A POSSIBLE IMPACT OF EL NINO MODOKI ON SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE OF CHINA'S OFFSHORE AND ITS ADJACENT REGIONS

El Nio Modoki,similar to but different from canonical El Nio,has been observed since the late1970s.In this paper,using HadISST and NCEP/NCAR wind data,we analyze the relationship between El Nio Modoki and Sea Surface Temperature(SST)in the offshore area of China and its adjacent waters for different seasons.Our results show a significant negative correlation between El Nio Modoki in summer and SST in autumn in the offshore area of China and its adjacent waters,particularly for regions located in the east of the Kuroshio.It is also found that during El Nio Modoki period,anomalous northerlies prevail over the regions from the northern part of the Philippines to the offshore area of China,indicating that the northerlies are unfavorable for the transport of warm water from the western tropical Pacific to the mid-latitude area.Consequently,El Nio Modoki in summer may play a substantial role in cold SST anomalies in the offshore area of China and its adjacent waters in autumn through the influence of the Kuroshio,with a lagged response of the ocean to the atmospheric wind field.

Validation and application of multi-source altimeter wave data in China＇s offshore areas

Studies of offshore wave climate based on satellite altimeter significant wave height（SWH） have widespread application value. This study used a calibrated multi-altimeter SWH dataset to investigate the wave climate characteristics in the offshore areas of China. First, the SWH measurements from 28 buoys located in China＇s coastal seas were compared with an Ifremer calibrated altimeter SWH dataset. Although the altimeter dataset tended to slightly overestimate SWH, it was in good agreement with the in situ data in general. The correlation coefficient was 0.97 and the root-mean-square（RMS） of differences was 0.30 m. The validation results showed a slight difference in different areas. The correlation coefficient was the maximum（0.97） and the RMS difference was the minimum（0.28 m） in the area from the East China Sea to the north of the South China Sea.The correlation coefficient of approximately 0.95 was relatively low in the seas off the Changjiang（Yangtze River） Estuary. The RMS difference was the maximum（0.32 m） in the seas off the Changjiang Estuary and was0.30 m in the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea. Based on the above evidence, it is confirmed that the multialtimeter wave data are reliable in China＇s offshore areas. Then, the characteristics of the wave field, including the frequency of huge waves and the multi-year return SWH in China＇s offshore seas were analyzed using the23-year altimeter wave dataset. The 23-year mean SWH generally ranged from 0.6-2.2 m. The greatest SWH appeared in the southeast of the China East Sea, the Taiwan Strait and the northeast of the South China Sea.Obvious seasonal variation of SWH was found in most areas; SWH was greater in winter and autumn than in summer and spring. Extreme waves greater than 4 m in height mainly occurred in the following areas： the southeast of the East China Sea, the south of the Ryukyu Islands, the east of Taiwan-Luzon Island, and the Dongsha Islands extending to the Zhongsha Islands, and the frequency of extreme waves was 3%-6%. Extreme waves occurred most frequently in autumn and rarely in spring. The 100-year return wave height was greatest from the northwest Pacific seas extending to southeast of the Ryukyu Islands（9-12 m）, and the northeast of the South China Sea and the East China Sea had the second largest wave heights（7-11 m）. For inshore areas, the100-year return wave height was the greatest in the waters off the east coast of Guangdong Province and the south coast of Zhejiang Province（7-8 m）, whereas it was at a minimum in the area from the Changjiang Estuary to the Bohai Sea（4-6 m）. An investigation of sampling effects indicates that when using the 1°×1°grid dataset, although the combination of nine altimeters obviously enhanced the time and space coverage of sampling, the accuracy of statistical results, particularly extreme values obtained from the dataset, still suffered from undersampling problems because the time sampling percent in each 1°×1°grid cell was always less than33%.

New Headway in China's Offshore Oil Cooperation with Foreign Firms

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Report of Prionospio complex(Annelida:Polychaeta:Spio-nidae) from China's waters,with description of a new species

Nine species of Prionospio complex are recorded from China＇s waters,including one new species and six newly recorded species.Prionospio（Prionospio） pacifica sp.nov.,is characterized by having first and forth pairs of branchiae pinnate,second and third pairs of apinnate,ventral crest on Setiger 9 and dorsal crests on Setigers 10-25.Apoprionospio kirrae（Wilson,1990）,Prionospio（Aquilaspio） convexa Imajima,1990,Prionospio（Minuspio） multibranchiata Berkeley,1927,Prionospio（Prionospio） bocki Sderstrm,1920,Prionospio（Prionospio） dubia Maciolek,1985 and Prionospio（Prionospio） paradisea Imajima,1990 are recorded for the first time from China＇s waters.

Morphological and genetic comparison of two strains of a Prorocentrum species isolated from Zhejiang coastal water of China and Masan Bay of Korea

In this paper, we examined the detailed morphology of two strains of Prorocentrum isolated from the coastal waters of Zhejiang (Wenling area), China, and Masan Bay of Korea. A taxonomic comparison was made among strains on the basis of morphological and molecular data. The cellular dimensions of the Chinese Wenling strain (LAMB090508) and Korean strain (PDKS0206) were similar and the cells of both strains were of asymmetric and elongated shape. The posterior end of most cells was rounded. Megacytic zones of aged cells were broader with dense tiny knobs. The roundish nucleus was located in the posterior part of the cell. A few irregular shaped chloroplasts were distributed within the cell. The nucleotide similarity of the two strains, determined from the 5.8S rDNA-ITS sequences, was 99.83%. The comparative results of morphology and molecular analysis suggest that both strains isolated from China and Korea were the identical species, Prorocentrum donghaiense Lu.

Classification and 3-D distribution of upper layer water masses in the northern South China Sea

Using the fuzzy cluster analysis and the temperature-salinity(T-S) similarity number analysis of cruise conductivity-temperature-depth(CTD) data in the upper layer(0–300 m) of the northern South China Sea(NSCS), we classify the upper layer water of the NSCS into six water masses: diluted water(D), surface water(SS),the SCS subsurface water mass(U_S), the Pacific Ocean subsurface water mass(U_P), surface-subsurface mixed water(SU) and subsurface-intermediate mixed water(UI). A new stacked stereogram is used to illustrate the water mass distribution, and to examine the source and the distribution of U_P, combining with the sea surface height data and geostrophic current field. The results show that water mass U_P exists in all four seasons with the maximum range in spring and the minimum range in summer. In spring and winter, the U_P intrudes into the Luzon Strait and the southwest of Taiwan Island via the northern Luzon Strait in the form of nonlinear Rossby eddies, and forms a high temperature and high salinity zone east of the Dongsha Islands. In summer, the U_P is sporadically distributed in the study area. In autumn, the U_P is located in the upper 200 m layer east of Hainan Island.

Study on Water Consumption Coefficient of People's Living and Its Regional Disparity in the North of China

By employing the information-reshufflingmethod that integrates census data, precipitation dataand inquiry data of water consumption, this paperdiscusses 5 (water consumption coefficient of people’sliving) in allusion to different precipitation zones anddifferent periods of time. The study shows that 5-(water consumption coefficient of urban people’sliving), 5. (water consumption coefficient of ruralpeople’s living) and increase with time passing, andthe increasing extent of 5 is 1.84, 2.62, 2.84 and 2.68times respectively from the west to the east, whichresults from the total quantity of water resources andthe speed of urbanization. 5- and 5. of eachprecipitation zone increased with 5- increasing morequickly than 5., and the difference between the twoalso increased when time passed. In the past fifty years(1950-2000), the increasing extent of 5- was 1.71,2.96, 2.41 and 2.33 times respectively from the westto the east, in which 200-400mm precipitation zoneincreased more than others. Meanwhile the increasingextent of 5. is 1.55, 1.60, 1.53 and 1.64 timesrespectively from the west to the east with eachprecipitation zone increasing similarly. The change of5-is due to the speed of urbanization and the stabilityof water resources. This study provides basis forcalculating the water demand of people’s living andrevealing the impact of water demand of people’s livingon ecological drought in different zones.

Study on copper complexing ligand concentrations in several China's coastal waters

Copper complexing ligand concentrations in the Daya Bay, Qingdao coast, Jiaozhou Bay, South China Sea and Huanghe Estuary waters were determined by the anodic stripping voltammetry technique. The distribution regularity and the relationship with other parameters were discussed. The results were as follows： Copper complexing ligand concentrations of the South China Sea were a little higher than those of other sea areas, and they were apparently higher than those of the ocean. Compared with the subsurface layer （SSL） in the sea surface microlayer copper complexing ligand concentrations showed an enrichment phenomenon, of which the mechanism is similar to dissolved organic matter. The metal complexing ligand concentration profiles of the South China Sea showed that the value in the sea surface was the highest, then it decreased with depth accruing, and a higher value appeared at the bottom. Copper complex- ing ligand concentrations were higher than those of cadmium and lead. Ligands in each sea area exhibited a complicated property. In short, the distribution regularity of copper complexing ligand concentrations in China＇s coastal waters was consistent with that of other regions in the world. Meanwhile, the positive relationship between the copper complexing ligand concentrations and biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, dissolved organic carbon, and viscosity were found clearly.

PROGRESS IN RESEARCH ON RIVER WATER CHEMISTRY IN CHINA

River water resource is the most important component of water resources in China. This paper reviews the progress in the research on river water chemistry in China. It includes three parts: 1) the development of river water quality monitoring in China (at present, there exist three water quality monitoring networks in China: near 3000 water quality monitoring stations under the Ministry of Water Resources, several thousands water quality monitoring sites under the State Environmental Protection Administration and four sites under the China’s GEMS/Water Program); 2) progress in the research on chemical characteristics of river water chemistry in China and their geographical roles on natio wide and region wide scales; and 3) progress in the research on river quality changes in the last 40 years (the long term monitoring data reveals that the water quality of the Changjiang River has acidification trend, the Songhuajiang River had alkalization trend, and the Huanghe River has concentration trend in the last 4 decades).

Water resource governance in China's regional cooperation

A series of water disputes and conflicts have gradually emerged between China and some neighboring countries after 2000, influencing China's neighborhood relations. China increasingly realizes the importance and urgency of the water resource governance in the regional cooperation, but under complicated geopolitical context, China's water resource governance must serve several important main functions in its regional cooperation. Overall, water resource governance is the demands of crisis management and conflict prevention, and also is a kind of positive factor that promotes sub-regional cooperation. From the perspective of the current situation, China should take more proactive attitude toward the water resource governance, expand the areas and stakeholders of the water resource governance, and thus promote the formulation of water resource governance strategy.

Overview of China's National Standards for Solar Water Heating

Energy supply is one of the major challenges facing China. The rate at which demand is outstripping supply led the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress to pass the Renewable Energy Law of the PRC at its fourteenth session in February, 2005. The document points out that 'The law is legislated to promote exploitation and utilization of renewable energy, increase the supply of energy sources, improve the structure of energy sources, ensure the security of energy sources, protect the environment, and achieve the sustainable development of economy and society.' 'Renewable energy under the law is non-fossil energy, including wind, solar, water, biomass, geothermal, and ocean energies, etc.' 'The nation determines that the exploitation and utilization of renewable energy takes precedence in the development of energy sources, and propels the establishment and development of the renewable energy market.' 'The Standardization Administrative Department of the State Council should constitute and promulgate the national grid-connection standards for renew- able electricity, and other national technical standards that are related to renewable energy technology and products.'

Water Shortages in China's Cities

"Water,woater evenyuwhere,and nary a drop to drink!"Poetry becomes reality in China,as experts scramble to find new supplies of the preious liquid to slake the thirst of a growing population and industry.

Temporal and spatial variability of the carbon cycle in the east of China's seas:a three-dimensional physical-biogeochemical modeling study

In the east of China＇s seas, there is a wide range of the continental shelf. The nutrient cycle and the carbon cycle in the east of China＇s seas exhibit a strong variability on seasonal to decadal time scales. On the basis of a regional ocean modeling system（ROMS）, a three dimensional physical-biogeochemical model including the carbon cycle with the resolution（1/12）°×（1/12）° is established to investigate the physical variations, ecosystem responses and carbon cycle consequences in the east of China＇s seas. The ROMS-Nutrient Phytoplankton Zooplankton Detritus（NPZD） model is driven by daily air-sea fluxes（wind stress, long wave radiation, short wave radiation, sensible heat and latent heat, freshwater fluxes） that derived from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction（NCEP） reanalysis2 from 1982 to 2005. The coupled model is capable of reproducing the observed seasonal variation characteristics over the same period in the East China Sea. The integrated air-sea CO_2 flux over the entire east of China＇s seas reveals a strong seasonal cycle, functioning as a source of CO_2 to the atmosphere from June to October, while serving as a sink of CO_2 to the atmosphere in the other months. The 24 a mean value of airsea CO_2 flux over the entire east of China＇s seas is about 1.06 mol/（m^2·a）, which is equivalent to a regional total of3.22 Mt/a, indicating that in the east of China＇s seas there is a sink of CO_2 to the atmosphere. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in sea water in the east of China＇s seas has an increasing rate of 1.15 μatm/a（1μtm/a=0.101 325Pa）, but p H in sea water has an opposite tendency, which decreases with a rate of 0.001 3 a^（–1） from 1982 to 2005.Biological activity is a dominant factor that controls the pCO_2 air in the east of China＇s seas, and followed by a temperature. The inverse relationship between the interannual variability of air-sea CO_2 flux averaged from the domain area and Ni？o3 SST Index indicates that the carbon cycle in the east of China＇s seas has a high correlation with El Ni？o-Southern Oscillation（ENSO）.

SOME FEATURES OF SEVERE TROPICAL CYCLONE CHANGE IN THE COOL AND WANM SUMMER OVER EAST CHINA SEA

Based on the definition of cool summer and warm summer, statistical characteristics of severe tropical cyclones are studied over East China Sea using 1951-1994 typhoon and temperature data. It is foundthat the frequency, tracks, intensity and moving speed 0f the tropical cyclone between c0ld summer andwarm summer were much different. The backgtound features 0f the difference were also discussed incontrast.

Strategic Thinking on Shallow-water Oil and Gas Exploration in Offshore China

The oil and gas exploration in offshore China has made great achievements,and as the important areas of offshore exploration,the shallow waters contribute most of the oil and gas reserves and production.However,the available area for exploration is diminishing and the cost of exploration is rising.The field changes and ever increasing difficulties of exploration bring new challenges technically and economically.Therefore,for effective exploration of shallow-water oil and gas in offshore China,it is necessary to center on the general requirements of becoming a powerful marine country and the ideas of value exploration,initiate key research projects in the fields of China's offshore stratigraphic-lithologic reserves,Paleogene reserves,buried-hill reserves,high temperature and pressure reserves and hydrocarbon-rich sags,and form geological theories and explorative technologies of large and medium size oil and gas field in offshore China.The measures regarding the challenges include:(1) Innovating theoretical understanding and optimizing new exploration fields,(2) developing technical capabilities and improving the success rate of exploration,and(3) enhancing management level and deepening value exploration.

台湾近海的温、盐垂直结构与t－S图解类型

本文根据我国台湾海洋工作者的调查分析资料，对台湾近海的温、盐垂直分布及ｔ－Ｓ图解特征进行分析，按其相似性特点进行归类和分型，并探讨它们的特点和异同之处。主要结果如下：１．冬、夏季台湾近海的温、盐垂直分布类型有５种，ｔ－Ｓ图解类型为９种。２．冬季台湾近海的水温垂直分布存在着一层、二层、三层结构，夏季多为三层结构；冬、夏季的盐度垂直分布为二层和三层结构。３．台湾西南、南和东北近海，ｔ－Ｓ图解类型复杂，出现多种类型交错。４．夏季台湾南端的猫鼻头、鹅銮鼻沿岸附近，其温、盐垂直分布皆出现上均匀层，此现象实属少见。

海上强底水砂岩油藏CO2-EOR-S数值模拟研究

二氧化碳驱提高采收率及地质封存(CO2-EOR-S)技术是目前实现温室气体减排和应对全球气候变暖最经济有效的手段之一。文章以珠江口盆地惠州21-1油田M10层为对象,利用Petrel和CMG-GEM油藏数值模拟方法进行了注CO2驱提高采收率能力评价、注CO2流体状态方程拟合以及不同方案注采参数优化、合理方式优选,以探讨该油层的CO2-EOR-S潜力。对比9个模拟方案结果表明:1)在不同开采条件下,混相驱、近混相驱和非混相驱方案比例4︰3︰2;混相驱方案的采收率提高效果最为明显,相较于未注入CO2,提高约5.48%~8.73%,而近混相驱和非混相驱仅分别提高为2.96%~4.33%和2.01%~2.67%;基于细管模拟结果 (最小混相压力约31MPa),在M10原始地层压力条件下,CO2与原油达到近混相状态;2)模拟注入CO2五年,采用两口井同时以41MPa的井底流压注入CO2效果最佳,采收率从34.7%提高到43.4%,累计产油量从2.22×106m3提高到2.78×106m3;含水率从约96%降到约59%;共注入CO2 9.2Mt,封存6.7Mt,占注入量的73%,封存速率约1.33×106t·a-1;3)对于单井注入,原油采收率与CO2封存量呈负相关影响,而两口井注入条件下呈正相关,因此增加注入井数有助于在提高采收率的同时加大封存量。