Evolution and Governance of the Structure of Marine Economic Networks in China’s Coastal Areas: Based on Sea-related A-share Listed Companies

Data on discrete,isolated attributes of the marine economy are often used in traditional marine economic research.However,as the focus of urban research shifts from internal static attributes to external dynamic linkages,the importance of marine economic net-work research is beginning to emerge.The construction of the marine economic network in China’s coastal areas is necessary to change the flow of land and sea resources and optimize regional marine economic development.Employing data from headquarters and branches of sea-related A-share listed enterprises to construct the marine economic network in China,we use social network analysis(SNA)to discuss the characteristics of its evolution as of 2010,2015,and 2020 and its governance.The following results were obtained.1)In terms of topological characteristics,the scale of the marine economic network in China’s coastal areas has accelerated and expan-ded,and the connections have become increasingly close;thus,this development has complex network characteristics.2)In terms of spatial structure,the intensity of the connection fluctuates and does not form stable development support;the group structure gradually becomes clear,but the overall pattern is fragmented;there are spatial differences in marine economic agglomeration radiation;the radi-ation effect of the eastern marine economic circle is obvious;and the polarization effect of northern and southern marine economic circles is significant.On this basis,we construct a framework for the governance of a marine economic network with the market,the government,and industry as the three governing bodies.By clarifying the driving factors and building objectives of marine economic network construction,this study aims to foster the high-quality development of China’s marine economy.

Changes of China’s Status in the Global System and Its Influencing Factors:A Multiple Contact Networks Perspective

Clarifying China’s position in the global system is an important logical basis for developing national diplomacy.Although much research has been done on China’s development status,most studies have been based on country comparisons or institutional en-vironment.In today’s networked era in which the global economy,trade,personnel,and information are closely connected,studies on China’s global position and its status changes and influencing factors in multiple contact networks are still insufficient.In this study,from the perspective of diverse global contact networks,we constructed economic,cultural,and political influence indices to explore the changes and influencing factors on China’s status in the global system from 2005 to 2018.The results show that during the study period,China’s global influence in the fields of economic ties,cultural exchanges,and political contacts increased significantly,but its influ-ence in the fields of cultural exchanges and political contacts lagged far economic ties.The pattern of China’s economic influence on various economies around the world has shown a transformation from an‘upright pyramid’to an‘inverted pyramid’structure.The proportion of these economies in low-influence zones has decreased from more than 60%in 2005 to less than 20%in 2018.China’s cultural and political influence on various economies around the world has increased significantly;however,for the former,the percentage of high-influence areas is still less than 20%,whereas for the latter the percentage of these economies in medium-and high-influence areas is still less than 50%.Analyses such as a scatter plot matrix show that geographical proximity,economic globalization,close cooperation with developing countries,and a proactive and peaceful foreign policy are important factors in improving China’s status in the diverse global network system.

Examination and Interpretation of the Quantitative Validity in China’s Corporate-based Urban Network Analysis

As a matter of expediency, most existing corporate-based urban networks can only be quantitatively measured by either counting the number of linkages or calculating the product of estimated service values. However, the impreciseness arising due to the limits of quantitative analysis may prove fatal to studies about non-market economies like China. Employing the capital investment dataset as an example, we build a capital-weighted intervention network as well as an unweighted control network to carry out an examination of the quantitative validity in China’s corporate-based urban network analysis. Both the overall spatial pattern and top city-dyads within the capital-weighted network witness Beijing, as the most dominant city, overshadow the performance of the others, and the unweighted network shows multilateral interactions between China’s top cities including Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, and Guangzhou. To further interpret the noticeable differences, we divide the overall network into two subnetworks, inferred by focusing on state-owned enterprises(SOEs) and private enterprises. The results show that the public and private sectors have separately created vastly different subnetworks in China and that SOEs play a much more significant role in terms of capital. Besides fresh insights into China’s urban network, this study provides a cautionary tale reminding researchers of the essentiality and complexity when making a quantitative distinction between different linkages.

Mapping Urban Networks through Inter-Firm Linkages: The Case of Listed Companies in Yangtze River Delta, China

Recently, literature on urban network research from the perspective of ?rm networks has been increasing. This research mainly used data from the headquarters and branches of all 2581 listed manufacturing companies in the Yangtze River Delta from 1990 to 2017, and studied the urban network through an interlocking network model that quantifies the links between enterprises. The results showed that the spatial distribution of listed manufacturing industries in the Yangtze River Delta was relatively concentrated, and cities such as Shanghai, Nanjing, and Hangzhou were hot spots for the spatial distribution of listed manufacturing industries. However, Fuyang, Suqian, Chizhou, Lishui and other network edge cities were less distributed in manufacturing. The urban network of the Yangtze River Delta has significant hierarchical characteristics. The urban network of the Yangtze River Delta presents a multi-center network development mode with Shanghai as the center and Nanjing, Hangzhou, and Hefei as the sub-centers. Moreover, we found that the development of inter-city connections in the Yangtze River Delta was driven by network mechanisms of priority attachment and path dependence. The radiating capacity and agglomeration capacity of cities in the Yangtze River Delta have a strong polarization characteristic. The core cities such as Shanghai, Nanjing, Hangzhou, and Hefei have much higher network radiation capabilities than network aggregation capabilities. However, other non-core cities and network edge cities have weak network radiation capabilities, and mainly accept network radiation from core cities. It enriches the research of urban networks based on real inter-?rm connections, and provides ideas for the wider regional study and the combination of econometric techniques and social network analysis.

LESSONS FROM EUROPE FOR CHINA?New Urban Sub-Centres for a Polycentric Network City

This paper compares two cases:It relates to the development of new urban sub-centres in China,and the relationship of these sub-centres to‘Network City’theory.As cities move towards more polycentric systems,the case of Potsdamer Platz Berlin,compared to Zhenru Sub-Centre in Shanghai,is discussed.Both are transport-oriented developments promoting mixed-use density and transport-oriented development.According to the documentation by Shanghai municipality,this new urban centre,which is currently in its planning phase,is supposed to become a‘sustainable sub-centre for a growing metropolis.’The author,who has intimate knowledge of the Berlin case,was asked to advice on the Chinese project,based on the Potsdamer Platz experience.After some hesitation,a series of careful recommendations were formulated for the design and development of the Zhenru Sub-Centre,knowing that it is rather difficult to translate from one case to the other.The conclusion includes five recommendations for the urban design of such sub-centres,to ensure a delivery of economical,social and environmental sustainable outcomes.

Prediction of SO_2 Concentration in Urban Atmosphere Based on B-P Neural Network

Base on the principle and method of B-P neural network,the prediction model of SO2 concentration in urban atmosphere was established by using the statistical data of a city in southwest China from 1991 to 2009,so as to forecast atmospheric SO2 concentration in a city of southwest China.The results showed that B-P neural network applied in the prediction of SO2 concentration in urban atmosphere was reasonable and efficient with high accuracy and wide adaptability,so it was worthy to be popularized.

URBAN COMPETITIVE PATTERN AND ITS CHANGES IN CHINA

With the national economy’s transition from a planning one to a market one, the factors affecting regional economic pattern has changed greatly. In this paper we first construct an index system for evaluating competitiveness of Chinese cities based on modern competitive advantage theory. With principal component analysis and cluster analysis methods, we compare the factors affecling cities’ integrated competitiveness in 1990 and 1997. We find that four major factors are capital (including investment, FDI and urban financial revenue ), urban ithestructure (transporiation and communication, urbanization level, education etc. ), industrial performance and structure, degree of market openness and that these factors have become more advanced and complicated since 1990. Most Chinese cities are transforming from productive factors-oriented type to investment-oriented type and a few are becoming innovation oriented. The integrated competitiveness is closely related to cities’ scale, urban function, regional policy and degree of market openness and displays an uneven spatial pattern. The difference between the south and the north and the difference between the west and the east co-exist bul the former has been more larger. Finally, we discuss the mechanism behind the pattern and attribute the unevenness to change of factors dominating the cities’ compehtiveness regional innovation capacity and geographical differenceof traditional culture.

Evolution Characteristics of Government-Industry-University-Research Cooperative Innovation Network for China＇s Agriculture and Influ- encing Factors： Illustrated According to Agricultural Patent Case

Under the special background of China, the cooperative innovation between different government-industry-university-research institutes plays an increasingly important role in the agricultural field. However, the existing literature has paid little attention to it. Considering the cooperation patents, published in the agriculture field stemming from the Full-text Database of China Patents as the study object, the spatial and institutional attribute of the authors as the data source, and by combining the social network and spatial econometrics analysis, this paper analyzes the structure evolution characteristics of cooperative innovation networks of agricultural government-industry-university-research institute in the city level of China in 1985–2014, based on the triple helix theory, with the influence factors discussed. This shows that, 1) since 1985, China's agricultural innovation level has been substantially increased, but the development degree of the cooperative innovation network is low, and the patent cooperation mainly relies on authors in the same unit; 2) enterprises play a leading role in the agricultural cooperative innovation. The effect of the government and hybrid organizations driven by the government is not obvious; 3) the cooperative innovation in the province and city dominates, and a multi-pole pattern has been formed. The cooperative innovation network structure evolves from a single helix empty core and double helix multi core to a double helix hierarchical network; 4) the city's science, education funding and personnel investment are key factors determining the agricultural cooperative innovation, while the agricultural development of the city presents slight negative impacts on it. The spatial mismatch of supply and demand is present in the technical cooperative innovation of China's agriculture. Therefore, the science enhancement and education investment to big agricultural provinces should be promptly implemented.

The Structure and Pattern of Urban Network in the Lanzhou-Xining Urban Agglomeration

In this paper,we use factor analysis to evaluate the urban comprehensive quality of each city in the Lanzhou-Xining(Lan-Xi)urban agglomeration.The time distance was obtained by using GIS spatial analysis,and the structure and pattern of the spatial network were analyzed by using the gravity model and social network analysis method.The results show that:1)The scale effect of the Lan-Xi urban agglomeration is gradually emerging,and it is gradually forming the urban agglomeration with Lanzhou and Xining as the core,the Lan-Xi high-speed railway as the axis,and a high-dense connection.2)Lanzhou and Xining are at the core of the Lan-Xi urban agglomeration,which has a strong attraction and spreads to neighboring cities.3)In the network structure of the Lan-Xi urban agglomeration,Lanzhou,Baiyin,Gaolan,Yuzhong,Yongdeng,Dingxi,Lintao,Xining,Ledu,Huangzhong,Ping’an,Minhe and Datong are located in the network core position,which have the superiority position and lead to the entire regional communication enhancement and the regional integration development.4)This urban agglomeration has significant subgroups,eight tertiary subgroups and four secondary subgroup;the tertiary subgroups which compose secondary subgroup have a close connection and mutually influence each other.5)The Lanzhou Metropolitan Area and the Xining Metropolitan Area have an important impact on the surrounding cities,and the peripheral cities are basically controlled by the central city.The Dingxi subgroup,Lintao-Linxia subgroup,Gonghe subgroup have more structural holes than the subgroups within the Lanzhou Metropolitan Area and the Xining Metropolitan Area,so the peripheral cities of these subgroups have relatively less connection with surrounding cities.

Network analysis and spatial agglomeration of China’s high-speed rail: A dual network approach

China has the largest high-speed railway(HSR) system in the world, and it has gradually reshaped the urban network.The HSR system can be represented as different types of networks in terms of the nodes and various relationships(i.e.,linkages) between them. In this paper, we first introduce a general dual network model, including a physical network(PN)and a logical network(LN) to provide a comparative analysis for China’s high-speed rail network via complex network theory. The PN represents a layout of stations and rail tracks, and forms the basis for operating all trains. The LN is a network composed of the origin and destination stations of each high-speed train and the train flows between them. China’s high-speed railway(CHSR) has different topological structures and link strengths for PN in comparison with the LN. In the study, the community detection is used to analyze China’s high-speed rail networks and several communities are found to be similar to the layout of planned urban agglomerations in China. Furthermore, the hierarchies of urban agglomerations are different from each other according to the strength of inter-regional interaction and intra-regional interaction, which are respectively related to location and spatial development strategies. Moreover, a case study of the Yangtze River Delta shows that the hub stations have different resource divisions and are major contributors to the gap between train departure and arrival flows.

The Mechanism Behind Urban Population Growth and Shrinkage from the Perspective of Urban Network Externalities

Urban shrinkage is a global phenomenon,and it will coexist with urban growth for many years.At the same time,the network connection between cities continuously improved due to the construction of the transportation and information networks.However,the relationship between urban network externalities and urban population growth/shrinkage remains unclear.Therefore,based on high-speed railway(HSR)flow data,a spatial econometric model is used to explore the mechanism behind urban population growth and shrinkage from the perspective of network externalities in China.The results indicate that:1)the urban network experiences a certain clubbing effect.Growing cities that are strongly connected are concentrated along China’s main railway lines and the southeastern coastal areas,while shrinking cities that are weakly connected are distributed at the periphery of the network.2)Moreover,the network externality disregards spatial distance and together with the agglomeration externality influences the growth and shrinking of cities.3)Urban economic development still promotes the development of Chinese cities.However,the improvement of the urban economy has a negative cross-regional spillover effect on neighboring cities due to urban competition.4)Lastly,Local spillovers of urban network externalities are positive,while cross-regional ones are negative.Consequently,the government needs to promote the construction of multi-dimensional network connections between cities to promote cities’sustainable development.This study reveals the relationship between urban network externalities and urban development,enriches the theories of network externalities and urban growth/shrinkage,and provides a reference for regional coordinated development.

China reshapes the East Asian production network

From the perspective of intra-product specialization and with in-depth analysis of trade statistics,this paper investigates the influence of China's rise on the East Asian production network.Our conclusions suggest that in integrating into the East Asian production network,China has gradually emerged as the manufacturing center of East Asia,weakening the regional influence of the Four Asian Tigers.Meanwhile,the competitive effect of China's rise has helped promote the specialization levels of the network's members and even the network as a whole.With cooperation in various processes of intra-product specialization,internal connections of the East Asian production network were further strengthened.In addition,China became an export platform of East Asia,transforming the export pattern of the East Asian production network to world markets from "bilateral trade" into "triangular trade," trade via China.

China's Urbanization is Gaining Momentum

Alongside China’s rapid economic growth after the adoption of the reform and opening-up policy,urbanization has progressed fairly quickly. Since 1998 in particular the urbanization drive has been accelerating.What is the current status of China’s urbanization drive?In this article Cui Ruchun consults an enormous range of statistics to analyze China’s current urbanization level,urban economic development,infrastructure construction,environment construction, developments in science,technology and education,as well as the living standard of urban residents.

China Unicom's Experience in Network Evolution towards NGN

The article introduces China Unicom's valuable experience obtained in the construction and operation of its IP-based data and fixed services network. In the construction of the network,China Unicom aimed at the quick deployment of telecom-level integrated services by building up multi-level metropolitan area networks and access networks;in the operation of the network,China Unicorn made great efforts with equipment manufactures, software developers and system integration providers and achieved stable and improved network performance.

China's Data Telecom Networks

China has built 22 optical cable trunks, 20 digital microwave trunks and 20 medium-to-large satellite earth stations during the eighth Five-year Plan, thus creating a favorable condition for the development of China’s data telecommunications and value-added business. China’s public data telecommunications, networks have become the main stream for the country’s information transmission through several years of rapid development. China’s public packet switching data network (China Pac), its network capacity increasing to over 60,000 terminals, now covers more than 600 cities, and is interconnected with 44 packet networks of 23 countries and regions. China’s

Minister Hou Jie on China's Housing Construction and Urban Development

At a reception held recently, Mr. Hou Jie, Minister of Construction, spoke about China’s housing construction and urban development. According to Mr. Hou Jie, the Chinese government always pays high attention to housing development, and has adopted many policies to speed up the construction of houses. Especially since 1979 when China introduced the policy of reform and opening, residential housing has developed rapidly and witnessed outstanding achievement. From 1979 to 1996, 13.8 billion square metres of residential