Dynamic analysis of major public health emergency transmission considering the dual-layer coupling of community–resident complex networks

We construct a dual-layer coupled complex network of communities and residents to represent the interconnected risk transmission network between communities and the disease transmission network among residents. It characterizes the process of infectious disease transmission among residents between communities through the SE2IHR model considering two types of infectors. By depicting a more fine-grained social structure and combining further simulation experiments, the study validates the crucial role of various prevention and control measures implemented by communities as primary executors in controlling the epidemic. Research shows that the geographical boundaries of communities and the social interaction patterns of residents have a significant impact on the spread of the epidemic, where early detection, isolation and treatment strategies at community level are essential for controlling the spread of the epidemic. In addition, the study explores the collaborative governance model and institutional advantages of communities and residents in epidemic prevention and control.

The Interventional Capacity of Community Health Volunteers for Screening and Linkages of Non-Communicable Diseases in Nyeri County, Kenya

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) account for 63% of mortalities. Approximately 80% of these NCD-related deaths occur in LMICs. A quasi-experimental study utilizing a non-equivalent pre-and post-test was conducted from May 2022 to March 2023 with 370 study participants. Multistage cluster and random sampling were used to select ten community units, and therefore, 150 CHVs were chosen for the control unit, and 150 were used to form the interventional group. Data was collected from the KOBO app. Six (6) homogenous FGDs comprised ten members, and 10 KII were conducted across study sites. Quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS version 28.0, and qualitative data was audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed via N-Vivo 12. The study shows that 59.3% of respondents have minimal information, and 92.7% (n = 139) have no clear understanding of NCDs, with a pre-intervention capacity of 48.8%. Independent sample t-test showed a significant difference in capacity from a pre-intervention average of 48.75 (SD ± 5.7)%, which increased to 68.28 (SD ± 7.6)%, p < 0.001. A well-designed community interventional model plays a pivotal role in grassroots healthcare delivery but requires optimization for NCD management.

Application Effect of Health Management in Community Diabetic Population

Objective: This study aims to improve the health level of patients with diabetes in the community through health management measures under the concept of health management. Methods: Community residents were selected to detect, collate and analyze the social demographic information, body mass index, fasting blood glucose and blood lipid level of diabetic patients before and after health management. Results: The study showed that after the implementation of health management education in the community, the detection rate of diabetes patients increased, but the population was no longer mainly elderly patients, but mainly people under 60 years old. The levels of body mass index, fasting blood glucose, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were significantly decreased (all P Conclusion: Through the investigation of patients before and after health management in residential communities, this study shows that the correct implementation of health management can effectively improve the physiological indicators of diabetes patients, improve the level of health quality, and provide a reference for the prevention and treatment of diabetes patients in communities.

Systematic Review of Community Type 2 Diabetes Structured Health Education (CT2DSHE)

Aim: This paper aims to evaluate disparities of type 2 diabetes structured health education programmes that is utilised within the communities. Design: systematic review, (a type of secondary research design) aiming to summarize the results of prior primary research studies on available evidence Community type 2 diabetes structured education (CT2DSHE). Methods: Research question: Type 2 diabetic structured health education within a community how effective is it? Qualitative Systematic review, defined as a way to get reliable and objective picture of current available evidence on the specific topic—(CT2DSHE), (Denscombe, 2021) through reflexivity synthesis of available data as an example. This is valuable in time constraints such as project assignments that must be met within specific time and also to bring together available evidence together [1]. Results: This review has shown that CT2DSHE is effective with seven out of the eleven authors supporting, three authors against and one was neutral, further showed that knowledge and skills acquired can last longer with patient activation improved among T2DM patients ideal for sustaining their self-management of T2DM. Conclusion: This research provides suggestive answers to the research question: “Type 2 diabetic structured health education within a community how effective is it?”, This has demonstrated CT2DSHE effectiveness in knowledge acquisition and improving T2DM awareness among T2DM patients, whilst evidencing long effects beyond the study times of 3 - 9 months period in relation to patient activation. Also Identified diabetes education self-management on newly diagnosed (DESMOND) patient as CT2DSHE program for recommendation. Patient or Public Contribution: This work aspires to contribute to CT2DSHE in these areas;Influencing policy decision-making for community diabetes care within the UK and world at large., Contributing to already vast knowledge on diabetes self-management and reasons why?, Influencing educators on how CT2DSHEP are designed, delivered by putting the patient at the Centre and bringing different perspectives on CT2DSHEP in one place that is serving users time of having to consult several resources especially busy clinicians [2] [3].

Comparison of Community Health between Rural and Urban Areas in View of the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Global Perspective through a Literature Review

The progressive aging of society is expected to lead to the development of effective integrated community-based care system considering the characteristics based on community environments. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has influenced population health worldwide. This study aimed to examine disparities in population health and health-related factors between rural and urban communities during the COVID-19 pandemic. A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Medline, and CINAHL for articles published up to September 2022 with the following search terms: community health, rural, urban, and COVID-19. A total of 105 articles were identified, of which three articles with a cross-sectional quantitative research design met the inclusion criteria. Two articles focused on mental health, and among them, one recognized a significant disparity between rural and urban areas. Four health-related factors in view of the COVID-19 pandemic in rural and urban areas were perceived, including knowledge, behavior, lifestyle, and social support. And, two factors: health-related knowledge and health-related behavior, were perceived as the significant disparities between rural and urban during the COVID-19 pandemic. The further efforts will be needed to pursue effective integrated community-based care system during and post-COVID-19, taking into account community environment at both community and individual levels.

The Development of Community-Based Family Healthcare: A Cross-Sectional Study in Haidian, Beijing, China

The outbreak of Covid-19 affects China’s health delivery system, and the current status of primary health services after the Covid-19 pandemic is not yet clear. To further explore the current status of demands of family health services, we conducted a cross-sectional survey, in the community of Haidian District, Beijing. Chi-square test analysis and multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify factors influencing residents’ demands for family healthcare services. Results show that population of married (OR = 3.108), living with parents (OR = 2.171), degree of Junior high school and above (OR = 7.250) and high school (OR = 7.670), Annual income: 0 - 56,000 (OR = 3.680) and 72,001 - 88,000 (OR = 1.690) have significant demands for family health care. The approach to building primary health services in Haidian District is worth promoting, but it is also important to pay attention to the health inequalities that can occur when patients are moved down to the grassroots level. .

Sustainable Community Epidemic Prevention Countermeasures against Public Health Emergencies

How to deal with public health emergencies is an important issue related to the normal life of community residents. However, after the corresponding understanding, it is found that a series of unsustainable epidemic prevention factors have been exposed in the community in the COVID-19, such as blocked access to basic materials, unsafe living environment, and lack of social platforms. In view of these problems, based on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, the changes in the hierarchy of needs of residents during the epidemic were analyzed, and sustainable community epidemic prevention strategies were proposed from five aspects of material storage, safe environment, social platform, respect opportunity and self-worth realization, so as to provide effective reference for future response to public health emergencies.

Community-Based Diagnosis for the Improvement of Maternal and Child Protection in the ASACOSEKASI Health Area in the Urban Area of Bamako (Mali)

The community diagnosis is an essential approach to the resolution of health problems with the involvement of the communities concerned who become object and subject. Improvingmaternal and child health is a health priority for many developing countries, including Mali. The objective was to study the role of community-based diagnosis in improving maternal and child protection in a vulnerable urban community in a developing country. Methodology: This was a research-action integrating a community diagnosis conducted in March 2023. The involvement of several stakeholders, including social actors including ASACO, membership card holders, district chiefs, neighborhood delegates, local authorities, and health professionals, made it possible to provide curative, preventive and promotional care. The ASACOSEKA Health Area was used as a setting for the study. The methodology was the indicator approach, contact, document review, interview of CSCOM patients, observation of the structure, prioritization of problems, development of an action plan and restitution of the report. Results: The monograph consisted of describing the characteristics of the study setting. Indeed, the ASACOSEKASI area is located on the left bank of the Niger River, with a population of 34,497 inhabitants. The CSCOM presented to describe a medical unit, a maternity unit, a laboratory unit, an ultrasound room and a medication storage room. The main pathologies found were confirmed simple malaria (45.08%), high AKI: 20.43%, confirmed severe malaria: 19.85%, suspected diarrhoea: 3.43%, trauma related to road accidents: 3.36%, pregnancy-related disorders (1%). BCG, Penta3, VAR, and yellow fever vaccination rates were above 100%. It reflects the fact that the doses administered were higher than the target population. This was related to out-of-area vaccination and lost doses. CPN1, CPN4, tetanus vaccination (VAT2) and family planning (FP) consultations all have a proportion above 100%. Maternal care is increased by out-of-area patients, particularly from Guinea. NPC3 and CPON have a proportion of less than 100%. The target population did not follow policies, standards and procedures. Postpartum, women rarely came to the CPON. Local actions to combat malaria included cleaning up plots and neighbourhoods, weeding families and streets, cleaning gutters, spraying the roosts of the female Anopheles Beetle, sleeping in LLINs, organising chemoprophylaxis days, promoting the use of MS, and using curtains against vectors. Conclusion: The community was involved at all stages of this diagnosis, from design to implementation, as well as to the restitution of local solutions. Indeed, the community diagnosis has led to a resolution plan related to reproductive health.

Research progress on the health status and community management service needs of mobile elderly people

The health status of the floating elderly population and the need of community management services are complex and important problems.Owing to the change of living environment and the insecure medical care,the mobile elderly people have more health and psy-chological problems compared to the rest of the elderly population.Therefore,the community should take a variety of measures to meet their needs and help them to better adapt to the new living environment,and maintain their physical and mental health.This paper aims to summarize recent studies on the physical and emotional health problems of mobile elderly people and related community management service needs.

Research on Emergency Design and Renewal Strategy of Public Space in Old Communities Based on Public Health Emergencies:A Case Study of No.4 Courtyard of Luochengtou Community, Handan City

There are a large number of old communities in Chinese cities that urgently need to be updated and upgraded.However,the old community renewal in the past mostly focused on the transformation of physical environment with a single goal.There is a lack of in-depth thinking about the problems presented by the public space in the old communities,and it is necessary to focus on this.The continuous occurrence of public health incidents has increased the pressure on urban development,and old communities have become shortcomings in such incidents.It is a topic worthy to study whether the emergency design update of public spaces can supplement the shortcomings of old communities in public health emergencies.Based on the background of public health emergencies,combined with the theory of resilient cities,the study analyzes the emergency design of public space in the old communities and conducts a research on the renewal strategy,taking the No.4 Courtyard of Luochengtou Community in Handan City as an example.The improvement strategies of management,transportation,structure and space are specifically put forward,in order to provide reference for the emergency design update of old communities.

Advances in Research on the Relationship between Diet, Gut Microbes, and Health

In recent years,as research on gut microbiota has deepened,the relationship between diet,gut microbiota,and health has garnered widespread attention.As the largest micro-ecosystem in the human body,gut microbiota not only participates in physiological processes such as food digestion and nutrient absorption but also exerts a profound impact on human health through its metabolic products and interactions with the host.This paper reviews the impact of diet on gut microbiota,and the relationship between gut microbiota and health,aiming to provide new strategies and ideas for promoting human health.Firstly,the article summarizes the effects of different dietary components and dietary patterns on the structure and function of gut microbiota.Then,it analyzes the role of gut microbiota in maintaining human health and preventing diseases and further explores the relationship between gut microbiota and intestinal diseases and metabolic syndrome.The analysis reveals that diet affects human health by influencing the structure and function of gut microbiota,while gut microbiota,as a complex ecosystem within the human body,plays an indispensable role in maintaining human health.

Effectiveness Analysis on the Physical Activity and the Health Benefit of a Community Population Based Program

Objective To evaluate the community-based health promotion effect of physical activity. Methods The residents aged 28 and above from two communities in Gongshu District of Hangzhou City, Zhejiang province, were randomly selected and recruited for the multi-strategy and comprehensive physical activity intervention. Questionnaire survey, physical check up and blood biochemistry were conducted. Results After this two-year intervention, the time of the participant spent on weekly physical activity of moderate intensity increased from 464 min to 542 min （P〈0.05）, with an average increase of 78 min. Time spent in walking every week increased from 533 min to 678 min （P〈0.05）, with an average increase of 245 min. The body weight, waistline, blood pressure and heart rate all reduced significantly （P〈0.05）; the vital capacity increased significantly （P〈0.05）; and the related biochemical indicators were also improved. Conclusion Comprehensive and evidence-based physical activity interventions targeting community population can improve the levels of physical activity, related body measurement and biochemical indicators.

Association between visual status and mental health status in Thai rural elderly:a community-based study

AIM：To evaluate the association between visual impairment（VI） and mental health or social engagement in older adults living in rural Thailand.METHODS：Data for this cross-sectional study were drawn from a community survey conducted in 2015 in Saraburi Province,Thailand.Participants were 327 adults aged ≥50 y.VI was assessed using presenting distance visual acuity.Mental health and social engagement were evaluated in face-to-face interviews using validated questionnaires.After determining the prevalence of VI and relevant sociodemographic characteristics,multivariate regression analysis was used to evaluate the impact of VI on mental health and social engagement.RESULTS：The prevalence of VI was 18.3%.Major causes were refractive error（58.3%） and cataract（35%）.Factors associated with VI in the crude analysis were：older age [odds ratio（OR） 8.08],unemployment（OR 2.72）,widowhood（OR 2.47）,being divorced/separated（OR 3.27）,smoking（OR 2.09） and disability in activities of daily living（OR 2.35）.Protective factors were undergoing eye screening at least once a year（P=0.029） and obesity（P=0.005）.VI was significantly associated with low social engagement（adjusted OR 4.13） but not with poor mental health（P〉0.05）.CONCLUSION：Although VI older adults reported less participation in social activities,there is no significant association between VI and poor mental health.Annual eye examinations may prevent VI in older adults.Information about employment and anti-smoking should be targeted to older adults with VI.

Factors Affecting Patient Satisfaction with Community Health Service under the Gatekeeper System:A Cross-sectional Study in Nanjing,China

The gatekeeper policy has been implemented for approximately ten years on a pilot population in China. It is necessary to assess the satisfaction of patients utilizing community health service（CHS） under the gatekeeper system. Our study showed that the cognition of gatekeeper policy was associated with four dimensions including doctor‐patient relationships, information and support, organization of care, and accessibility（P 〈 0.001）. One or more factors such as gender and self‐perceived health scores also affected their satisfaction. General practitioners must be prepared to focus on these aspects of information and support, organization of care, and accessibility as indicators of potential opportunities for improvement. Additionally, policymakers can improve patients＇ satisfaction with CHS by strengthening their awareness of the gatekeeper policy.

The social determinants of health influencing obesity for the aged in the Pakpoon community context:A qualitative study

Objective:This study aimed to describe the social determinants of health influencing obesity for the aged in a community context and based on the perspectives of various stakeholders.Methods:This was qualitative content analysis study using data from the focus group,individual in-depth interview,and observation.The study population was domiciled in Pakpoon Village,Mung Dis-trict,Nakhon Si Thammarat Province,a tight-knit settlement typical of most retirement communities.Data were collected through two focus group discussions,direct observation,and in-depth interviews with 19 participants.Respondents represented key community groups:local nurses and public health officers,elderly residents,family caregivers(family members),and village health volunteers.Results:The participants shared similar perspectives about the social determinants of health influencing obesity in the aged,which spanned three themes.These were:1)neighborhood food environment(easy access to unhealthy food,no choice to recruit healthy food);2)social networks influencing obesity(family affects food choices and prohibitions on exercise;belief,and socially imposed body image per-ceptions contributing to obesity in the aged);and 3)knowledge,attitudes,and beliefs behind lifestyle choices that cause obesity in the elderly(lack of awareness,personal attitudes,job and familial duties as barriers to engaging in physical activities;over-consumption behaviors lead to obesity in older people).Conclusion:These three themes were the root causes of obesity in the elderly in Pakpoon’s retirement community.This finding suggests that policymakers and nurses can create healthy environments,both to treat and prevent obesity,by raising awareness in younger generations,providing aging the provision of healthy food choices for older adults,encouraging health care professionals to share knowledge,and by modifying the attitudes and beliefs of both caregivers and older adults.

The Study on Community Health Education of Empty Nest Elderly

Objective:To study the demands of community health education on the empty nest elderly and analyse the related factors. Methods:The 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey(SF-36), activities of daily living (ADL) and the community health services satisfaction scale were used to investigate the community health service demand and supply of 358 empty nesters. Results:The results showed that the ability of self-care was worse and needed more nursing or caring from others in the empty nest elderly;the empty nest elderly, in comparison with the non-empty-nest elderly, had lower physical and mental scores. With the age changing, the requirements of community health services were different in empty nest elderly and the satisfaction of community health service was low in the empty nest (39.1%). Conclusions: Empty nest elderly generally needed the different degree of community health education demands. The utilization rates of community health education were low.

Age- and Sex-Specific Impact of Health Literacy on Healthy Lifestyle Characteristics among Japanese Residents in a Rural Community

The study aimed to examine age- and sex-specific associations between health literacy (HL) and healthy lifestyle characteristics. The cross-sectional study was conducted to examine a total 1348 Japanese participants (613 male and 735 female) who took the health check-up program in April 2013, at Tsumagoi Village, Japan. Information was collected by self-administered questionnaire on three communicative and two critical HL items, and healthy lifestyle characteristics listed in Bres-low’s seven health practices. In multivariate logistic analysis, high HL (≥18) was significantly asso-ciated with healthy lifestyle characteristics in both non-elderly (<65 years old) and elderly (≥65 years old) [Odds ratio (OR) = 1.40, 95% Confidence interval (CI) = 1.13 - 1.75 for non-elderly, OR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.02 - 1.76 for elderly], as well as female participants (OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.06 - 1.94), while the significance was borderline in male participants (OR = 1.34, 95% CI = 0.96 - 1.88). Among 5 HL items, the ability to extract health-related information was significantly associated with healthy lifestyle characteristics (OR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.11 - 2.07 for non-elderly, OR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.04 - 2.30 for elderly, OR = 1.95, 95% CI = 1.28 - 2.97 for female participants. HDL-C concentration in the high HL group was significantly higher than that in the low HL group. Among healthy lifestyle characteristics, proportions of smoking behavior (non-smoker), exercise frequency (twice or more per week), and sleep duration (7 - 8 hours) were significantly higher in the high HL group than in the low HL group. The present study revealed a positive association between HL and healthy lifestyle characteristics, which suggests that people are likely to engage in health-promoting behaviours based on access and ability to understand medical information for both age groups and female participants. Significant findings among female participants may be emphasized since it’s important from the entire family's perspective as women are the caretakers of the family. These findings may indicate the importance of comprehensive assessment, including HL, for health promotion in the community.

Perception of Beneficiaries and Stakeholders about the Services Offered by Health Huts Put in Place by the Health Project—Community Health of USAID in the Goudomp Health District (Senegal)

The Health Project—Community Health USAID is a community-based intervention that has been implemented by a group of NGOs, among which there is Africare, for a period of 5 years (2006-2011). It seeks to strengthen the community health system through a package of basic services offered at the health center, and as well as to improve the skills and knowledge of community actors. The main objective of this study is to capture the perceptions of beneficiaries and stakeholders about the services offered at the PSSC health posts located in the health district Goudomp. A qualitative cross-sectional study on the perception of the community of the USAID PSSC and quality of services offered by the health huts was conducted from the 2nd to 5th of May 2009 in the Goudomp health district. To achieve the objectives of this study, we conducted focus group discussions with all the community leaders and had individual interviews with the community health workers (CHWs) and the supervisor of the NGO Africare. From most of the discussions, it can be concluded that the activities of the health hut are not well known by the populations. The best known activities are those performed by the nurse: immunization and prenatal care. The existence of health huts at the community level was considered beneficial by all the community leaders. For the majority of the participants to the focus group discussions, the health huts “provided access to basic care”. Some participants, however, pointed out the “frequent drugs shortages” which, according to them, would explain the low attendance of the health huts in favor of the health post. The majority of CHWs and matrons felt that supervision activities were done on a regular basis. During the interviews, they mentioned many difficulties. However, the most common problem is the fact that the CHWs and the matron “who have no other source of income” were not salaried workers. This assessment has identified some difficulties in the implementation of the PSSC in the Goudomp health district. In order to solve the problems one would necessarily have to initiate a dialogue between the community and other stakeholders (health district, Africare, Local Government and CHWs).

The Role of Library and Information Science Education in the Development of Community Health Information Services for People Living with HIV/AIDS: Perspectives of Directors and Managers of Public Libraries

This article identifies the role of library and information science (LIS) education in the development of community health information services for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). Preliminary findings are presented from semi- structured qualitative interviews that were conducted with eleven directors and managers of local branches in the Knox County Public Library (KCPL) System that is located in the East Tennessee region in the United States. Select feedback reported by research participants is summarized in the article about strategies in LIS education that can help local public librarians and others in their efforts to become more responsive information providers to PLWHA. Research findings help better understand the issues and concerns regarding the development of digital and non-digital health information services for PLWHA in local public library institutions.

Assessing Community Health Needs in a Rural Area: Determining Best Practices to Meet New Affordable Care Act Requirements

We conducted a review of the peer-reviewed literature focused on conducting community health needs assessments and highlighted the necessary steps to conduct a community health needs assessment in a rural community. From the literature review, we identified three steps necessary— establishing partnerships, using a mixed methods approach, and disseminating results—to successfully conduct a needs assessment that fitted the definition of the Affordable Care Act. These three steps have been used as a guide for developing a protocol for conducting a community health needs assessment in Meadville, PA. We detail our preliminary project protocol here.