Report of Prionospio complex(Annelida:Polychaeta:Spio-nidae) from China's waters,with description of a new species

Nine species of Prionospio complex are recorded from China＇s waters,including one new species and six newly recorded species.Prionospio（Prionospio） pacifica sp.nov.,is characterized by having first and forth pairs of branchiae pinnate,second and third pairs of apinnate,ventral crest on Setiger 9 and dorsal crests on Setigers 10-25.Apoprionospio kirrae（Wilson,1990）,Prionospio（Aquilaspio） convexa Imajima,1990,Prionospio（Minuspio） multibranchiata Berkeley,1927,Prionospio（Prionospio） bocki Sderstrm,1920,Prionospio（Prionospio） dubia Maciolek,1985 and Prionospio（Prionospio） paradisea Imajima,1990 are recorded for the first time from China＇s waters.

Morphological and genetic comparison of two strains of a Prorocentrum species isolated from Zhejiang coastal water of China and Masan Bay of Korea

In this paper, we examined the detailed morphology of two strains of Prorocentrum isolated from the coastal waters of Zhejiang (Wenling area), China, and Masan Bay of Korea. A taxonomic comparison was made among strains on the basis of morphological and molecular data. The cellular dimensions of the Chinese Wenling strain (LAMB090508) and Korean strain (PDKS0206) were similar and the cells of both strains were of asymmetric and elongated shape. The posterior end of most cells was rounded. Megacytic zones of aged cells were broader with dense tiny knobs. The roundish nucleus was located in the posterior part of the cell. A few irregular shaped chloroplasts were distributed within the cell. The nucleotide similarity of the two strains, determined from the 5.8S rDNA-ITS sequences, was 99.83%. The comparative results of morphology and molecular analysis suggest that both strains isolated from China and Korea were the identical species, Prorocentrum donghaiense Lu.

Classification and 3-D distribution of upper layer water masses in the northern South China Sea

Using the fuzzy cluster analysis and the temperature-salinity(T-S) similarity number analysis of cruise conductivity-temperature-depth(CTD) data in the upper layer(0–300 m) of the northern South China Sea(NSCS), we classify the upper layer water of the NSCS into six water masses: diluted water(D), surface water(SS),the SCS subsurface water mass(U_S), the Pacific Ocean subsurface water mass(U_P), surface-subsurface mixed water(SU) and subsurface-intermediate mixed water(UI). A new stacked stereogram is used to illustrate the water mass distribution, and to examine the source and the distribution of U_P, combining with the sea surface height data and geostrophic current field. The results show that water mass U_P exists in all four seasons with the maximum range in spring and the minimum range in summer. In spring and winter, the U_P intrudes into the Luzon Strait and the southwest of Taiwan Island via the northern Luzon Strait in the form of nonlinear Rossby eddies, and forms a high temperature and high salinity zone east of the Dongsha Islands. In summer, the U_P is sporadically distributed in the study area. In autumn, the U_P is located in the upper 200 m layer east of Hainan Island.

Study on Water Consumption Coefficient of People's Living and Its Regional Disparity in the North of China

By employing the information-reshufflingmethod that integrates census data, precipitation dataand inquiry data of water consumption, this paperdiscusses 5 (water consumption coefficient of people’sliving) in allusion to different precipitation zones anddifferent periods of time. The study shows that 5-(water consumption coefficient of urban people’sliving), 5. (water consumption coefficient of ruralpeople’s living) and increase with time passing, andthe increasing extent of 5 is 1.84, 2.62, 2.84 and 2.68times respectively from the west to the east, whichresults from the total quantity of water resources andthe speed of urbanization. 5- and 5. of eachprecipitation zone increased with 5- increasing morequickly than 5., and the difference between the twoalso increased when time passed. In the past fifty years(1950-2000), the increasing extent of 5- was 1.71,2.96, 2.41 and 2.33 times respectively from the westto the east, in which 200-400mm precipitation zoneincreased more than others. Meanwhile the increasingextent of 5. is 1.55, 1.60, 1.53 and 1.64 timesrespectively from the west to the east with eachprecipitation zone increasing similarly. The change of5-is due to the speed of urbanization and the stabilityof water resources. This study provides basis forcalculating the water demand of people’s living andrevealing the impact of water demand of people’s livingon ecological drought in different zones.

Study on copper complexing ligand concentrations in several China's coastal waters

Copper complexing ligand concentrations in the Daya Bay, Qingdao coast, Jiaozhou Bay, South China Sea and Huanghe Estuary waters were determined by the anodic stripping voltammetry technique. The distribution regularity and the relationship with other parameters were discussed. The results were as follows： Copper complexing ligand concentrations of the South China Sea were a little higher than those of other sea areas, and they were apparently higher than those of the ocean. Compared with the subsurface layer （SSL） in the sea surface microlayer copper complexing ligand concentrations showed an enrichment phenomenon, of which the mechanism is similar to dissolved organic matter. The metal complexing ligand concentration profiles of the South China Sea showed that the value in the sea surface was the highest, then it decreased with depth accruing, and a higher value appeared at the bottom. Copper complex- ing ligand concentrations were higher than those of cadmium and lead. Ligands in each sea area exhibited a complicated property. In short, the distribution regularity of copper complexing ligand concentrations in China＇s coastal waters was consistent with that of other regions in the world. Meanwhile, the positive relationship between the copper complexing ligand concentrations and biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, dissolved organic carbon, and viscosity were found clearly.

PROGRESS IN RESEARCH ON RIVER WATER CHEMISTRY IN CHINA

River water resource is the most important component of water resources in China. This paper reviews the progress in the research on river water chemistry in China. It includes three parts: 1) the development of river water quality monitoring in China (at present, there exist three water quality monitoring networks in China: near 3000 water quality monitoring stations under the Ministry of Water Resources, several thousands water quality monitoring sites under the State Environmental Protection Administration and four sites under the China’s GEMS/Water Program); 2) progress in the research on chemical characteristics of river water chemistry in China and their geographical roles on natio wide and region wide scales; and 3) progress in the research on river quality changes in the last 40 years (the long term monitoring data reveals that the water quality of the Changjiang River has acidification trend, the Songhuajiang River had alkalization trend, and the Huanghe River has concentration trend in the last 4 decades).

Water resource governance in China's regional cooperation

A series of water disputes and conflicts have gradually emerged between China and some neighboring countries after 2000, influencing China's neighborhood relations. China increasingly realizes the importance and urgency of the water resource governance in the regional cooperation, but under complicated geopolitical context, China's water resource governance must serve several important main functions in its regional cooperation. Overall, water resource governance is the demands of crisis management and conflict prevention, and also is a kind of positive factor that promotes sub-regional cooperation. From the perspective of the current situation, China should take more proactive attitude toward the water resource governance, expand the areas and stakeholders of the water resource governance, and thus promote the formulation of water resource governance strategy.

Overview of China's National Standards for Solar Water Heating

Energy supply is one of the major challenges facing China. The rate at which demand is outstripping supply led the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress to pass the Renewable Energy Law of the PRC at its fourteenth session in February, 2005. The document points out that 'The law is legislated to promote exploitation and utilization of renewable energy, increase the supply of energy sources, improve the structure of energy sources, ensure the security of energy sources, protect the environment, and achieve the sustainable development of economy and society.' 'Renewable energy under the law is non-fossil energy, including wind, solar, water, biomass, geothermal, and ocean energies, etc.' 'The nation determines that the exploitation and utilization of renewable energy takes precedence in the development of energy sources, and propels the establishment and development of the renewable energy market.' 'The Standardization Administrative Department of the State Council should constitute and promulgate the national grid-connection standards for renew- able electricity, and other national technical standards that are related to renewable energy technology and products.'

Water Shortages in China's Cities

"Water,woater evenyuwhere,and nary a drop to drink!"Poetry becomes reality in China,as experts scramble to find new supplies of the preious liquid to slake the thirst of a growing population and industry.

Temporal and spatial variability of the carbon cycle in the east of China's seas:a three-dimensional physical-biogeochemical modeling study

In the east of China＇s seas, there is a wide range of the continental shelf. The nutrient cycle and the carbon cycle in the east of China＇s seas exhibit a strong variability on seasonal to decadal time scales. On the basis of a regional ocean modeling system（ROMS）, a three dimensional physical-biogeochemical model including the carbon cycle with the resolution（1/12）°×（1/12）° is established to investigate the physical variations, ecosystem responses and carbon cycle consequences in the east of China＇s seas. The ROMS-Nutrient Phytoplankton Zooplankton Detritus（NPZD） model is driven by daily air-sea fluxes（wind stress, long wave radiation, short wave radiation, sensible heat and latent heat, freshwater fluxes） that derived from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction（NCEP） reanalysis2 from 1982 to 2005. The coupled model is capable of reproducing the observed seasonal variation characteristics over the same period in the East China Sea. The integrated air-sea CO_2 flux over the entire east of China＇s seas reveals a strong seasonal cycle, functioning as a source of CO_2 to the atmosphere from June to October, while serving as a sink of CO_2 to the atmosphere in the other months. The 24 a mean value of airsea CO_2 flux over the entire east of China＇s seas is about 1.06 mol/（m^2·a）, which is equivalent to a regional total of3.22 Mt/a, indicating that in the east of China＇s seas there is a sink of CO_2 to the atmosphere. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in sea water in the east of China＇s seas has an increasing rate of 1.15 μatm/a（1μtm/a=0.101 325Pa）, but p H in sea water has an opposite tendency, which decreases with a rate of 0.001 3 a^（–1） from 1982 to 2005.Biological activity is a dominant factor that controls the pCO_2 air in the east of China＇s seas, and followed by a temperature. The inverse relationship between the interannual variability of air-sea CO_2 flux averaged from the domain area and Ni？o3 SST Index indicates that the carbon cycle in the east of China＇s seas has a high correlation with El Ni？o-Southern Oscillation（ENSO）.

Environmental Redox Changes of the Ancient Sea in the Yangtze Area during the Ordo-Silurian Transition

Extensive organic-matter （OM） rich facies （black shales） occur in the Ordo-Silurian boundary successions in the Yangtze area, South China. To investigate the redox changes of the Yangtze Sea during the Ordo-Silurian transition, two OM sections （Wangjiawan in Yichang, Hubei Province, and Sanjiaguan in Zhangjiajie, Hunan Province） straddling the Ordo-Silurian boundary are studied. The measurements finished in this study include contents of the total organic carbon （TOC）, pyrite sulphur, and different species of Fe, including dithionite-extractable Fe （FED）, pyrite Fe （FeP）, HCl-extractable Fe （FeH）, and total Fe （FeT）, in black shales, as well as other redox proxies, such as the SIC ratio, the ratio between highly reactive Fe （FeHR = FeD ＋ FeP） and FeT, and the FeP/（FeP ＋ FeH） ratio, known as the degree of pyritization （DOP）. In the Wangjiawan section, the Middle Ashgill sediments have high FeHR/FeT ratios （0.20-0.77; avg. 0.45）, high DOP values （0.21-0.72; avg. 0.54）, and a relatively constant sulfur content independent of the organic carbon content. By the contrast, the mid-early Hirnantian deposits generally have low FeHR/FeT ratios （0.10-0.35; avg. 0.21）, low DOP values （0.11- 0.40; avg. 0.28）, and SIC values are clustering on the normal marine value （SIC = 0.36）. The late Hirnantian and early Rhuddanian deposits, similar to those of the Middle Ashgill deposits, are characterized by high FeHR/FeT ratios （0.32-0.49; avg. 0.41）, high DOP values （0.46-0.68; avg. 0.53） and fairly constant sulfur contents. These data suggest the occurrences of marine anoxia on the Yangtze Sea shelf during intervals of the Mid Ashgill, Late Hirnantian and Early Rhuddanian, and ventilated and oxygenated marine conditions during the mid-early Hirnantian time. The mid-early Hirnantian ventilated event was concomitant with the global glacial period, likely resulted from the glacio-eustatic sea-level fall and subsequent circulation of cold, dense oxygenated waters upon the shelf seabed. Accordingly, the abrupt change from oxygenated to anoxic marine waters from the late Hirnantian and the early Rhuddanian were resulted from the post-glacial rise of eustatic sea level. Combined with the data from Sanjiaguan section near the subemergent highland, salinity stratification of water columns are strongly evidenced by very low S/C ratios （ 0.00-0.08, avg. 0.02）, low FeHR/FeT ratios （0.10-0.37, avg. 0.27）, low DOP values （0.01-0.27, avg. 0.10）, and TOC contents （0.72%-4.27%, avg. 2.55%）. Under this circumstance, the anoxic water columns could have formed beneath the halocline, above which desalinized waters formed. In the Wangjiawan section, TOC contents are generally high （0.94- 9.32%, avg. 4.44%）, but low （0.35%-2.12%, avg. 1.29%） in the mid-early Hirnantian that is coincident with the oceanic oxic stage, together with relation of the organic contents to the stratal thickness, suggesting that the accumulation of the organic matter was mainly controlled by the oxygen levels of the water columns; on the other hand, productivity and depositional rate may also have played a role in the organic accumulation and preservation.

变化环境下“中华水塔”水资源及产流规律变化分析研究

受全球气候变暖的影响,“中华水塔”地区正面临着以“变暖变湿”为主的气候变化。受气候及下垫面条件的综合影响,区域水资源显著增加,各流域产流机理在空间上呈现出明显的地区差异特征。基于“中华水塔”区域1956—2020年水文气象资料,通过趋势、突变、距平等分析方法,分析其水文要素和产流规律的变化趋势、特征及相互之间影响关系。结果表明:近年来“中华水塔”区域气温显著升高,蒸发能力总体增强,区域进入丰水期,降水、径流显著增加,在同等降水径流尺度下,黄河源区产流能力有所降低,长江、澜沧江源区产流能力明显增强;气温升高、降水量持续偏丰以及流域前期影响雨量(蓄水量)增加、枯季径流比例提高、下垫面生态持水能力增强是引起区域产流规律变化、水资源量增加的主要原因。

南水北调中线水源区浮游植物时空分布及其营养状态

2004年3月—2006年5月,在南水北调中线水源区选择4个监测点进行了7次采样,获取了表层浮游植物和水质理化指标数据,采用污水生物系统法、营养状态指数法和单因子评价法综合评价了水源区的营养状态。结果表明:中线水源区浮游植物群落具有明显的时空变异性;浮游植物共有8门67属161种(含变种),硅藻占39%,污染指示种21属24种(含变种),β-中营养型占污染指示种的38%;在检出的浮游植物中未发现水体重污染指示种;水源区叶绿素a质量浓度为0.00425mg.m-3,营养状态指数为0.0001;除总氮外,其他理化检测指标均符合Ⅰ类水质标准;综合评价水源区处于中营养状态。本研究可为中线水源区长期生态研究数据信息库的建立及库区环境保护政策的制定提供科学依据。

三江源地区可持续发展的制度选择

当前,三江源地区可持续发展中存在一些问题,既有气候变化的自然原因,又有草场产权制度不尽合理、资源与环境法律制度不够完善以及游牧文化向农耕文化不断转换等深层次的制度原因。应通过改革草场产权制度、加强法治建设、精简政府机构、建立生态补偿机制和国际合作机制以及保护高原文化多样性等制度性措施,保证三江源地区的生态安全,促进三江源地区可持续发展。

中国海才女虫属复合体(多毛纲:海稚虫科)种类记述(英文)

才女虫属复合体隶属于多毛纲、海稚虫科,是多毛纲中寄生种类多样性最高的群体之一。本文描述了该复合体在中国海所分布10种的形态学特征和生物学属性。此10种分别为吻蛇稚虫、小蛇稚虫、美角才女虫、难定才女虫、腺袋才女虫、邻近才女虫、触角伪才女虫、膜质伪才女虫、短鳃伪才女虫和网格伪才女虫。其中,邻近才女虫为一新种,该新种主要形态学特征在于其尾部背、腹面皆具缺刻,且头部背面无中触手。中国海分布的大多数才女虫属复合体种类既可以在松软底质上营管栖生活,也可以寄生于某些海洋生物。本文报道的种类中只有邻近才女虫和短鳃伪才女虫未见有寄生现象。中国海才女虫属种类最常见的寄主是贝类(双壳类、腹足类)和珊瑚。

中华水塔面临的挑战与应对战略

传统的“中华水塔”范围是指青藏高原东部黄河、长江、澜沧江的三江源地区,多年平均产水量为499亿m^(3),而整个青藏高原面积257万km2,多年平均产水量约7780亿m^(3),孕育了流出高原的大中型河流20条。受气候变化及人类活动影响,青藏高原冻土退化、冰川消融和蒸发增加,对资源、生态与环境等造成重大影响,保护好“中华水塔”是“国之大者”。本文提出将“中华水塔”范围由三江源扩展到整个青藏高原,有助于推进青藏高原生态保护的关键工程建设,以遏制水源涵养功能的加速退化;有助于构建涵盖雅鲁藏布江、怒江、澜沧江的国家水网,以应对中低海拔冰川消融和冻土释水消失后北方地区的缺水危机;有助于加强青藏高原地区饮用水安全保障,以应对生源要素改变与病原微生物进入水体带来的水环境风险。

大洋性次表层和中层水团隶属函数的拟合与应用

本文针对大洋性水团的 T- S曲线族特征 ,提出了拟合其隶属函数的 2种方法——直线定位法和坐标旋转法。把这 2种方法应用于拟合巴士海峡两侧的次表层高盐水团和中层低盐水团的隶属函数并进行了讨论。文中给出了拟合的原理、公式和实例 ,表明它们在分析水团的分布特征、混合变性过程 。

东海西部近海春、秋季水团特征分析

水团的季节分布特征及温盐结构的时空变化对近海水文、气候渔场位置有着重要影响.基于东海西部近海春、秋季航次的温盐深实测资料,分析了温度和盐度在平面和垂向上的空间分布特征,并采用模糊聚类法及T-S相似度法将调查海域的水团划分为5类:闽浙沿岸水、混合水、台湾暖流水、黑潮表层水及黑潮次表层水.闽浙沿岸水在沿岸呈带状分布,春季其与混合水交汇时形成狭长的温、盐锋面.黑潮表层水在春季占据远岸海域深度<75 m的绝大部分海域,并在50 m层向岸延伸出两条高盐水舌;而在秋季仅分布在调查海域东北角,在东南部则被台湾暖流水取代.黑潮次表层水在春、秋季均存在跨陆架的涌升现象,秋季涌升至50 m层,并将台湾暖流水截断为南、北两部分.