Study on the Current Situation and Protection Countermeasures of Wild Plant Resources in Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve

[Objective] The aim was to study the current situation and protection countermeasures of wild plant resources in Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve. [Method] The current situation of wild plant resources in Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve was researched by means of route survey, sample plot survey and literature survey, and then the main impact factors of wild plant resources were analyzed by using participatory rural appraisal and problem tree analysis, finally protection countermeasures were put forward according to current situation and main impact factors. [Result] There were 2 779 species of vascular plants belonging to 214 families and 1 012 genera (including subfamilies and varieties) in Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve, among them, there existed 261 species of pteridophyte belonging to 41 families and 91 genera, 14 species of gymnosperm belonging to 6 families and 6 genera, and 2 504 species of angiosperm belonging to 167 families and 915 genera. Wild plant resources in reserve were mainly affected by planting under forest, habitat fragmentation, cutting trees, collection and utilization of no-timber products, development of animal husbandry, insufficient recognition of community residents to reserve management establishment and lots of floating population. In the future, wild plant resources in reserve could be protected through strengthening propaganda, education and management, enforcing the law strictly and other countermeasures. [Conclusion] The study could provide theoretical foundation for the protection of wild plant resources in Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve.

Orchid conservation in China from 2000 to 2020:Achievements and perspectives

We review achievements in the conservation of orchid diversity in China over the last 21 years.We provide updated information on orchid biodiversity and suggestions for orchid conservation in China.We outline national policies of biodiversity conservation,especially of orchid conservation,which provide general guidelines for orchid conservation in China.There are now approximately 1708 known species of Orchidaceae in 181 genera in China,including five new genera and 365 new species described over the last 21 years.The assessment of risk of extinction of all 1502 known native orchid species in China in 2013 indicated that 653 species were identified as threatened,132 species were treated as data-deficient,and four species endemic to China were classified as extinct.Approximately 1100 species(ca.65%)are protected in national nature reserves,and another~66 species in provincial nature reserves.About 800 native orchid species have living collections in major botanical gardens.The pollination biology of 74 native orchid species and the genetic diversity and spatial genetic structure of 29 orchid species have been investigated at a local scale and/or across species distributions.The mycorrhizal fungal community composition has been investigated in many genera,such as Bletilla,Coelogyne,Cymbidium,Cypripedium,and Dendrobium.Approximately 292 species will be included in the list of national key protected wild plants this year.Two major tasks for near future include in situ conservation and monitoring population dynamics of endangered species.

内蒙古有分布的国家重点保护野生植物种类

从最新发布的《国家重点保护野生植物名录》中整理出分布于内蒙古自治区(简称“内蒙古”)的野生植物共46种,隶属5个门,26个科和36个属。其中,被子植物门有39种,占全部种类的84.78%,在植物门的分类等级上处于绝对突出的地位。在植物科的分类等级上,禾本科(Gramineae)含7种、兰科(Orchidaceae)含6种、豆科(Leguminosae)含5种,占全部种类的39.13%,处于相对突出的地位。披碱草属(Elymus L.)含5种、杓兰属(Cypripedium L.)含4种,占全部种类的19.56%,在植物属的等级上处于相对突出的地位。

华北地区国家重点保护农业野生植物区系研究

【目的】分析中国华北地区国家重点保护农业野生植物区系成分,为保护与持续利用资源提供参考。【方法】按照中国现代蕨类植物地理分布,种子植物分布区类型,D.Szymkiewicz属相似系数进行分析。【结果】华北地区国家重点保护农业野生植物有44种,隶属于24科39属。区系成分主要是温带性质,各类温带成分属占72.22%、热带成分属占13.89%、中国特有属占13.89%;各类温带成分种占54.76%、热带成分种占2.38%、中国特有种占42.86%,与相邻的东北区系关系密切,与西北区系相似程度较低。【结论】区内植物科有7个分布区类型、2变型,属有12个分布区类型、6变型,种有6个分布区类型和3变型。

华东地区国家重点保护野生植物区系研究

在野外调查和文献资料查阅的基础上,整理出华东地区国家重点保护野生植物名录,并对该地区的植物种类组成和区系成分进行分析。结果表明:该地区共有国家重点保护野生植物42科69属94种,其中被子植物30科49属60种,裸子植物7科14属22种,蕨类植物5科6属12种。该地区国家重点保护野生植物区系成分复杂,起源古老,特有现象明显;区系以热带分布和温带分布为主,具有明显的过渡特征。区系丰富度和相似度分析表明,赣、浙、闽、皖的国家重点保护野生植物种类较丰富,且关系密切;苏、沪的国家重点保护野生植物种类较少,与其他省份关系疏远;鲁的国家重点保护野生植物种类最少,与其他省无相同的科、属、种。研究旨在对华东地区国家重点保护野生植物区系进行初步研究,为该地区的植物保护和合理开发利用提供参考。

《国家重点保护野生植物名录》调整的必要性、原则和程序

我国是世界上植物多样性最丰富的国家之一, 1999年发布的《国家重点保护野生植物名录》(下称《名录》(第一批))明确了国家重点保护野生植物的范围,为依法强化保护、规范无序开发利用、提高公众保护意识奠定了基础。20多年来,我国野生植物多样性保护形势发生了很大变化,需要对《名录》进行调整。2018年,国家林业和草原局、农业农村部启动《名录》调整工作,物种的遴选遵循了5条基本原则和4条补充性原则,这些原则主要涉及中国珍稀濒危物种,具有重要经济、文化、科研、生态等价值物种的入选以及部分物种的排除。经国务院批准,2021年9月7日,国家林业和草原局、农业农村部发布了调整后的《名录》,包括真菌类、藻类、苔藓、石松类和蕨类植物、裸子植物和被子植物,共计约1,101种(455种和40类)野生植物列入其中。本文简要介绍了《名录》调整的必要性、原则和程序及调整后的情况。

中国野生植物保护管理的政策、法律制度分析和建议

中国是全球生物多样性最丰富的国家之一。最近40年,中国的植物多样性保护取得了巨大成就,实施了多项政策和法律,尤其是《野生植物保护条例》和《国家重点保护野生植物名录》先后颁布,奠定了中国植物保护的法律和政策框架,就地保护和迁地保护网络基本形成。但与生态文明建设的要求相比,野生植物保护依然存在许多不足。本文系统回顾了中国野生植物保护管理的政策和法律制度,从就地保护、迁地保护、开发利用活动管理三方面分析了其优缺点并提出建议;重点对修订《野生植物保护条例》进行讨论并提出建议,包括修订野生植物和人工培植的定义、优化对开发利用活动的管理程序、加强国际法和国内法的衔接、细化优化罚则等。

从《国家重点保护野生植物名录》看我国裸子植物保护

本文比较了2021版和1999版《国家重点保护野生植物名录》(简称《名录》)中裸子植物的物种收录情况变化,并分析了2021版《名录》保护物种的地理分布格局。结果发现,2021版《名录》总体上数量增加:科水平上增加了罗汉松科和麻黄科,科的保护率达87.5%,仅买麻藤科没有被列入保护的物种;属水平上删除了落叶松属(Larix),增加了麻黄属(Ephedra)、罗汉松属(Podocarpus)和金柏属(Xanthocyparis),属的保护率达67.6%;种水平上共收录106种裸子植物,物种保护率达38.7%。1999版《名录》科、属、种的保护率分别为62.5%、62.2%和30.0%。从地理分布来看,裸子植物保护物种主要分布在南方,云南、广西、贵州、湖南和四川最多,与国产裸子植物的地理分布格局相似。为了提升国家相关部门的物种保护和执法能力,我们建议:(1)尽快建立咨询专家库,梳理并完善物种保护行动方案和保护技术;(2)建立保护物种图像库,使得智能识别技术为保护提供更好的技术支撑;(3)尽快建立并完善保护物种的DNA条形码参考数据库,提升保护物种快速鉴定能力;(4)建议国家有关部门支持裸子植物针对性野外调查和分类学研究工作,为裸子植物保护执法提供更好的支撑,也为新的红色名录评估和保护行动计划制订提供依据。