Phosphorus Limitation on Carbon Sequestration in China under RCP8.5

Currently,there is a lack of understanding regarding carbon(C)sequestration in China arising as a result of phosphorus(P)limitation.In this study,a global land surface model(CABLE)was used to investigate the response of C uptake to P limitation after 1901.In China,P limitation resulted in reduced net primary production(NPP),heterotrophic respiration,and net ecosystem production(NEP)in both the 2030s and the 2060s.The reductions in NEP in the period2061–70 varied from 0.32 Pg C yr^(-1)in China to 5.50 Pg C yr^(-1)at the global scale,translating to a decrease of 15.0%for China and 7.6%globally in the period 2061–70,relative to the changes including C and nitrogen cycles.These ranges reflect variations in the magnitude of P limitation on C uptake(or storage)at the regional and global scales.Both in China and at the global scale,these differences can be attributed to differences in soil nutrient controls on C uptake,or positive feedback between NPP and soil decomposition rates,or both.Our results highlight the strong ability of P limitation to influence the pattern,response,and magnitude of C uptake under future conditions(2030s–2060s),which may help to clarify the potential influence of P limitation when projecting C uptake in China.

Ecosystem carbon storage and sink/source of temperate forested wetlands in Xiaoxing’anling, northeast China

Wetlands play an important role in the global carbon cycle, but there are still considerable uncertainties in the estimation of wetland carbon storage and a dispute on whether wetlands are carbon sources or carbon sinks. Xiaoxing’anling are one of several concentrated distribution areas of forested wetland in China, but the carbon storage and carbon sink/source of forested wetlands in this area is unclear. We measured the ecosystem carbon storage (vegetation and soil), annual net carbon sequestration of vegetation and annual carbon emissions of soil heterotrophic respiration of five typical forested wetland types (alder swamp, white birch swamp, larch swamp, larch fen, and larch bog) distributed along a moisture gradient in this area in order to reveal the spatial variations of their carbon storage and quantitatively evaluate their position as carbon sink or source according to the net carbon balance of the ecosystems. The results show that the larch fen had high carbon storage (448.8 t ha^(−1)) (6.8% higher than the larch bog and 10.5–30.1% significantly higher than other three wetlands (P < 0.05), the white birch swamp and larch bog were medium carbon storage ecosystems (406.3 and 420.1 t ha^(−1)) (12.4–21.8% significantly higher than the other two types (P < 0.0 5), while the alder swamp and larch swamp were low in carbon storage (345.0 and 361.5 t ha^(−1), respectively). The carbon pools of the five wetlands were dominated by their soil carbon pools (88.5–94.5%), and the vegetation carbon pool was secondary (5.5–11.5%). At the same time, their ecosystem net carbon balances were positive (0.1–0.6 t ha^(−1) a^(−1)) because the annual net carbon sequestration of vegetation (4.0–4.5 t ha^(−1) a^(−1)) were higher than the annual carbon emissions of soil heterotrophic respiration (CO_(2) and CH_(4)) (3.8–4.4 t ha^(−1) a^(−1)) in four wetlands, (the alder swamp being the exception), so all four were carbon sinks while only the alder swamp was a source of carbon emissions (− 2.1 t ha^(−1) a^(−1)) due to a degraded tree layer. Our results demonstrate that these forested wetlands were generally carbon sinks in the Xiaoxing’anling, and there was obvious spatial variation in carbon storage of ecosystems along the moisture gradient.

Black carbon and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments of China’s marginal seas

This study investigates the distribution of black carbon （BC） and its correlation with total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （EPAH） in the surface sediments of China＇s marginal seas. BC content ranges from 〈0.10 to 2.45 mg/g dw （grams dry weight） in the sediments studied, and varied among the different coastal regions. The Bohai Bay sediments had the highest BC contents （average 2.18 mg/g dw）, which comprises a significant fraction （27%-41%） of the total organic carbon （TOC） preserved in the sediments. In comparison, BC in the surface sediments of the North Yellow Sea, Jiaozhou Bay, East China Sea and the South China Sea is less abundant and accounted for an average of 6%, 8%, 14% and 5%, respectively, of the sedimentary organic carbon pool. The concentration of EPAH in the surface sediments ranges from 41 to 3 667 ng/g dw and showed large spatial variations among the sampling sites of different costal regions. The Bohai Bay has the highest ZPAH values, ranging from 79 to 3 667 ng/g dw. This reflects the high anthropogenically contaminated nature of the sediments in the bay. BC is positively correlated to TOC but a strong correlation is not found between BC and ZPAH in the surface sediments studied, suggesting that BC and PAHs preserved in the sediments are derived from different sources and controlled by different biogeochemical processes. Our study suggests that the abundance of BC preserved in the sediments could represent a significant sink pool of carbon cycling in China＇s marginal seas.

Technology strategies to achieve carbon peak and carbon neutrality for China's metal mines

Greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions related to human activities have significantly caused climate change since the Industrial Revolution.China aims to achieve its carbon emission peak before 2030 and carbon neutrality before 2060.Accordingly,this paper reviews and discusses technical strategies to achieve the“dual carbon”targets in China’s metal mines.First,global carbon emissions and emission intensities from metal mining industries are analyzed.The metal mining status and carbon emissions in China are then examined.Furthermore,advanced technologies for carbon mitigation and carbon sequestration in metal mines are reviewed.Finally,a technical roadmap for achieving carbon neutrality in China’s metal mines is proposed.Findings show that some international mining giants have already achieved their carbon reduction targets and planned to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050.Moreover,improving mining efficiency by developing advanced technologies and replacing fossil fuel with renewable energy are two key approaches in reducing GHG emissions.Green mines can significantly benefit from the carbon neutrality process for metal mines through the carbon absorption of reclamation vegetations.Geothermal energy extraction from operating and abandoned metal mines is a promising technology for providing clean energy and contributing to the carbon neutrality target of China’s metal mines.Carbon sequestration in mine backfills and tailings through mineral carbonation has the potential to permanently and safely store carbon dioxide,which can eventually make the metal mining industry carbon neutral or even carbon negative.

Consideration of some key issues of carbon market development in China

The global carbon market has developed rapidly with two significant trends of globalization and financialization.Deriving economic interest is a nation driven-force behind the international climate negotiation and carbon market.According to deeply analyzed relationships between the carbon market and the key subjects of the climate negotiation,this article reveals that promoting the development of the global carbon market is one of the core interests of developed nations.Based on the background of international carbon market development and domestic carbon market pilots,four suggestions to the key issues of China's carbon market are provided.The first is that the goal of China's carbon market should be in line with and contribute to the national objectives and policies addressing climate change.The second is that the Chinese carbon market should mainly target the emission reduction of production-sectors,and contribute to their upgradation and transformation.The third is mat the development of the nation-wide carbon market in China should first take the principle of unbalanced regional development into consideration.The fourth is that linking China's carbon market to the international market should keep steps in line with international opening-up of China's financing system.

Temporal and spatial variability of the carbon cycle in the east of China's seas:a three-dimensional physical-biogeochemical modeling study

In the east of China＇s seas, there is a wide range of the continental shelf. The nutrient cycle and the carbon cycle in the east of China＇s seas exhibit a strong variability on seasonal to decadal time scales. On the basis of a regional ocean modeling system（ROMS）, a three dimensional physical-biogeochemical model including the carbon cycle with the resolution（1/12）°×（1/12）° is established to investigate the physical variations, ecosystem responses and carbon cycle consequences in the east of China＇s seas. The ROMS-Nutrient Phytoplankton Zooplankton Detritus（NPZD） model is driven by daily air-sea fluxes（wind stress, long wave radiation, short wave radiation, sensible heat and latent heat, freshwater fluxes） that derived from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction（NCEP） reanalysis2 from 1982 to 2005. The coupled model is capable of reproducing the observed seasonal variation characteristics over the same period in the East China Sea. The integrated air-sea CO_2 flux over the entire east of China＇s seas reveals a strong seasonal cycle, functioning as a source of CO_2 to the atmosphere from June to October, while serving as a sink of CO_2 to the atmosphere in the other months. The 24 a mean value of airsea CO_2 flux over the entire east of China＇s seas is about 1.06 mol/（m^2·a）, which is equivalent to a regional total of3.22 Mt/a, indicating that in the east of China＇s seas there is a sink of CO_2 to the atmosphere. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in sea water in the east of China＇s seas has an increasing rate of 1.15 μatm/a（1μtm/a=0.101 325Pa）, but p H in sea water has an opposite tendency, which decreases with a rate of 0.001 3 a^（–1） from 1982 to 2005.Biological activity is a dominant factor that controls the pCO_2 air in the east of China＇s seas, and followed by a temperature. The inverse relationship between the interannual variability of air-sea CO_2 flux averaged from the domain area and Ni？o3 SST Index indicates that the carbon cycle in the east of China＇s seas has a high correlation with El Ni？o-Southern Oscillation（ENSO）.

Moderating effect of corporate financialization on the impact of climate policy on corporate green innovation:Evidence from China

With intensifying global climate change,humanity is confronted with unparalleled environmental challenges and risks.This study employs the staggered difference-in-difference model to examine the relationship between climate policy and green innovation in the corporate financialization context.Using Chinese-listed company data from 2008 to 2020,our analysis reveals a favorable correlation between China’s carbon emission trading policy(CCTP)and advancements in green innovation.Furthermore,we find that the level of corporate financialization moderates this correlation,diminishing the driving effect of CCTP on green innovation.Additionally,results of heterogeneity analysis show that this moderating consequence is more evident in non-state owned and low-digitization enterprises compared with state-owned and high-digitization ones.Our findings contribute to the existing literature by clarifying the interaction between CCTP,green innovation,and corporate financialization.Our research provides valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders seeking to strengthen climate policies and encourages green innovation in different types of businesses.

Mechanism of Ecological Compensating and Carbon Sink Trade in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The Tibetan, Han and other ethnic people in Tibetan Autonomous Region labored hard to protect the forests and steppes and produce invisible ecological products. The forests and steppes in Qinghai -Tibet Plateau conserved water and added the Jinsha River. In order to achieve sustainable development, it needs to construct compensating mechanism inter Provinces between the upper Yangtze River and the middle and lower Yangtze River, to implement carbon sink trading, and to assist farmers and herdsmen in the Tibet to get rich as soon as possible.

An analysis of China's CO_2 emission peaking target and pathways

China has set the goal for its CO2 emissions to peak around 2030, which is not only a strategic decision coordinating domestic sustainable development and global climate change mitigation but also an overarching target and a key point of action for China＇s resource conservation, environmental protection, shift in economic development patterns, and CO2 emission reduction to avoid climate change. The development stage where China maps out the CO2 emission peak target is earlier than that of the developed countries. It is a necessity that the non-fossil energy supplies be able to meet all the increased energy demand for achieving CO2 emission peaking. Given that China＇s potential GDP annual increasing rate will be more than 4%, and China＇s total energy demand will continue to increase by approximately 1.0%--1.5% annually around 2030, new and renewable energies will need to increase by 6%-8% annually to meet the desired CO2 emission peak. The share of new and renewable energies in China＇s total primary energy supply will be approximately 20% by 2030. At that time, the energy consumption elasticity will decrease to around 0.3, and the annual decrease in the rate of CO2 intensity will also be higher than 4% to ensure the sustained growth of GDE To achieve the CO2 emission peaking target and substantially promote the low-carbon deve!opment transformation, China needs to actively promote an energy production and consumption revolution, the innovation of advanced energy technologies, the reform of the energy regulatory system and pricing mechanism, and especially the construction of a national carbon emission cap and trade system.

Multi-model comparison of CO2 emissions peaking in China:Lessons from CEMF01 study

The paper summarizes results of the China Energy Modeling Forum's(CEMF)first study.Carbon emissions peaking scenarios,consistent with China's Paris commitment,have been simulated with seven national and industry-level energy models and compared.The CO2 emission trends in the considered scenarios peak from 2015 to 2030 at the level of 9e11 Gt.Sector-level analysis suggests that total emissions pathways before 2030 will be determined mainly by dynamics of emissions in the electric power industry and transportation sector.Both sectors will experience significant increase in demand,but have low-carbon alternative options for development.Based on a side-by-side comparison of modeling input and results,conclusions have been drawn regarding the sources of emissions projections differences,which include data,views on economic perspectives,or models'structure and theoretical framework.Some suggestions have been made regarding energy models'development priorities for further research.

美国二氧化碳强化采油应用情况及对中国CCUS应用的启示

在对美国应用二氧化碳强化采油(CO_(2)-EOR)消纳工业捕集的二氧化碳(CO_(2))、降低碳捕集利用和封存(CCUS)成本、提升CCUS可行性等方面进行研究的基础上,对美国利用CCUS实现碳减排情况,包括碳源来源、成本效益以及政策支持开展了全面梳理和分析。研究发现,美国在二氧化碳减排领域建立了完善的法律法规体系,突出体现为通过财税等经济刺激手段激励二氧化碳强化采油应用,促进减排与效益双赢,并规范二氧化碳注入地下全过程管理,减少或避免对地下水影响。借鉴上述美国经验,结合对我国CCUS应用现状及技术领域的制约因素的分析,从减排政策、源汇匹配、管道网络建设、捕集技术评估体系建立、地下回注监管及二氧化碳利用等方面有针对性地提出我国合理利用CCUS实施碳减排的对策建议。

Spatial variations and mechanisms for the stability of terrestrial carbon sink in China

Understanding the stability of terrestrial carbon sinks(S-TCS)contributes to more accurate prediction of the terrestrial carbon sink(TCS)in the context of future global change and helps inform climate change mitigation policies.Here,focusing on China,we analyzed the spatial distribution and driving mechanisms for the S-TCS,quantified by the interannual variability of the TCS,using three independent approaches(atmospheric inversions,ecosystem carbon cycle models,and machine learning models based on flux tower observations).We found that the interannual variability of the TCS in China is relatively small compared with the conterminous United States and geographic Europe,indicating a generally stable TCS in China.Spatially,the S-TCS is lower in the North China Plain,Northeast China Plain,and western Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau than in other regions,with varying underlying mechanisms.Large interannual variations in precipitation and high TCS sensitivities to precipitation fluctuations explain the low S-TCS in the North China Plain and Northeast China Plain,while high TCS sensitivities to temperature variations drive the low S-TCS in the western Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau.Our findings highlight the importance of considering local contexts for stabilizing and enhancing China’s TCS in a changing environment.

Cycling of Carbon and Other Elements in a Beech Forest Hestehave, Jutland, Denmark, in the Past 50 Years

Plant biomass, primary production and mineral cycling in the beech forest (Fagus sylvatica L.), Hestehave in Jutland, Denmark were studied over a 50-year period. The role of the forest as a carbon sink was also assessed. Aboveground tree biomass was 226 t·ha-1 in 1970 and after a 50-year 539 t·ha-1 in 2014, an unexpected increase with 313 t·ha-1. Annual production at those two points in time was 13.4 and 20.5 t·ha-1, respectively. It was apparent that the tree biomass was still acting as a sink for carbon, which was the dominant element in the aboveground parts. The concentration of other elements (N > K > Mg > P > S > Na > Mn > Zn > Fe > Cu) ranged from 495 to 0.4 kg·ha-1. Annual litterfall restored 3.2 t·ha-1 to the soil as organic matter or 1.6 t·ha-1 as carbon. Over the year 53% of the litterfall was decomposed. A pH decrease of 0.95 units in the soil was observed between 1968 and 1993. This was attributed to fallout from a neighbouring thermal heating station affecting sulfur deposition and increasing soil acidification. After 1993, when filters were fitted in the heating station, the pH decrease in the soil was smaller, only 0.09 pH-units up to 2011. The increased tree growth is an additional, likely explanation for the observed soil acidification. Deposition of the growth-limiting element nitrogen increased during later years and is now, most likely around 20 kg·ha-1 per annum, which may partly contribute to the increased production.

Spatio-temporal variation of soil CO_(2) concentration in Loess Area of northwestern Shanxi Province,China

CO_(2) released by soil serves as an important link between terrestrial ecosystems and atmospheric CO_(2), whose small chang‐es may significantly affect the global carbon cycle. In order to reveal the spatio-temporal variations of CO_(2) concentrations in deep loess, this paper takes Qingliangsi Gully watershed in northwestern Shanxi Province, China as an example to sys‐tematically study soil CO_(2)concentration and its spatio-temporal variations and carbon sink significance under different watershed locations and different land use types. Results show that: (1) The release potential of the loess soil is larger in the depth range of 2 m, which is much more likely to be the CO_(2) release area. (2) Grassland and forest are more advanta‐geous in terms of soil microbial activity and soil carbon reserve compared with farmland. In addition, the change of land use type from farmland to grassland can increase soil organic carbon reserve, which is of far-reaching significance to the global carbon cycle. This is especially true in an area like the Loess Plateau with densely covered hills, gullies, and serious soil erosion in an area of 64×104 km2. (3) In the study area, the diurnal concentration of soil CO_(2) at different depths shows a weak "high-low-high-low" trend from 08:00 to 07:00 next day;and in deep soil it has a lag time compared with the daily change of temperature, generally about 4−12 h, which may be caused largely by the more compact loess structure. It is worth pointing out that the Loess Plateau in China, with a thickness of the loess of tens to hundreds of meters, has the most abundant soil resources in the world, and also stores a large amount of terrestrial soil carbon, which carries the hope of promoting the research of global carbon cycle.

华南理工大学校园碳汇特征及空间分布规律

全球变暖引起的气候变化对人类社会的可持续发展提出了巨大挑战,量大面广的大学校园既是亟需减碳的公共建筑组团类型又是科研和社会活动的场所,应该在碳减排的研究和行动方面做出表率。研究采用样地实测调查法,以华南理工大学三个校区为例,探讨大学校园绿地碳汇固碳效益特征及空间分布规律。研究结果表明:(1)受到亚热带地区温和湿润气候的影响,华南理工大学五山校区校园绿地碳汇固碳效益能力在全球大学校园中处于较高水平,华南理工大学大学城校区和华南理工大学国际校区的校园绿地碳汇固碳效益能力也处于中上水平;(2)校园绿地碳汇能力要低于自然生态绿地和公园绿地,但是高于一般城市绿地。对于历史年代悠久的老旧校园,在城市中可以充分发挥碳库的作用,对于新建的华南理工大学国际校区而言,基于实地调研发现,校园绿地的观赏与使用功能使得绿化的种植密度处于较低水平,这导致了华南理工大学国际校区较低的固碳效益水平;(3)在校园规划设计中,不同校园规划空间布局形式可以结合校园景观设计,打造高固碳效益的碳汇空间;(4)校园绿地碳汇固碳效益主要与校园绿地的植被群落类型及相应的面积相关,由于校园用地紧张,大量增加或改造校园绿地面积的可能性很小,新增绿地应该结合校园景观设计,充分利用建筑第五立面、校园边角料等空地,适当增加带状、分散式的绿地,建立立体、网络化的绿地骨架,有效提升校园碳汇总量。

结合自下而上和自上而下方法的中国陆地碳汇估算

利用自下而上的生态系统过程模型BEPS和VEGAS以及自上而下的OCO-2 v10 MIP中多个大气反演优化结果,评估了中国2015~2019年碳汇规模及其空间分布,并结合中国四大地理分区边界和土地利用数据,进一步梳理了中国四大分区以及森林、草地、灌丛和农田4种主要生态系统的碳汇强度。总体上,2015~2019年期间,中国陆地碳汇呈现出东南高西北低的空间分布格局,BEPS、VEGAS和OCO-2 v10 MIP模型中估算的年均碳汇分别为0.38±0.04 Pg(C)a^(-1)、0.22±0.03 Pg(C)a^(-1)和0.54±0.05 Pg(C)a^(-1),这表明自上而下和自下而上的估计之间存在一定的差异。在夏季(6~8月),中国陆地生态系统对CO_(2)的吸收最强。在区域碳汇统计上,BEPS和OCO-2 v10 MIP的集合平均结果一致显示中国南方地区碳汇规模最大,而VEGAS表明中国北方地区碳汇较强。另外,BEPS和OCO-2 v10 MIP的集合平均结果表明,森林生态系统碳汇最强,强度分别为0.21±0.02 Pg(C)a^(-1)(47.2%)和0.26±0.02 Pg(C)a^(-1)(46.0%)。VEGAS则显示森林生态系统碳汇为0.06±0.04 Pg(C)a^(-1)(23.9%),略低于农田生态系统。总体而言,森林生态系统是中国显著的碳汇区域,但不同方法欲得到一致的碳汇分布和强度仍任重道远。

中国三大粮食作物耕地生态系统碳足迹分析

基于2006—2019年全国NPP、三大粮食作物分布和农业生产投入等统计数据,对中国三大粮食作物的碳汇量、农业碳排放量和碳足迹进行估算,并分析三大粮食作物碳汇量的时空格局。结果表明,1)2006—2019年全国三大粮食作物总固碳量持续增加,其中水稻、玉米和小麦的固碳量分别占41.92%,38.62%和19.46%;三大粮食作物的固碳量远超出农田生产要素引起的碳排放量,两者之比为5.37:1,表明全国农田生态系统具有较强的固碳能力;2)全国农业碳排放总量持续增加但增速下降,化肥和柴油是主要碳源;3)三大粮食作物耕地生态系统表现出较大的碳生态盈余,2019年碳足迹为17.55×106hm^(2),占耕地比例为18.62%,即三大粮食作物耕地系统生产排放的CO_(2)降低至需要全国不到1/5的三大粮食作物耕地来消纳。研究结果有助于明晰耕地生态系统在碳循环中的地位,对促进农业碳减排,全国2030年实现“碳达峰”,2060年实现“碳中和”的战略提供科学依据。

CCER重启视角下林业碳汇参与碳市场研究

碳排放权交易市场(碳市场)是中国积极实施应对气候变化战略、落实“双碳”目标的重要载体和动力机制。从重启国家核证自愿减排(CCER)机制重启视角出发,系统回顾国内外学者对中国碳市场与林业碳汇的研究,对CCER重启对碳市场的影响进行深入探讨。作为CCER的主要组成部分,针对林业碳汇进入碳市场面临的问题进行重点研究。研究表明:①国内林业碳汇项目与市场机制具有多样性,包括林业碳汇CDM国际项目、CCER国家项目、地方林业碳汇项目。CCER是各碳排放权交易试点与全国碳市场重要的交易品种;②CCER进入全国碳市场,对于多元化发展碳金融市场有一定帮助,可以丰富碳金融产品种类,增加碳市场活跃度;③林业碳汇参与碳市场交易仍然存在方法学不成熟、制度约束、产权不明晰、交易风险等问题。针对上述问题,本文提出了完善碳汇交易制度的政策体系、明晰林业碳汇产权等建议。

中国农业净碳汇的时空动态及其驱动因素

[目的]在“双碳”战略背景下,明确我国农业净碳汇的时空动态及其驱动因素,为促进我国农业低碳发展提供理论依据。[方法]基于水稻种植、农地利用、农用物资及畜禽养殖4大方面19类主要碳源和7类主要碳汇,测算2002—2022年我国及31个省市区(除港澳台)农业净碳汇,运用Arc GIS统计软件分析其时空动态,并采用LMDI模型分析影响我国农业净碳汇的因素。[结果]我国农业碳排放的主要碳源已由畜牧业的肠道发酵和粪便管理转向种植业的农用物资;碳汇以水稻和玉米的贡献为主;农业净碳汇和碳汇水平整体呈现波动上升的态势,不同地区的农业净碳汇和碳汇水平表现为东北部高西部低的空间分布格局;农业净碳汇存在显著的全局空间正相关,各地区呈现出高高聚集或低低聚集的特征,且空间聚集呈增长趋势;农业净碳汇强度、农业产业结构和农村人口规模在抑制农业净碳汇方面发挥了重要作用,农业经济发展水平在一定程度上增强了碳汇能力。[结论]我国农业净碳汇呈现明显向好趋势,提高农业生产水平、优化农业产业结构对推动我国农业低碳发展、实现低碳循环具有重要作用。

农业碳汇纳入自愿减排交易机制的法制进路研究

中国核证自愿减排量(CCER)市场于2024年1月22日在北京正式重启,这于农业碳汇发展来说是重大机遇。从项目需求与理据看,CCER市场为农业碳汇发展提供专业化交易平台,使农业资产附加生态价值,开源了农业农村农民的非农收入渠道,是农村地区实现乡村振兴、共同富裕的特有资源,但也面临市场建构的法制回应、制度架构和发展方式三重现实需求。从问题归类与审视观,农业碳汇纳入CCER机制存在三重挑战:底层架构上产权归属、公私范畴等法理基础尚需厘清;顶层设计上法律政策化、政策法律化等协同体系有待完善;运行机制上市场交易、方法技术等配套方案亟需补足。为此,农业碳汇纳入CCER的法制方案与进路选择应从法理基础阐释、法律政策协同、衔接机制完善、风险管控优化四个方面分别予以回应。