Climate warming profoundly affects hydrological changes,agricultural production,and human society.Arid and semi-arid areas of China are currently displaying a marked trend of warming and wetting.The Chinese Tianshan M...Climate warming profoundly affects hydrological changes,agricultural production,and human society.Arid and semi-arid areas of China are currently displaying a marked trend of warming and wetting.The Chinese Tianshan Mountains(CTM)have a high climate sensitivity,rendering the region particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate warming.In this study,we used monthly average temperature and monthly precipitation data from the CN05.1 gridded dataset(1961-2014)and 24 global climate models(GCMs)of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6(CMIP6)to assess the applicability of the CMIP6 GCMs in the CTM at the regional scale.Based on this,we conducted a systematic review of the interannual trends,dry-wet transitions(based on the standardized precipitation index(SPI)),and spatial distribution patterns of climate change in the CTM during 1961-2014.We further projected future temperature and precipitation changes over three terms(near-term(2021-2040),mid-term(2041-2060),and long-term(2081-2100))relative to the historical period(1961-2014)under four shared socio-economic pathway(SSP)scenarios(i.e.,SSP1-2.6,SSP2-4.5,SSP3-7.0,and SSP5-8.5).It was found that the CTM had experienced significant warming and wetting from 1961 to 2014,and will also experience warming in the future(2021-2100).Substantial warming in 1997 was captured by both the CN05.1 derived from interpolating meteorological station data and the multi-model ensemble(MME)from the CMIP6 GCMs.The MME simulation results indicated an apparent wetting in 2008,which occurred later than the wetting observed from the CN05.1 in 1989.The GCMs generally underestimated spring temperature and overestimated both winter temperature and spring precipitation in the CTM.Warming and wetting are more rapid in the northern part of the CTM.By the end of the 21st century,all the four SSP scenarios project warmer and wetter conditions in the CTM with multiple dry-wet transitions.However,the rise in precipitation fails to counterbalance the drought induced by escalating temperature in the future,so the nature of the drought in the CTM will not change at all.Additionally,the projected summer precipitation shows negative correlation with the radiative forcing.This study holds practical implications for the awareness of climate change and subsequent research in the CTM.展开更多
The acute toxicity data of Cr＋ and Hg2＋ to the aquatic organisms in Liao River basin was collected and screened. Calculated results of criteria values using popular species sensitivity distribution （SSD） methods w...The acute toxicity data of Cr＋ and Hg2＋ to the aquatic organisms in Liao River basin was collected and screened. Calculated results of criteria values using popular species sensitivity distribution （SSD） methods were evaluated through data analysis. The comprehensive methodology of emergency water quality standards （EWQSs） was established on the basis of the SSD method of Australia and New Zealand according to the evalu- ation results. The affected fractions of the aquatic organisms were set to be 5 %, 15 %, 30 % and 50 %, corre- sponding to the risk grades of Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ and IV, and four-grade EWQSs, respectively. The EWQSs for Cr6＋ and Hg2. in the Liao River were derived and the corresponding risk indicators were also proposed. The results showed that the four-grade EWQSs for Cr6＋ were 2.85 μg/L, 21.0 μg/L, 161 μg/L and 797 μ/L, respec- tively, and the risk indicators were daphnia （grade Ⅱ ）, shrimp （grade Ⅲ）, and the bighead fish or tadpole （grade IV）. The four-grade EWQSs for Hg2＋ were 0.59 μg/L, 2.32 μg/L, 6.25 μg/L and 15.6 μg/L, respective- ly, and the risk indicators were crucian carp or daphnia （grade Ⅱ）, shrimp （grade Ⅲ）, and worm or crab （grade IV）. The results provided valuable information for the risk analysis of sudden ambient water environmen- tal pollution accident.展开更多
Premier Wen Jiabao held an executive meeting of the State Council deploying measures for speeding up the NGI development on December 23, 2011, which symbolizes that China has put the development of NGI to a strategic ...Premier Wen Jiabao held an executive meeting of the State Council deploying measures for speeding up the NGI development on December 23, 2011, which symbolizes that China has put the development of NGI to a strategic position. In the development of NGI, standards and norms has always played an important role in pushing the development of the industry. This essay discusses the latest progress of NGI and introduces the research results CHINA TELECOM has made in international standard IPv6 IETF, domestic standard CCSA and relevant enterprise standards.展开更多
The complexes of zinc chloride and zinc nitrate with 2 amino 4,6 dimethyl pyrimidine (ADMP) were prepared through reflux in alcohol. The compositions of the complexes Zn(ADMP)2Cl2 (b) and Zn(ADMP)2(NO3)2·4H2O (c)...The complexes of zinc chloride and zinc nitrate with 2 amino 4,6 dimethyl pyrimidine (ADMP) were prepared through reflux in alcohol. The compositions of the complexes Zn(ADMP)2Cl2 (b) and Zn(ADMP)2(NO3)2·4H2O (c) were determined by chemical and elemental analyses. The complexes were characterized by IR, XPS, 1H NMR and TG DTG techniques. The constant volume combustion energies of ADMP and the complexes, ΔcE, were determined by a precise rotating bomb calorimeter at 298.15K. They were (-3664.53±1.18)kJ·mol-1, (-7130.94±3.69)kJ·mol-1, and (-7637.87±5.71)kJ·mol-1. Their standard enthalpies of combustion,, and standard enthalpies of formation, , were calculated. They were (-3666.39±1.18)kJ·mol-1, (-7129.70±3.69)kJ·mol-1, (-7632.91 ±5.71)kJ·mol-1 and (19.09±1.43)kJ·mol-1, (-411.96±4.03)kJ·mol-1, (-1153.28±6.02)kJ·mol-1.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42261026,41971094,42161025)the Gansu Provincial Science and Technology Program(22ZD6FA005)+1 种基金the Higher Education Innovation Foundation of Education Department of Gansu Province(2022A041)the open foundation of Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Utilization in Arid Zone(XJYS0907-2023-01).
文摘Climate warming profoundly affects hydrological changes,agricultural production,and human society.Arid and semi-arid areas of China are currently displaying a marked trend of warming and wetting.The Chinese Tianshan Mountains(CTM)have a high climate sensitivity,rendering the region particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate warming.In this study,we used monthly average temperature and monthly precipitation data from the CN05.1 gridded dataset(1961-2014)and 24 global climate models(GCMs)of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6(CMIP6)to assess the applicability of the CMIP6 GCMs in the CTM at the regional scale.Based on this,we conducted a systematic review of the interannual trends,dry-wet transitions(based on the standardized precipitation index(SPI)),and spatial distribution patterns of climate change in the CTM during 1961-2014.We further projected future temperature and precipitation changes over three terms(near-term(2021-2040),mid-term(2041-2060),and long-term(2081-2100))relative to the historical period(1961-2014)under four shared socio-economic pathway(SSP)scenarios(i.e.,SSP1-2.6,SSP2-4.5,SSP3-7.0,and SSP5-8.5).It was found that the CTM had experienced significant warming and wetting from 1961 to 2014,and will also experience warming in the future(2021-2100).Substantial warming in 1997 was captured by both the CN05.1 derived from interpolating meteorological station data and the multi-model ensemble(MME)from the CMIP6 GCMs.The MME simulation results indicated an apparent wetting in 2008,which occurred later than the wetting observed from the CN05.1 in 1989.The GCMs generally underestimated spring temperature and overestimated both winter temperature and spring precipitation in the CTM.Warming and wetting are more rapid in the northern part of the CTM.By the end of the 21st century,all the four SSP scenarios project warmer and wetter conditions in the CTM with multiple dry-wet transitions.However,the rise in precipitation fails to counterbalance the drought induced by escalating temperature in the future,so the nature of the drought in the CTM will not change at all.Additionally,the projected summer precipitation shows negative correlation with the radiative forcing.This study holds practical implications for the awareness of climate change and subsequent research in the CTM.
基金National Major Programme of Water Pollution Control and Treatment(No.2012ZX07501003-06)
文摘The acute toxicity data of Cr＋ and Hg2＋ to the aquatic organisms in Liao River basin was collected and screened. Calculated results of criteria values using popular species sensitivity distribution （SSD） methods were evaluated through data analysis. The comprehensive methodology of emergency water quality standards （EWQSs） was established on the basis of the SSD method of Australia and New Zealand according to the evalu- ation results. The affected fractions of the aquatic organisms were set to be 5 %, 15 %, 30 % and 50 %, corre- sponding to the risk grades of Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ and IV, and four-grade EWQSs, respectively. The EWQSs for Cr6＋ and Hg2. in the Liao River were derived and the corresponding risk indicators were also proposed. The results showed that the four-grade EWQSs for Cr6＋ were 2.85 μg/L, 21.0 μg/L, 161 μg/L and 797 μ/L, respec- tively, and the risk indicators were daphnia （grade Ⅱ ）, shrimp （grade Ⅲ）, and the bighead fish or tadpole （grade IV）. The four-grade EWQSs for Hg2＋ were 0.59 μg/L, 2.32 μg/L, 6.25 μg/L and 15.6 μg/L, respective- ly, and the risk indicators were crucian carp or daphnia （grade Ⅱ）, shrimp （grade Ⅲ）, and worm or crab （grade IV）. The results provided valuable information for the risk analysis of sudden ambient water environmen- tal pollution accident.
文摘Premier Wen Jiabao held an executive meeting of the State Council deploying measures for speeding up the NGI development on December 23, 2011, which symbolizes that China has put the development of NGI to a strategic position. In the development of NGI, standards and norms has always played an important role in pushing the development of the industry. This essay discusses the latest progress of NGI and introduces the research results CHINA TELECOM has made in international standard IPv6 IETF, domestic standard CCSA and relevant enterprise standards.
文摘The complexes of zinc chloride and zinc nitrate with 2 amino 4,6 dimethyl pyrimidine (ADMP) were prepared through reflux in alcohol. The compositions of the complexes Zn(ADMP)2Cl2 (b) and Zn(ADMP)2(NO3)2·4H2O (c) were determined by chemical and elemental analyses. The complexes were characterized by IR, XPS, 1H NMR and TG DTG techniques. The constant volume combustion energies of ADMP and the complexes, ΔcE, were determined by a precise rotating bomb calorimeter at 298.15K. They were (-3664.53±1.18)kJ·mol-1, (-7130.94±3.69)kJ·mol-1, and (-7637.87±5.71)kJ·mol-1. Their standard enthalpies of combustion,, and standard enthalpies of formation, , were calculated. They were (-3666.39±1.18)kJ·mol-1, (-7129.70±3.69)kJ·mol-1, (-7632.91 ±5.71)kJ·mol-1 and (19.09±1.43)kJ·mol-1, (-411.96±4.03)kJ·mol-1, (-1153.28±6.02)kJ·mol-1.
