and promoting industrialization, China has created new sources of economic growth and urban employment opportunities to absorb the surplus rural workforce. Entering labor-intensive industrial sectors for higher incomes has thus become a critical avenue for the rural poor to benefit from economic growth and escape poverty.

China Unicom's Experience in Network Evolution towards NGN

The article introduces China Unicom's valuable experience obtained in the construction and operation of its IP-based data and fixed services network. In the construction of the network,China Unicom aimed at the quick deployment of telecom-level integrated services by building up multi-level metropolitan area networks and access networks;in the operation of the network,China Unicorn made great efforts with equipment manufactures, software developers and system integration providers and achieved stable and improved network performance.

Rethinking China's pension reform——The relevance of international experiences

Pension funds remain scarce no matter what institutional design is adopted. China has a host of unique issues facing its pension system,issues that must be confronted; for instance,the disappearance of its demographic dividends and legacy costs incurred due to institutional transition. Such features determine that China’s pension system is merely passable at the present time. In this article,Professor Cai Fang offers new and incisive perspectives on this issue,such as the potential stimulus for economic growth by ageing people’s desire to save money for old-age provisions.

Historical Conditions and Experiences Summary of China’s Human Rights Development Path Since the Founding of the PRC

Since the founding of the People’s republic of china,the path of human rights development in china has been based on national liberation and state sovereignty.The practice of human rights protection in the 30 years before the launch of reform and opening-up accumulated the conditions for the practice after the launch of reform and opening-up.reform and opening-up have provided the great motivation and opportunity for the development of human rights in china.against the background of international practice,china’s human rights development path,since the founding of the People’s republic of china,has been developed in the fight against human rights diplomacy that interferes in china’s internal affairs with human rights used as a political tool.it has gone through the process from evasion to passive counterattacks,and then actively participating and playing a leading role.The 70 years’development of human rights in china shows that human rights progress is highly dependent on the country’s construction of the rule of law,and the coordinated and comprehensive promotion of human rights protection policies promotes the overall progress of the human rights.in order to promote human rights with development,the transition from the top-down path to the combination of top-down and down-top path is suggested.

Women in China's Anti-Poverty campaigns

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China's Space Animal Experiments Obtained Achievements

Entering into the 1990s, Chinese scientists have made mice, drosophila and silkworm eggs experiments in space with satellites and achieved remarkable results. These animals were put in space environment units with the ability of adjusting pressure, temperature and moisture control, air conditioning and purifying as well as foods and water supply. After 8-days’ flight, all performance parameters were normal and met the design requirements. The two mice kept alive for 5 days and 10 hours

Science Research and Utilization Planning of China’s Space Station in Operation Period 2022–2032

The core module of China’s Space Station(CSS)is scheduled to be launched around the end of 2020,and the experimental module I and II will be launched in the next two years.After on-orbit constructions,CSS will be transferred into an operation period over 10 years(2022–2032 and beyond)to continuously implement space science missions.At present,based on the project selection and research work in the ground development period of CSS,China is systematically making a utilization mission planning for the operation period,which focuses on the fields of aerospace medicine and human research,space life science and biotechnology,microgravity fluid physics,combustion science,materials science,fundamental physics,space astronomy and astrophysics,Earth science,space physics and space environment,space application technology,etc.In combination with the latest development trend of space science and technology,China will continue to update planning for science research and technology development,carry out project cultivation,payload R&D,and upgrade onboard and ground experiment supporting systems to achieve greater comprehensive benefits in science,technology,economy,and society。

Recent Progress in Space Science and Applications of China’s Space Station in 2020-2022

China scheduled to complete the assembly of the T-shaped Tiangong Space Station in 2022,and will enter a new stage of utilization.There are more than 20 experiment racks inside the modules,and more than 50 external onboard payloads mounting spaces,which will support large-scale science and technology experiments during the operation.The development of internal experiment racks and external research accommodations approved during the construction has been completed,of which 4 racks in Tianhe core module,including High Microgravity Level research Rack(HMLR)and Container-less Materials Processing Rack(CMPR),have finished on-orbit tests;while other racks in Wentian and Mengtian experiment modules are under comprehensive ground tests.The Chinese Space Survey Telescope(CSST)has advanced much in the last two years with 24 pre-launch research projects funded and 4 joint science center built in preparation for CSST’s future scientific observations and operations.The systematic research planning for China’s Space Station(CSS)during 2022-2032 is updated with the researches classified into four important areas:space life sciences and human research,microgravity physical sciences,space astronomy and Earth science,and new space technologies and applications.According to the planning,more than 1000 experiments are expected to perform in CSS during the operating period.Overall,the CSS utilization missions are proceeding as planned,which will contribute to the major scientific or application output and have a positive impact on the quality of life on Earth.

Invaluable Experience of Reform and Opening-up

IN late 2018,a large exhibition opened in Beijing to commemorate the 40th anniversary of China’s reform and opening-up,attracting visitors from home and abroad.Meanwhile,in Chengdu,capital city of southwest China’s Sichuan Province,the Global Think Tanks Forum 2018 was held with scholars and experts discussing the cooperation and development of think tanks and innovation in global governance.China Today interviewed some of them who were enthusiastically interested in China’s accomplishments,and shared their observations on its significance and far-reaching impact on global governance.

The Communist Party of China Has Always Been the Firm Core of Leadership for China's Human Rights Development and Progress

Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China,the human rights cause in China has developed and progressed through the period of democratic revolution,the early founding of the People’s Republic of China,the new period of reform and openingup,and the new era of socialism with Chinese characteristics.all previous national Congresses of the Communist Party of China have made illustrations and arrangements on human rights issues,and the successive Party leaders have made important expositions on human rights issues.The Party and the state have enacted a series of policies,laws,and regulations to protect human rights in various periods.China has made historic and great achievements in human rights practice and created a human rights development path suited to China’s national conditions.China’s human rights development over the past century has fully proved that the CPC has always been,and it remains,the firm core of leadership for China’s human rights development and progress.

Four Methods That Should Be Mastered in the Study of the Historical Experience of the People＇s Republic of China

It is necessary to master certain scientific methods in studying the historical experience of the People＇s Republic of China; that is, we should study the experience of different periods of New China and at the same time study the experience of various historical periods as related to one another; we should study the successful experience of New China and at the same time study its errors and setbacks; and we should view the historical experience of New China from today＇s perspective and at the same time study it by placing it under given historical conditions.

A Miracle of Human Development in China(1950-2030)

China has created an even more spectacular miracle in human development than in economic growth.From 1950 to 2015,China went through three stages of socio-economic development; the "extremely poor era",the "era of letting some people get rich first" and the "era of common prosperity",raising its human development to an increasingly higher level.With the world's fastestgrowing Human Development Index(HDI) during this period,China evolved from a very "low human development level" to a "high human development level".And it is expected to enter a new stage with a "very high human development level" around 2021.This human development miracle in China indicates that socialism with Chinese characteristics gains strength from being a major country and a late mover,as well as from its development path and socialist system.China,arguably contributing the most to the entirety of human development,can serve as a role model for developing countries and can lead the path for the all-round development of billions of people.

Seed and Wasp Production in the Mutualism of Figs and Fig Wasps

Figs (Moracea: Ficus) and fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Chlocloids: Agaonideae) depend on each other to complete their reproduction. Monoecious fig species and their pollinating wasps are in conflict over the use of fig ovaries which can either produce one seed or one wasp. From observation on Ficus virens Ait., we showed that female flowers with outer layer of ovaries (near to the wall of syconium) had no significant difference from that with inner and interval layer of ovaries (near to the syconium cavity), in which most seeds and wasps were produced. This meant that fig tree provided the same potential resource for seed and wasps production. Observation indicated that there was usually only one foundress in syconium at female flower phase and no com- petition pollinators. Measurement of the style length of female flowers and the ovipositor of pollinators indicated that most ovaries could be reached by pollinator’s ovipositor. However, at the male flower phase, production of seeds was significantly more than that of wasps including non-pollinating wasps but there was no significant difference between seed and pollinating wasp production when without non-pollinating wasps produced. This result indicated that non-pollinating wasps competed ovaries not with seeds but with pollinating wasps for ovipositing. Bagged experiment showed that the sampling fig species was not self-sterile which was important for figs and wasps to survive bad season. Seed production in self-pollinated figs was not significantly different from total wasps in- cluding non-pollinating ones. This might be related with the weaker competition among wasps since bagged figs were not easy to reach by wasps from outside.

NEECF: a project of nutrient enrichment experiments in China’s forests

Anthropogenic nitrogen(N)emissions to atmosphere have increased dramatically in China since 1980s,and this increase has aroused great concerns on its ecological impacts on terrestrial ecosystems.Previous studies have showed that terrestrial ecosystems in China are acting as a large carbon(C)sink,but its potential in the future remains largely uncertain.So far little work on the impacts of the N deposition on C sequestration in China’s terrestrial ecosystems has been assessed at a national scale.Aiming to assess and predict how ecological processes especially the C cycling respond to the increasing N deposition in China’s forests,recently researchers from Peking University and their partners have established a manipulation experimental network on the ecological effects of the N deposition:Nutrient Enrichment Experiments in China’s Forests Project(NEECF).The NEECF comprises 10 experiments at 7 sites located from north to south China,covering major zonal forest vegetation in eastern China from boreal forest in Greater Khingan Mountains to tropical forests in Hainan Island.This paper introduces the framework of the NEECF project and its potential policy implications.

A Preliminary Summary of the Experiment on Housing Cooperative in China's Cities and Towns

July 1986 saw the establishment of"Xin Xin Housing Cooperative", the first ofits kind in China, run by Shanghai Toy Ex-

中国雨日变化趋势的分形研究

利用1951-2002年中国752个台站的雨日资料,运用分形理论和R/S分析法,研究并预测了中国五大降水区年雨日的气候变化趋势。研究表明:中国五大降水区未来的年雨日变化趋势与过去50 a的变化有着很好的自相似性。为了更深入研究雨日的未来的变化,设计了两项Hurst指数试验,用两项试验结果与年雨日年际变化趋势的对应关系来推断未来的变化趋势及其转折与突变。结果表明:中国五大降水区年雨日有着一致的减少趋势,但其变化呈现显著的地域分异特征。依照五大降水区的气候倾向率,西北区、西南区、青藏高原区、东部北方区、东部南方区未来平均每10 a雨日减少分别为4.1d,11.4d,3.7d,6.8d和5.9d,其中西南区年雨日减少最多。期间,中国五大降水区虽有气候变化的转折,但不存在雨日气候变化的突变点。

30年教育改革的中国经验

改革开放30年来,我国的教育改革和其他领域社会改革一样不断扩展和深化,极大地推进了人民教育事业的发展,取得了历史性成就。教育改革可以划分为四个大的历史时期——教育改革酝酿与教育事业恢复发展时期(1978-1984)、教育改革起步与教育事业稳步发展时期(1985-1992)、教育改革全面展开与教育事业快速发展时期(1993-1998)、教育改革持续深入与教育质量全面提升时期(1999-2008)。在此基础上,从教育改革的性质定位、背景认知、路径选择、价值诉求等四个方面对教育改革的基本特征进行理论分析和概括,可以发现,30年来我国教育改革从根本上说还是具有社会性和政治性的,是对不同历史时期社会发展需求的政策表达;教育改革的根本动因不在于教育自身,而在于社会经济和科技进步提出的客观需要;教育改革采取的是自上而下的路径;教育改革的价值诉求明显侧重于国家主义和经济主义等。在社会发展和教育发展的新形势下,未来10到15年中国教育改革的社会性质会更加突出、教育改革的背景认知更加全面、教育改革的路径选择更加多样、教育改革的价值诉求更加体现以人为本的思想。

中国开发性金融经验在一带一路建设中的互鉴性

中国开发性金融取得了举世瞩目的成绩,为中国经济发展注入了强大动力。总结中国开发性金融的实践经验,不仅有助于重新认识开发性金融在中国金融市场中助力实体经济发展的作用机理,同时也是"一带一路"沿线国家充分借鉴中国开发性金融的经验,实现共赢发展的现实需要。中国开发性金融的实践经验,一是创新了基础设施建设投融资机制;二是弥补产业升级和民生社会事业发展中的"市场失灵"和"政府失灵";三是利用规划理念为金融支持区域发展和国际合作提供科学路径。"一带一路"沿线国家可借鉴和应用中国开发性金融在基础设施建设领域形成的投融资机制、开发性金融的市场培育模式等。

论陆海复合型国家发展海权的两难困境——欧洲经验对中国海权发展的启示

海权论认为,世界大国持续繁荣与安全的关键在于对海洋的掌控,而一个国家无法同时发展陆权与海权。近代欧洲陆海复合型国家的历史经验证明,一个濒海国家发展海权将不得不面对其地缘政治条件的缺陷带来的诸多两难困境。全球化的今天,中国海洋权益的维护与海上力量相对不足的不平衡状态,对发展海权的需求增大。中国要发展的海权是基于国家主权与国际海洋法基础上的合法海权,而不是近代西方列强追求的全球性霸权海权。陆海复合型国家面对的同时发展海权与陆权的两难困境,为中国的海权发展带来启示。

论中国城市文化学理论的建构

作为城市科学的分支,城市文化学是适应当前城市文化建设的产物,大城市和城市群的发展也迫切需要理论指导。中国城市文化学理论的建构,首先应借鉴西方经验;西方的城市研究,尤其在城市地理学、城市社会学、城市史学等方面均有丰富的理论成果,以芒福德、列斐伏尔、索亚、雅各布斯等为代表的学者提供了多样化的视角。其次,应总结中国经验;20世纪80年代以来的学术界,从社会学、文学、历史学等多个角度开始了对中国城市的考察,在客观上为城市文化学奠定了基础。再次,中国城市文化学应有属于自身的理论框架。最后,城市文化理论还必须密切联系实际并用来指导实践,以体现其时代性和现实性。