Altitude-dependent gaseous emissions from freight trucks along the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor in Pakistan

Recent increases in emissions from freight transport have caused strong concerns about air quality in Pakistan,following the rapid development of projects related to the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor(CPEC).This study reported the first measurements of on-road truck emissions in Pakistan and investigated their dependence on altitude along CPEC routes.Emissions from 70 trucks were measured on CPEC highways located in Islamabad(540 m above sea level),Sost(2800 m above sea level),and at the Khunjerab Pass(4693 m above sea level).Calculated emission factors for carbon monoxide,hydrocarbons,and nitrogen oxides from heavy-duty trucks in Islamabad were 12.94±1.46,15.21±1.67,and 10.69±1.34 g km^(-1)(95%confidence level),respectively,for pre-Pak-II trucks,and 12.75±2.80,14.24±3.53,and 10.24±2.34 g km^(-1)(95%confidence level),respectively,for Pak-II trucks,representing 2e20 times higher values than the emission standards in Pakistan and India.An altitude increase of approximately 4000 m,with the associated changes in meteorology and fleet characteristics,induced an average increase of 103.6%,86.3%,124.5%,and 133.6%in the emission factors of carbon monoxide,hydrocarbons,nitrogen oxides,and carbon dioxide,respectively.Moreover,on-road emissions along the CPEC were mainly influenced by truck types.This study will support the budget evaluation of transport emissions from the CPEC trade fleet.

Spatiotemporal pattern of climate change in the China-Myanmar Economic Corridor from 1901 to 2018

The China-Myanmar Economic Corridor(CMEC) is an important part of China's Belt and Road Initiative and an important area for global ecology and biodiversity. In this study, the annual and seasonal spatiotemporal patterns of temperature and precipitation in the CMEC over the past century were investigated using linear tendency estimation, the Mann-Kendall mutation test, the T-test, and wavelet analysis based on the monthly mean climatic data from 1901 to 2018 released by the Climatic Research Unit(CRU) of the University of East Anglia, UK. The results show that the CMEC demonstrated a trend of warming and drying over the past 100 years, and the rate of change in Myanmar was stronger than that in Yunnan Province of China. The warming rate was 0.039 ℃/10a. Precipitation decreased at a rate of -6.1 mm/10a. From the perspective of spatial distribution, temperature was high in the central and southern, low in the north of the CMEC, and the high-temperature centers were mainly distributed in the southern plain and river valley. Precipitation decreased from west to east and from south to north of the CMEC. From the perspective of the rate of change, warming was stronger in central and northern CMEC than in southern and northeastern CMEC. The rate of precipitation decline was stronger in the central and western regions than in the eastern region. This study provides a scientific reference for the CMEC to address climate change and ensure sustainable social and economic development and ecological security.

China-Pakistan Economic Corridor： Will It Sustain Itself？

This paper attempts to measure and explain the sustainability of China- Pakistan Economic Corridor （CPEC） by employing rational choice theory. Methodologically, the qualitative study relies on primary data in terms of elite interviews and secondary sources such as journals articles. This theory-guided empirical research has identified two sets of challenges, internal and external, that the economic corridor faces. Broadly, the challenges range from economic slow- down, political instability, religious extremism and terrorism that have taken toll of Pakistani economy, society and the state. The paper has provided policy input in terms of urging Pakistani government to reform its educational system and correct political instability along with targeting all types of militant organizations. More- over, the study urges China to engage regional stakeholders in CPEC to realize regional and trans-regional connectivity to achieve economic integration of the market.

The research on the Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar economic corridor： opportunity and challenge

This paper discusses the opportunity and challenge faced by the Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar economic corridor. The opportunities include the complementary of economic structure and natural resources pattern, as well as the geographic linkage. The challenges include the funding shortage, the lack of political trust, the divergence on the investment priority, and the vulnerable ethnic situation. Finally, this paper looks into the future and expresses the optimistic view on the economic corridor.

The China and Mongolia Cultural Communication Status Quo and Development Trend in the Context of the Construction of the China–Mongolia–Russia Economic Corridor

As a part of the"The Belt and Road"initiative,the China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor is a tailored mode of regional cooperation,combined with the construction of the Russia Eurasia Channel and the Mongolia Grassland Road.This paper analyses the Chinese and Mongolian cultural communication status quo and development trend in the Context of the construction of the China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor.It then proposes that the two countries make great efforts in following three aspects to create new prosperity for China-Mongolia cultural communication and cooperation:strengthening the folk cultural communication and cooperation by consolidating its folk communication basis,vigorously promoting folk cultural diplomacy and improving the level of folk cultural communications,and consolidating the existing cooperation and creating new cultural communication through this cooperation mechanism.

Elevating the China-Myanmar Economic Corridor

China and Myanmar have pledged to jointly accelerate construction of the China-Myanmar Economic Corridor under the China-proposed Belt and Road Initiative.The pledge came when Ning Jizhe,deputy head of China’s National Development and Reform Commission,visited Myanmar from November 24 to 27,2018.

The Belt and Road Initiative and the Concept of an Economic Corridor along the Southern Silk Road

The Belt and Road Initiative requires the urgent revival of the Southern Silk Road. This means a good understanding of its rich historical connotations and its comprehensive and mutual-beneficial functions. Starting from a very early period, the Southern Silk Road has played an important role in the history of Yunnan and has been characterized by using cowry as money. This paper proposes the development of a new economic corridor along the Southern Silk Road from Xi'an in the north, via Chengdu and Kunming, to South Asia and Southeast Asia thus linking the Silk Road Economic Belt to the 21 st Century Maritime Silk Road. This will bring about a new phase of all-around opening-up linking domestic and overseas markets via land and sea.

The Significance and Measures of Building the China—Mongolia—Russia Economic Corridor

In September 2014,Chinese leaders introduced the initiative to build the China,Mongolia and Russia Economic Corridor during the SCO summit in Dushanbe.In March 2015,China issued The prospect and action of promoting to build the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road,which officially made building the China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor a strategic

Analysis on Construction and Recommendations for Development of Yiwan Economic Corridor

Yiwan Economic Corridor is located in the core area of western Jiangxi Province. It is an important part of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River city clusters and the open cooperation pilot zone of Jiangxi and Hunan provinces. The construction of the Yiwan Economic Corridor is an important measure to implement the strategy of " revitalizing and strengthening cities through developing industries". It is required to deepen the understanding in ideology,grasp the orientation in the thought,and properly deal with relationship in the promotion process. This paper evaluated the advantages and challenges in the construction of Yiwan Economic Corridor,and came up with some recommendations for development of Yiwan Economic Corridor.

Effect of regional factor productivity on manufacturing sector: The case of Sino-Pak economic ties

Introduction:Economic ties and trade blocs increase the flow of trade between participating countries and lead to different levels of economic and structural changes.Case description:This paper focuses on the structure of industrial value-added between China and Pakistan,as the two countries recently launched the CPEC(China-Pakistan Economic Corridor)project.Discussion and evaluation:This study utilizes panel data from 1995 to 2015 to test certain factor effects on regional value-added through econometric analyses.The results show that each country has its own economic growth rate and market size that respond differently to industrial value-added production.Conclusion:Aggregate factor productivity at China is higher than in Pakistan but growth in factor productivity in the latter is higher than the former;similarly,the share of bilateral trade is higher in the case of Pakistan.Although each country responds differently to the new economic ties,the macroeconomic results support bilateral economic ties between them.

工业集聚对县域产业绿色高质量发展的空间溢出效应研究——来自长江三峡生态经济走廊的证据

工业集聚不仅可以提升产业生产效率,还有效减少了产业发展过程中对于环境的污染,对县域经济高质量发展具有重要意义。论文基于2010-2020年长江三峡生态经济走廊42个县(市、区)的面板数据,测算出产业绿色高质量发展水平,利用空间杜宾模型检验了工业集聚对县域产业绿色高质量发展的影响。结果表明:(1)长江三峡生态经济走廊产业绿色高质量发展存在明显的空间相关性,且在研究期间内,空间相关性不断增强;(2)工业集聚对县域产业绿色高质量发展呈现显著正向的空间溢出效应,且工业集聚度增加1%,本地产业绿色高质量发展水平提升16.4%,周边县域提升17.7%;(3)该区域重庆县域工业集聚对产业绿色高质量发展产生了显著的抑制作用,控制变量对产业绿色高质量发展的影响也存在一定的区域异质性。基于此,针对长江三峡生态经济走廊建设提出建议以实现县域经济高质量发展。

G30(甘肃段)科技创新走廊城市经济科技耦合协调分析

为研究G30(甘肃段)科技创新走廊城市科技与经济的协同发展关系,文章构建经济发展水平与科技创新能力耦合协调模型,并实证分析2014-2019年8个节点城市经济发展水平与科技创新能力之间的耦合度、耦合协调度,以及节点城市间的经济科技综合发展耦合协调度。研究发现:8个节点城市内部经济发展水平与科技创新能力之间处于高强度耦合状态,二者的耦合协调度呈波动增加趋势,但整体水平较低,处于耦合协调的第1和第2等级,还未形成良性互动发展;节点城市两两之间经济科技综合耦合协调也不高,处于耦合协调的第1、第2、第3等级。文章从空间布局、产业布局、创新资源布局、创新链与产业链融合发展4个方面提出推动G30(甘肃段)科技创新走廊建设和节点城市发展的对策建议。

内蒙古参与“中蒙俄经济走廊”建设的对策研究

内蒙古是“一带一路”特别是“中蒙俄经济走廊”的重要组成部分,加强与蒙古国、俄罗斯合作,既是国家发展大局的需要,也是内蒙古高质量发展的要求。“一带一路”倡议逐步向纵深推进,中国也加大了对沿线国家直接投资的力度。因受到沿线国家在政治、经济、文化等多种因素的差异化影响,中国开展的对外投资具有巨大的风险和挑战。中蒙俄三个国家深入进行经济合作,共建基础设施、共同构建经济风险预防机制、共同打造文旅融合,为中蒙俄三国的经济合作创造了坚实的基础。本文的研究内容是“一带一路”背景下,中蒙俄三国合作的现状,以及内蒙古参与“中蒙俄经济走廊”建设中的优势,在此基础上分析了“中蒙俄经济走廊”对内蒙古发展的促进作用,三国间要强化政府之间的合作、完善对外投资的法律制度,建立经济风险预防机制,加强专业人才的培养,有效防范内蒙古对外投资所带来的风险。

河西走廊水资源-生态环境-社会经济系统耦合关系及时空分异

推进水资源、生态环境与社会经济系统协调发展为促进区域经济增长、社会进步和生态和谐与高质量发展提供技术支撑。文章基于修正耦合协调度模型评价河西走廊水资源-生态环境-社会经济系统耦合协调水平,运用灰色关联度模型和泰尔指数揭示驱动因素和空间异质性,并利用趋势面映射耦合协调度全域分布。结果表明:(1)由经济发展带动水资源-经济-生态系统综合发展水平逐年上升,综合发展指数由2006年0.29增长至2021年0.65。(2)河西走廊水资源子系统、经济子系统、生态子系统两两之间的耦合协调度呈不同趋势上升,水资源-生态-经济系统耦合度发展处于颉颃阶段向磨合阶段升级;协调度经历“轻度失调衰退-濒临失调衰退-勉强协调发展-初级协调发展-中级协调发展”五个阶段。(3)区域空间异质性逐渐发展为减小趋势,2021年空间分布表现出东南部发展优于西北部格局,金昌和张掖逐步成为河西发展优势区域。(4)城市化率、排污总量、节水灌溉面积对河西走廊水资源-生态环境-社会经济耦合发展起到较大的驱动作用。研究结果对河西走廊经济-生态-水资源系统协同发展具有一定的借鉴意义。

中巴经济走廊安全风险网络级联失效的动态鲁棒性研究

为了研究信息动态更新对中巴经济走廊安全风险网络关键节点及风险动态传导过程的影响,建立了基于有向复杂网络的中巴经济走廊安全风险传导理论模型,设计风险负载重分配算法和动态鲁棒性评价指标,分析4种不同节点攻击策略下中巴经济走廊安全风险网络级联失效鲁棒性。仿真结果表明:高介数中心度节点攻击策略对安全风险网络具有更强的摧毁效果;个别安全风险指标被随机激活导致风险网络极易失控,使得总体安全风险演化趋势更难预测;初始负载是影响安全风险网络级联失效的关键因素;当失效比例小于50%时,随机攻击策略失控效果大于蓄意攻击效果。

中蒙俄K3/K4次国际班列对沿线城市可达性的影响

以中蒙俄铁路K3/K4次班列沿线节点城市和区域为研究对象,分析了其节点城市与区域的可达性,并计算了节点城市之间的经济联系强度。结果表明,节点城市时间可达性呈现两端高、中间低的趋势,与节点城市到目的地城市的出行时间成正比;节点城市的经济可达性呈现两端低、中间高的趋势;K3/K4班列沿线有4个较明显的经济中心区,且中国城市之间的经济联系强度和俄罗斯西部城市之间的经济联系强度较高,此外中国与蒙古国之间的经济联系弱于蒙古国与俄罗斯之间的经济联系。受边境检查和转向架更换情况的影响,中蒙边境的二连浩特、扎门乌德和蒙俄边境的苏赫巴托尔、纳乌什基在上述计算结果中均表现出明显的特殊性。

沿江货运铁路通道布局及实施方案研究

完善沿江货运铁路通道布局对于充分发挥铁路绿色低碳优势、缓解长江三峡“肠梗阻”问题、加快构建综合立体交通走廊、支撑长江经济带经济发展等具有重要意义。研究首先分析沿江货运铁路通道现状及存在问题;其次,从综合交通的角度出发,统筹考虑铁路趋势运量、“水转铁”运量、“公转铁”运量进行近期(2030年)、远期(2035年)、远景(2050年)需求预测;最后,提出铁路通道布局和分期实施方案,即规划沿江货运铁路通道由北辅助通道、中通道(轻快通路、普货通路、专线通路)、南辅助通道组成。按照“两步走”进行实施,一是对长荆铁路、鸦宜铁路进行扩能改造,二是规划建设常岳九铁路等构建沿江货运专线通路。

中国与沙特阿拉伯在中巴经济走廊建设中的第三方市场合作

作为“一带一路”倡议的合作伙伴,中国与沙特基于各自比较优势、政治共识和共同利益,在中巴经济走廊建设中开展了第三方市场合作。两国政府在战略规划上的对接,共同打造物流运输枢纽的意愿,以及合作的溢出效应,赋予了中沙双方共建中巴经济走廊的动力。中国与沙特开展的第三方市场合作有助于提升国际信誉,形成聚旗效应,吸引更多国家参与;有助于推动以中巴经济走廊为枢纽的广大南亚—西亚中间区域一体化和互联互通;有助于丰富第三方市场合作模式的内涵,向世界树立合作典范。中沙共建中巴经济走廊存在合作潜力,但也面临分离主义、恐怖主义威胁和党派斗争等巴基斯坦国内安全和政治风险、经济安全风险和地缘政治风险。中国应采取充分调研、谨慎评估、提高投资项目分配的均衡性、加强安保等措施来应对各种风险,推动中巴经济走廊事务局采取更多举措以增信释疑,应对地缘政治风险。

中国—东盟经贸合作:西部陆海新通道的现状考察

西部陆海新通道承担着中国西部内陆腹地通达东盟、连接世界的桥梁和枢纽的重任。基于2017-2021年省际—国别(地区)的细分产品贸易数据,从“设施联通及贸易畅通”“产业优势互补和贸易升级”“产业链供应链布局”三个方面考察了西部陆海新通道沿线省份与东盟国家的经贸合作情况。研究发现,通道沿线交通基础设施建设迅速推进,物流功能不断完善。东盟国家对沿线省市出口结构升级明显,沿线省市面临高、低技术生产环节双重压力。东盟国家与沿线省市产业优势互补性较强,但集成电路产业上游的进口来源地较为集中,一定程度上面临被“卡脖子”风险。应在“以通道促贸易”基础上进一步实现“以贸易聚产业”,加快促进产业和贸易结构优化升级,围绕通道积极谋划产业链供应链布局。

“俾路支解放军”恐袭新动向及中国参与治理的策略

巴基斯坦长期受到恐怖主义危害,猖獗的恐怖活动既迟滞了国家的正常发展,又严重掣肘了国际共赢合作。随着中巴两国经济的深度合作,尤其是中巴经济走廊建设“红利”的不断释放,两国利益更加交融,交流更加广泛,民众更加受益。但是,中巴经济合作亦面临着越来越多的恐袭危害,“俾路支解放军”日益成为头号威胁。近年来,“俾路支解放军”针对在巴中国项目、机构和人员的恐袭频次增多、对象扩大、手段更无人性,出现了一些新动向。这既与俾路支民族本身所固有的历史和文化因素有关,又与俾路支地区长期存在的结构性矛盾和域外大国的挑拨离间脱不了干系。为了应对“俾解”对中国在巴利益的严重威胁,中国应努力消除“俾解”恐袭动员的经济社会根源,推动中巴共赢合作长效机制的建设。