Three Models of English Education in China＇s Universities ——-A Historical Perspective

In the present paper, a comparison is made of the three formats in the history of EECU （English education in China＇s universities）. In the first period （1904-1949）, English education was conducted separately in government-managed educational institutions and in institutions sponsored by church-related organizations; English education was well-knit with both general education and specialty education; and self-motivating learning was encouraged. In the second period （1950-1966）, almost everything was tinted with a shady color of politics： A halt was addressed drastically to EEC （English education in China） in 1952. In the gradual recovery that started four years later, the second format was sawed and hammered, showing the following features： All non-government-mamaged institutions vanished from the stage; English was taught solely as a language or a system of verbal parts, almost deprived of all cultural loading. The third period （1978 onwards） has witnessed a barrier-free and rapid development of over three decades, resulting in the unprecedented pervasion of EECU. Yet in the third tbrmat, learners＇ efforts have turned wholly test-oriented, degenerating into the saddening disintegrity of learning as a process into isolated charges to the target of a test at a time; the ignorant reduction of the learning methods to ＂Vocabulary Booklets Plus Collections of Test Papers＂. Such a comparison not only provides a multi-dimensional perspective of EECU and a better understanding of it, but also offers some important experiences and lessons for the search of an effective solution to the pervasive problem of＂Time-Consumingness and Low-Efficiency＂.

Chinese Students’ Adaptation of Social Intercourse Influenced by Different Cultural Contexts of China and America in American Universities

1 Statement of the Purpose (1) Statement of the purpose The purpose of the research isto study Chinese studends' adaptation of social intercourse influenced by different cultural contexts of China and America in American universities.And the study will also try to find out the exact problems and obstacles during Chinese students' adapting period in American universities.

Empirical Examination of the Effects of Competition and Regulation on Public Universities and Colleges＇ Performance in China

Competition and regulation are indispensable entities for a university＇s improved performance. Using university rating as an index to performance, empirical analyses with the data from 145 public universities and colleges in China show that increased competition in the education service market is associated with higher university＇s （college＇s） performance. And increased competition in R＆D may make a quadratic effect on university＇s （college＇s） performance. University＇s performance improves when a university is directed as a branch of the central government because they enjoy some degree of management flexibility more than the local government controlled ones. A major implication of the study is the need to reform competition and regulation for improving universities and colleges＇ operating performance in China.

The Effectiveness of Mobile-Assisted Language Learning(MALL)Applications on the Spoken English Assessments in China’s Universities

The increased ownership of mobile phone users and the advancement of mobile applications enlarge the practicality and popularity of use for learning purposes among Chinese university students.However,even if innovative functions of these applications are increasingly reported in relevant research in the education field,little research has been in the application of spoken English language.This paper examined the effect of using a Mobile-Assisted Language Learning(MALL)application“IELTS Liulishuo”(speaking English fluently in the IELTS test)as a unit of analysis to improve the English-speaking production of university students in China.The measurement of this mobile application in its effectiveness of validity and reliability is through the use of seven dimensional criteria.Although some technical and pedagogical issues challenge adoptions of MALL in some less-developed regions in China,the study showed positive effects of using a MALL oral English assessment application characterised with Automatic Speech Recognition(ASR)system on the improvement of complexity,accuracy,and fluency of English learners in China’s colleges.

Is a Single Product Cost Function Appropriate for Institutions of Higher Education？ Empirical Evidence From China＇s Research Universities＊

Many studies exist in the literature of scale and scope economies in institutions of higher education employing multi-product cost functions of quadratic, constant elasticity substitution （CES）, or hybrid translog form. A single product cost function is normally considered inadequate and yield distorted results. Both quadratic and single product cost functions have been applied to university data from China＇s Ministry of Education （MOE）. This study compares those two methods and their statistical results and finds that ray economies of scale from these two cost functions are quite similar though the single product cost function which can not be used to calculate product-specific economies of scale or economies of scope.

ChinAfrica focuses on universities in China that recruit foreign students

Tongji University In 1907,Tongji University,then known as Tongji German Medical School,was founded in Shanghai.A century later, it has developed into a state university with comprehensive disciplines in engineering,science,medicine, management,arts,law,and economics, while specializing in architecture,civil

ChinAfrica focuses on universities in China that recruit foreign students

Shanghai Jiao Tong University In 1896,the forerunner of Shanghai Jiao Tong University(SJTU),Nanyang Public School was founded in Shanghai.In the 1930s,it was known as the "oriental MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)" due to its reputation of nurturing top engineers.A significant amount of its faculty was sent in 1956,by the Central Government,to Xi’an to help build Xi’an Jiaotong University in west China’s Shaanxi Province.Afterward,the school was officially renamed Shanghai Jiao Tong University.

ChinAfrica focuses on universities in China that recruit foreign students

Changchun University of Science and Technology LOCATED in Changchun,capital city of Jilin Province in northeast China,Changchun University of Science and Technology (CUST) is a provincial key university featured in engineering.Having four campuses,it covers an area of 800,000 square meters. CUST was founded in 1958.After over 50 years of development,CUST has now

ChinAfrica focuses on universities in China that recruit foreign students

East China Normal University Founded in October 1951,East China Normal University(ECNU) is a high-level normal university located in east China’s Shanghai Municipality.With two campuses located in Minhang and Putuo districts totaling an area of over 220 hectares,ECNU has long been reputed as a"garden university"for its beautiful

ChinAfrica focuses on universities in China that recruit foreign students

Nanjing Normal University Located in east China’s Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Normal University(NNU) is one of China’s key comprehensive universities and one of the birthplaces of China’s higher education for teacher cultivation. It can be traced back to Sanjiang Normal College established in 1902 and Huiwen Academy in 1888.It took its present name in 1984.

ChinAfrica focuses on universities in China that recruit foreign students

Shanghai International Studies University In December 1949,Shanghai Russian College,the forerunner of Shanghai International Studies University(SISU), was founded in Shanghai.Over 60 years later,SISU has developed into a research, teaching,and multi-disciplinary comprehensive university,dedicated to fostering foreign language elites with "high quality,

ChinAfrica focuses on universities in China that recruit foreign students

Harbin Institute of Technology SITUATED in Harbin,the capital city of Heilongjiang Province in northeast China,Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT) is widely recognized as one of the country’s top universities and has consistently ranked among the best engineering schools. Founded in 1920,HIT has developed into a large nationally renowned multi-disciplinary university.It now has

ChinAfrica focuses on universities in China that recruit foreign students

Yangzhou University Yangzhou University(YZU) is a key comprehensive university of provincial level in Jiangsu Province.Established in 1992,it is a merger of six colleges.YZU’s eight campuses cover an area of about 287 hectares,and are closely located in Yangzhou’s downtown. The history of YZU can be traced back to as early as 1902,when Zhang Jian,a renowned modern businessman and educator,set up the Teachers School of Tongzhou and Tonghai Agricultural

ChinAfrica focuses on universities in China that recruit foreign students

Fudan University LOCATED in east China’s Shanghai Municipality, Fudan University (FU) is one of the oldest and most prestigious universities in China. Initially known as Fudan Public School, FU is the first institution of higher education independently founded

ChinAfrica focuses on universities in China that recruit foreign students

Jilin Normal University Founded in 1958,Jilin Normal University (JLNU) is a key provincial university in Siping City,northeast China’s Jinlin Province.Specialized in training teachers of institutions of higher education in Jilin Province,JLNU is the only provincial university that has been awarded with the National Teaching Awards on six occasions in six consecutive years. Covering an area of 920,000 square meters,JLNU now has 22 colleges,two teaching divisions and 27 research institutes, and 117 laboratories are available for research.There are 15,155 undergraduate students,1,372 postgraduates and 437 foreign students.The university

ChinAfrica focuses on universities in China that recruit foreign students

Harbin Engineering University Located next to the scenic Songhuajiang River in Harbin,the ice city in northeast China,Harbin Engineering University (HEU) is a national key university and one of the first "Project 211" universities, a project aimed at cultivating high-level elite for national economic and social development strategies initiated in 1995. The predecessor of HEU is PLA Military Engineering Institute(HME), which was established in 1953.Based

Chin Africa focuses on universities in China that recruit foreign students

Nanjing University Nanjing University(NJU),one of China’s key comprehensive universities under the direct supervision of the Ministry of Education,was founded in 1902,known as Sanjiang Normal College.It took its present name in October 1950. Today’s NJU has three campuses, comprising 26 schools with 75 departments, which provide 85 undergraduate programs,213 master’s programs,147 doctoral programs and 28 post-doctoral research programs.

Prevalence of vegetation browning in China’s drylands under climate change

Vegetation greening has long been acknowledged,but recent studies have pointed out that vegetation greening is possibly stalled or even reversed.However,detailed analyses about greening reversal or increased browning of vegetation remain scarce.In this study,we utilized the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI)as an indicator of vegetation to investigate the trends of vegetation greening and browning(monotonic,interruption,and reversal)through the breaks for the additive season and trend(BFAST)method across China’s drylands from 1982 to 2022.It also reveals the impacts of ecological restoration programs(ERPs)and climate change on these vegetation trends.We find that the vegetation displays an obvious pattern of east-greening and west-browning in China’s drylands.Greening trends mainly exhibits monotonic greening(29.8%)and greening with setback(36.8%),whereas browning shows a greening to browning reversal(19.2%).The increase rate of greening to browning reversal is 0.0342/yr,which is apparently greater than that of greening with setback,0.0078/yr.This research highlights that,under the background of widespread vegetation greening,vegetation browning is pro-gressively increasing due to the effects of climate change.Furthermore,the ERPs have significantly increased vegetation coverage,with the increase rate in 2000-2022 being twice as much as that of 1982-1999 in reveg-etation regions.Vegetation browning in southwestern Qingzang Plateau is primarily driven by adverse climatic factors and anthropogenic disturbances,which offset the efforts of ERPs.

Evolution Characteristics of Government-Industry-University-Research Cooperative Innovation Network for China＇s Agriculture and Influ- encing Factors： Illustrated According to Agricultural Patent Case

Under the special background of China, the cooperative innovation between different government-industry-university-research institutes plays an increasingly important role in the agricultural field. However, the existing literature has paid little attention to it. Considering the cooperation patents, published in the agriculture field stemming from the Full-text Database of China Patents as the study object, the spatial and institutional attribute of the authors as the data source, and by combining the social network and spatial econometrics analysis, this paper analyzes the structure evolution characteristics of cooperative innovation networks of agricultural government-industry-university-research institute in the city level of China in 1985–2014, based on the triple helix theory, with the influence factors discussed. This shows that, 1) since 1985, China's agricultural innovation level has been substantially increased, but the development degree of the cooperative innovation network is low, and the patent cooperation mainly relies on authors in the same unit; 2) enterprises play a leading role in the agricultural cooperative innovation. The effect of the government and hybrid organizations driven by the government is not obvious; 3) the cooperative innovation in the province and city dominates, and a multi-pole pattern has been formed. The cooperative innovation network structure evolves from a single helix empty core and double helix multi core to a double helix hierarchical network; 4) the city's science, education funding and personnel investment are key factors determining the agricultural cooperative innovation, while the agricultural development of the city presents slight negative impacts on it. The spatial mismatch of supply and demand is present in the technical cooperative innovation of China's agriculture. Therefore, the science enhancement and education investment to big agricultural provinces should be promptly implemented.

Are University Rankings Statistically Significant?A Comparison among Chinese Universities and with the USA

Purpose:Building on Leydesdorff,Bornmann,and Mingers(2019),we elaborate the differences between Tsinghua and Zhejiang University as an empirical example.We address the question of whether differences are statistically significant in the rankings of Chinese universities.We propose methods for measuring statistical significance among different universities within or among countries.Design/methodology/approach:Based on z-testing and overlapping confidence intervals,and using data about 205 Chinese universities included in the Leiden Rankings 2020,we argue that three main groups of Chinese research universities can be distinguished(low,middle,and high).Findings:When the sample of 205 Chinese universities is merged with the 197 US universities included in Leiden Rankings 2020,the results similarly indicate three main groups:low,middle,and high.Using this data(Leiden Rankings and Web of Science),the z-scores of the Chinese universities are significantly below those of the US universities albeit with some overlap.Research limitations:We show empirically that differences in ranking may be due to changes in the data,the models,or the modeling effects on the data.The scientometric groupings are not always stable when we use different methods.Practical implications:Differences among universities can be tested for their statistical significance.The statistics relativize the values of decimals in the rankings.One can operate with a scheme of low/middle/high in policy debates and leave the more fine-grained rankings of individual universities to operational management and local settings.Originality/value:In the discussion about the rankings of universities,the question of whether differences are statistically significant,has,in our opinion,insufficiently been addressed in research evaluations.