International Cooperation in Adaptation to Climate Change: Foreign Agendas or Local Necessities?

The paper aims to analyze climate change adaptation projects funded from international cooperation in Veracruz, which is a Mexican state. They used 5 criteria based on international, national and local dimensions as well as their relation to climate adaptation. From this evaluation, they were able to determine that the results were particularly negative. Mostly, because the objectives set by donor countries are scarcely related to the objectives and priorities of recipient countries, in this case developing countries, which are the most vulnerable to climate change. This provides insight into international collaborative projects in developing states and their impact on the socioeconomic, environmental and vulnerable ecosystems.

An outstanding example of cooperation between Arctic and non-Arctic countries in cryosphere and climate research: Sino-Finnish cooperation for more than 30 years

The cryosphere is interconnected with other components of the climate system through global exchange of water,energy,and carbon.Long-term sustainable and pragmatic scientific and technological cooperation on the cryosphere and climatology in polar and sub-polar regions between China and Finland began in the 1980s.The fields of bilateral cooperation include joint training of young scientists,joint field observations,climatological and ecological researches of polar and sub-polar sea ice,glaciers and frozen lakes,etc.The year 2020 marked the 70th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Finland.In order to celebrate the great achievements by Chinese and Finnish scientists in the fieldsof cryosphere and climate research,the Advances in Polar Science invited scientists from both sides to jointly organize a Special Issue entitled“Sino-Finnish cooperation on cryosphere and climatology in polar and sub-polar regions”.In this Special Issue,we have collected 10 papers,with most papers created jointly by scientists of both sides.The fruitful scientific achievement is strongly benefited from the sustainability of cooperation.Monitoring,research,prediction,mitigation,and adaptation to the climate change in the polar and sub-polar regions will definitively stay in the focus for many decades to come.A new era of Finnish-Chinese scientific collaboration on cryosphere has begun.

Competition gives way to cooperation:rethinking Sino-Indian relations in climate change negotiations

In global climate change politics,China and India have worked closely with each other,representing two big emitters from the developing world.This article reviews Sino-Indian cooperation during four UN climate change negotiations from 2009 to 2012.Their collaboration echoed the perception of neorealism in international relations(IR) studies that states will seek "external balancing" for maximizing national "relative gains".China and India are expected to continue their cooperation on climate change issues when sharing the same structural position as big economies and big emitters,the same pressure in carbon emission reductions,and the same goal of improving living standards for their citizens.Encountering the devastating impacts of climate change and the deadlock in responsibility division in current global climate change governance,this work seeks to shed light on the evolving multilateral governance environment and its complex implications for Sino-Indian relations from an IR perspective.

Essence and resolution of international climate negotiation

In essence, international climate negotiation is a serious and responsible global effort, despite various conflicts, to establish a rational international climate regime. In essence, tackling climate changes is leading the globe to actualize sustainable development of all humankind along the low-carbon, green, and cyclic-development path. Thus, climate negotiation should be driving all parties to achieve a global climate regime arrangement in a constructive way. Therefore, this paper suggests focusing on the following three major recommendations: early developed countries take the lead in committing positively to absolute emission reduction; the developing countries contribute according to their abilities and stages of development; the developed countries perform real deeds using their funds and technology. Based on substantial breakthrough that would be made, progressive supplement and improvement could be accomplished through the mechanism of review and adjustment under the Convention framework. This path represents a combination of bottom-up and top-down. The ultimate way out of international climate negotiation lies in win-win cooperation. Profound reasons for China to participate proactively and practically in international climate negotiation,based on its actual conditions, are the internal wants and needs of its scientific and sustainable development, as well as the undertaking of international responsibilities as a responsible, large, developing country.

Moving past the rhetoric： Policy considerations that can make Sino-African relations to improve Africa＇s climate change resilience and the attainment of the sustainable development goals

Climate change is a threat to the attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs) in sub-Saharan Africa as its impacts can lead to increased incidences of poverty and inequality which can subsequently lead to a 12% decline in the Human Development Index(HDI) for subSaharan Africa. Emerging countries such as China have the potential to support Africa to achieve the SDGs by pioneering Southe South Climate Finance(SSCF) modalities. In order to increase knowledge on climate informed development and the role of China in global climate governance, the paper examined various research articles, case studies, policy briefs and project reports. Sino-African aid, investments and trade were noted as essential in mitigating Africa's climate change vulnerabilities which induce poverty traps and inequality. Some African countries were noted to have a comparative advantage in environmental standards over China but lacked the initiative to use this comparative advantage to enhance the Forum on Chinae Africa Cooperation(FOCAC) and assist China to have a sustainable growth trajectory. The paper concludes that SSCF modalities can enhance climate risk management in Africa if they focus on improving financial inclusion and improving climate finance flows towards climate change adaptation activities in Africa. Additionally, to increase the effectiveness and impact of Chinese climate finance support to Africa, African policymakers should not allow political and market forces to decide how climate related support from China should be allocated as decisions based on political and market forces could potentially promote an inequitable distribution of funds and ignore the most vulnerable countries and regions.

Global Climate Change and Emerging Environmental and Strategic Security Issues for South Asia

Global climate change-essentially an adverse consequence of global warming, is principally caused by progressive build-up and extensive spread of greenhouse gases (GHGs) across countries, regions or continents because of earth’s rotational movement. The potent sources of GHGs are fossil-fuels and biomass. With the increasing pace of globalization, industrialization and rapid change of life-style the demand and consumption of these feed-stocks to stimulate economic growth is steadily rising-both in the developing and developed economy. In the process, the emissions level is also rising phenomenally;and of late become quite alarming-more in the former than latter case, affecting thereby the environmental quality as also its security concerns globally. This paper highlights the major impacts of global warming and consequential climate change on the environmental quality and overall security aspects-including commercial, strategic and defense angles for the South-Asian region. The paper also discusses some relevant aspects linking the larger question of energy security with environmental security through the approach of sustainable energy development for envisioning a balanced economic development as well as growth perspective for South Asia. The significance of International cooperation in the mitigation and adaptation of climate change impacts with special reference to Asia- Pacific and South Asian region is also discussed at some length in the paper.

Climate Change Responsibility and China’s Endeavor

The problem of climate change is a global challenge.It is closely associated with social development and human survival,and it has a significant impact to all countries on energy development,economic competitiveness,technological innovation,and way of life.In recent years,with the rapid economic development in China,there is a rumor that the rapid growth of China's carbon dioxide emission offset the efforts of the international community in reducing emissions,and China should bear the international responsibility corresponding to its significant role in greenhouse gas emission,which obviously are unfair and not objective.As this paper reveals,"China environment responsibility" that is the socalled "China environment threat" or theories,China has made a positive contribution to addressing the climate change in the past and China will still be the backbone on the protection of global climate in the future.

Quality-Oriented Climate and Service Quality Among Healthcare Providers： Evidence From a Rehabilitation Center in Italy

The importance of quality in service provision is widely recognized in health service research. However, a limited number of studies have investigated antecedents of quality in healthcare service provision. This article tries to shed further light on this under-researched field. Specifically, the aim of this study is to verify the relationship between the quality-oriented climate and service quality as perceived by employees. The study was conducted in a private non-profit Rehabilitation Centre in Italy using a questionnaire administered to all healthcare workers. The questions focused on perceptions of quality-oriented climate （priorization of quality care, social cooperation, and exchange）, four different connotations of the quality in healthcare provision （provision of high quality service, adequacy of time spent with patients, freedom in clinical decisions, and continuing relationships with patients）, as well as on respondents＇ background. Of the 248 healthcare workers, 183 completed the questionnaire. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to study the relationship between quality-oriented climate and outcome variables （quality in healthcare provision）. The results suggest that a quality-oriented climate does explain service quality in Healthcare settings： When an organization has implemented a quality-oriented climate, the service care provided by healtheare workers can determine an increase for three of the four investigated aspects of quality service provision （quality of care, freedom to make clinical decisions to meet patients＇ needs, and continuing relationships with patients）. The paper demonstrates that the offer of quality services involves in a different way the various healthcare professionals and/or management staff. This research provides interesting findings for healthcare manager in Health Service settings regarding the management of a quality-oriented process of service provision.

Uncovering the Real Challenges in the Fight against Climate Change

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a global call to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity. There are 17 SDGs in all, these on the one hand, are based on the idea that economic development, social inclusion, and environmental sustainability are all essential for a healthy and sustainable world, and on the other hand, they provide a framework for governments, businesses, and civil society to work together to achieve common goals. And they are a reminder that we all have a responsibility to protect our planet and its people. One of the most pressing and urgent goals is SDG 13 - Climate Action. Climate change is a global challenge that affects the entire world, urgent action is needed to combat climate change and its impacts. The rapid rise of the fight against climate change reflects an increased interest among specialists. This research deals rigorously with a wide range of dilemmas, which have arisen over time. The research aims to reveal new actions, in order to combat current and future climate change obstacles. The main goal is to bring out the quality of policies and programs in the field of climate change. The results of this research should provide new directions in the development of new policies and programs, in order to help governments, businesses and civil society work together to achieve common goals. The results obtained by specialists, should be a reminder that we all have a responsibility to protect our planet and its people.

The Dynamic Knowledge Loop:Inter- and Transdisciplinary Cooperation and Adaptation of Climate Change Knowledge

The‘‘dynamic knowledge loop’’explores processes of knowledge generation,knowledge exchange,and social learning in inter-and transdisciplinary cooperation and relates them to adaptive capacity.Adaptive capacity building can reduce vulnerabilities and enhance the resilience of urban regions towards the impacts of climate change.We use a mix of empirical methods and apply the dynamic knowledge loop as an innovative analytical tool.The added value of inter-and transdisciplinary cooperation concerning knowledge generation and facilitation of social learning is discussed by applying the dynamic knowledge loop to research about a scenario-planning process and a participatory mapping exercise in the urban region of Rostock,Germany.The results demonstrate that the scenario planning process allowed for a consideration of complex interrelations that have the potential for an integration of different influences,perspectives,and knowledge forms.Scenario planning facilitated social learning by creating a platform for integration and exchange of different epistemologies and for considering alternative futures.The participatory mapping exercise demonstrated the scientific value of the integration of local knowledge as well.Building upon these results,we stress the importance of knowledge generation,knowledge exchange,and social learning to build up adaptive capacity through different forms of cooperation between science and practice.

Exploring U.S.-China climate cooperation through linked carbon markets

Emissions trading systems(ETSs)are a widely used policy tool for driving emissions reductions and serve as an avenue for international climate cooperation.Following the recent global agreement on carbon market standards at COP26,this study explores linked ETSs as an avenue for the U.S.and China to cooperate on climate action.The emissions,energy,and economic effects of linked ETSs are analyzed through the China-in-Global Energy Model(C-GEM),a multi-regional,computable general equilibrium model.Assuming the development of national economy-wide ETSs,two scenarios are developed linking China and the U.S.:1)a bilateral U.S.-China ETS linkage 2)a multilateral ETS linkage that includes China,the U.S.,and nations in Southeast Asia.Results indicate that emissions and energy consumption outcomes would be similar in the bilateral and multilateral scenarios.However,economic outcomes are more favorable in the multilateral linkage scenario.When China and the U.S.engage in bilateral ETS linkage,China predominantly benefits from additional support for domestic decarbonization while the U.S.benefits from increased GDP compared to without ETS linkage.Adding Southeast Asia to establish multilateral linkage improves GDP outcomes for all participants,reducing adverse effects on China's GDP while boosting GDP for the U.S.and Southeast Asia.For policymakers considering the design and implementation of international ETSs,this study presents updated modeling on the effects of ETS linkage on each country as well as the economic benefits of expanding participation to additional regions.

The progress and prospect on China-EU Blue Partnership

By reviewing the current status and progress made by China and EU in ocean related fields in the changing world,this paper tries to identify the needs,characteristics and strategic importance of the China-EU Blue Partnership.The Blue Partnership proposed by the Chinese government is open and inclusive.It values mutual beneficial,and calls for broader cooperation.China-EU Blue Partnership is not only related to the development of both China and EU,but also will significantly contribute to the implementation of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.Some suggestions on the further development of the Partnership are proposed to facilitate the implementation.

Promoting the Nexus Approach of Climate, Ecosystems and Livelihoods in Africa through China-Africa Cooperation

Africa is facing both challenges and opportunities in pursuing sustainability. The nexus approach of Climate, Ecosystems and Livelihoods（CEL） is a promising way to seize the ＂power of integration＂ for achieving sustainability of the African continent. Based on taking stock of the work of various organizations especially the United Nations Environment Programme International Ecosystem Management Partnership（UNEP-IEMP） in the Africa, this article explores the demands and opportunities for delivering the CEL approach in Africa and provides perspectives on how to promote it in the framework of China-Africa cooperation in future. It concludes that Africa is one of the focal regions in the delivery of the CEL nexus approach; UNEP-IEMP has launched several major initiatives that lay the foundation for delivering the nexus approach of CEL in Africa; however, more ambitious cooperation should be taken through a broad China-Africa partnership, based on existing institutions, networks and ongoing programmes in both Africa and China, to support future China-Africa cooperation on the nexus approach of CEL.

国际秩序转型背景下“全球南方”的战略地位和角色作用

当今时代,大国政治博弈加剧,“全球南方”的战略地位与价值日益凸显。地位和角色的转变赋予了“全球南方”独特的理论价值,其逐渐超越传统以经济属性为主的新兴市场国家和发展中国家概念,成为具有更丰富内涵的国际政治新概念,为国际关系理论创新提供了新视角和路径。全球南方国家均非美西方盟友的核心成员,未处于国际权力体系的中心地位,具有相似的国际境遇、利益诉求、发展任务和政治主张。在国际秩序重构方面,全球南方国家主张以联合国宪章和原则为宗旨,建立公平合理的国际新秩序,践行真正的多边主义,实现平等共治、合作共赢。在全球气候治理领域,全球南方国家普遍面临经济发展、消除贫困的迫切要求,主张共同维护以联合国为核心的全球气候治理体系,捍卫共同但有区别的责任原则,推动全球气候治理体系朝着更加公正合理的方向发展。在国际经济领域,全球南方国家倡导开放包容、互利共赢的合作理念,主张坚持多边主义和公平贸易,通过改革与完善国际合作机制应对挑战,构建开放型世界经济。在新的时代背景下,加强政治、经济、科技等领域的南南合作,不仅有助于推动发展中国家自身经济和社会发展,还能为完善现行国际秩序做出重要贡献。

船舶碳减排国外政策制度管理经验研究

本文研究分析了欧盟、美国、挪威和日本在船舶碳减排方面的政策框架、技术创新、绿色能源应用、国际合作和环保港口建设等方面的举措。研究发现,国外国家在法规要求、技术创新和国际合作方面都取得了显著进展,电动船舶技术、氢燃料电池技术等清洁能源的应用也逐渐成为趋势。然而,各国仍面临技术成本、能源基础设施建设、国际标准协调等共同挑战。最后,研究提出了中国在船舶碳减排领域的启示和建议,强调了政策完善、技术创新、国际合作和港口环保设施建设的重要性,以推动中国航运业的绿色、低碳、可持续发展。

人类命运共同体视域下当代中国气候外交及其战略选择

科技的进步与全球化进程的推进让人类社会进入前所未有的新阶段,同时人类社会面临以气候变化为典型代表的非传统安全问题。气候问题已经成为人类面临的影响范围最大、影响程度最深远的全球性问题,亟待治理。全球气候治理离不开大国的气候外交活动。作为负责任大国,中国气候外交在人类命运共同体理念的影响下经历了外交目标与外交方式的调整,并始终坚持“共同但有区别责任”原则、多边主义原则与合作共赢原则,为全球气候治理提供了中国智慧,推动了全球气候善治。当前全球气候治理面临着气候问题的特点与国家利益之间的矛盾、观念分歧与共有观念缺失导致的各国对气候变化的认知差异以及气候问题本身与全球气候治理的复杂性等挑战。作为负责任大国,中国必须在人类命运共同体理念指导下坚持合作共赢与真正的多边主义原则,从国内、国际两个层面共同展现中国在全球气候治理中的责任与担当,积极推动完善全球气候治理的顶层设计,弥合气候机制间的分歧,推动气候机制间协同治理,为建设清洁美丽的世界作出中国贡献。

应对气候变化单边贸易措施的协调治理路径探析

由于应对气候变化单边贸易措施涉及贸易和气候的关系问题,《联合国气候变化框架公约》和WTO分别在立法和司法层面采取了行动并取得了一些进展。但二者在规制与气候变化有关的单边贸易措施时有着各自的局限性,加之二者的规制实践存在着程序和规则方面的差异,导致无法形成一致且有效的治理效果。因此,通过正式的机构合作和具体的制度协调有助于弥合差异并为有效规制与气候变化有关的单边贸易措施作出贡献。

全球气候治理空档期的领导力——基于中法气候合作的分析

由于美西方持续打压中国,传统的中、美、欧三边和中美、中欧双边气候合作的领导模式不复存在,全球气候治理进入领导力的空档期。虽然美欧在应对气候变化问题上合作紧密,但由于缺少对发展中国家权利维护的公平性和解决其具体问题的实效性,美欧只是具备了全球气候治理领域的领导地位,却无法获得领导力。中国与法国发挥独立自主的优良外交传统,打破中西方政治隔阂,在全球气候治理领导的空档期加强全方位气候合作。虽然中法两国的国力不及美国,但两国都在低碳经济领域具有优势,并且两国都与发展国家关系密切,能够在全球气候治理中维护公平性,帮助其解决应对气候变化过程中的具体发展问题。因此,中法气候合作在全球气候治理的空档期不仅具备了领导地位,而且获得了领导力。目前,中法气候合作领导力主要集中在优化全球气候融资机制、中法双边气候合作项目、在发展中国家,特别是非洲国家的第三方市场合作方面,有关合作为促进全球气候治理的整体发展发挥了积极作用。

通往《巴黎协定》之路

2015年12月12日在法国巴黎召开的联合国气候变化大会上通过了全球应对气候变化协议,即《巴黎协定》,并于2016年11月4日正式生效。这是人类历史上应对气候变化的重要国际法律文件,奠定了2020年后全球气候治理格局,反映了各方希望通过合作,采取共同行动,应对气候变化,保护地球环境,实现可持续发展的一致愿望。这一成果来之不易,经历了艰辛曲折的谈判、博弈历程。本文回顾了这一进程中的重要节点,分析了其中所遇到的难点问题,包括不同国家、地区或集团的诉求和立场,目的是加深对《巴黎协定》重要性的认识,并理解这一成果的重要价值。

碳达峰碳中和对全球气候治理国际法律责任体系的重塑

全球气候治理无法适用既有国际不法行为的国家责任和不加禁止行为的国家责任,且不能将一国政府对国内公民承担的气候治理责任视为全球气候治理责任,因而亟须在国际法中建立适应全球气候治理的国家责任机制。这种责任机制的构建应以实现气候正义为根本目标。其中,最基本的正义和平等是保障国家、地区和个人的生存权,而不是优先发展。违反“保持控制升温1.5摄氏度国际义务”,将会产生全球气候治理的国际责任。这种义务的履行是国际社会的“共同责任”,该义务符合国际习惯的构成要件,本质是国际合作中产生的义务。碳达峰碳中和目标的实现取决于国际社会能否有效合作,需要创设全球气候治理国际合作法律义务,包括事先合作义务和事后合作义务。国家未履行该国际合作义务,应承担国家预防责任、国家预防—补偿责任、国家补偿责任。这种气候治理分层式国家责任并不是制裁机制,其兼顾了各国的利益诉求,是国际合作博弈所产生的法律后果,实施相对方便,能有效督促国家积极履行碳减排国际合作和预防义务,弥补国际碳市场的缺陷,有利于促进国际强制碳减排目标有效实现。我国应积极参与全球气候治理的国际合作,推动全球气候治理领域的国际合作落实为国际义务。