Promoting China-U.S.Arctic education cooperation:challenges,opportunities and recommendations

Arctic education refers not only to the teaching,but also to research,communication,dissemination as well as popularization of knowledge related to the Arctic.This article reviews joint efforts between Chinese and American educators and researchers to promote cooperation and understanding in Arctic education and research,and examines the facing challenges of China-U.S.Arctic education cooperation which include current political or economic tensions between the two countries,the differing perspectives and priorities on Arctic policy,the disproportion in Arctic scientific research,different research methodologies and discourse system in social science.This article also argues that there are opportunities for the two countries to cooperate in Arctic education.Common goals and interests in the Arctic,Arctic-dedicated institutions with significant Arctic research capabilities and partnerships around the world provide foundations for Arctic education cooperation.The implementation of a new science-based Arctic treaty of the Arctic Council is an opportunity for China-U.S.Arctic education cooperation.As for future cooperation,it suggests that in addition to promoting the direct bilateral cooperation,cooperation within international cooperation platforms and mechanisms,especially within the Arctic Council also needs to be further promoted.

The Strange Relationship between the Momentum of a Photon Emitted from an Electron and the Momentum Acquired by the Electron

In quantum mechanics, the energy of a hydrogen atom is minimized when the principal quantum number n is 1. However, the author has previously pointed out that the hydrogen atom has a state where n=0. An electron in the state where n=0has zero rest mass energy. However, a hydrogen atom has an energy level even lower than the n=0state. This is hard to accept from the standpoint of common sense. Thus, the author has previously pointed out that an electron at the energy level where n=0has zero energy because the positive energy mec2and negative energy −mec2cancel each other out. This paper elucidates the strange relationship between the momentum of a photon emitted when a hydrogen atom is formed by an electron with such characteristics, and the momentum acquired by the electron.

The Multi-Polar Structure and New Balance of the China-US Relationship

The multi-polar structure is a new international relationship structure, which differs greatly from both the bi-polar and uni-polar structures in both structure and nature, mainly emerging from the evolution of two aspects： first, the meaning of ＂polar＂ has undergone a major change; and second, beyond the power structure, the relationship structure between nations is much different from the past and is inflicting an increasingly important impact on core implication of the multi-polar the structure. Decentralization is the structure. In the current reality of international politics, decentralization refers to the dissolution of US hegemony, as different nations and power centers are busy competing and cooperating with one another at different levels in accordance with their own advantages and characteristics. Globally, the multi-polar structure manifests a state in which the current power structure is loosening, while international relationships have become more diversified due to their ongoing development. This is the development of a new relationship structure that is of great significance and what calls for our closest attention.

Progress Made on China-U.S.Trade Relationship at the 22nd JCCT Session

China and the United States concluded the 22nd session of the U.S.-China Joint Commission on Commerce and Trade (JCCT) on November 21 in Chengdu, China. Chinese Vice Premier Wang Qishan cochaired the two-day meeting with U.S. Secretary of Commerce John Bryson and U.

New Changes in the China-U.S. Relationship

Currently,I am sure the great majority of us would prefer that the era,beginning in the late 1970 s,of globalisation and multilateralism will continue,and that the era was characterised by relative stability and cooperation in the relationship between the United States and China.That stability had depended on two things.

CO_2 Emissions Embodied in China-U.S.Trade

After the Kyoto Protocol was implemented,carbon leakage exerts great influences on international trade and economy.Trade creates a mechanism for consumers to shift environmental pollution associated with their consumption to other countries.China has overtaken the U.S.as the world's biggest CO2 emitter since 2006.As China's second largest trade partner,the U.S.has the biggest trade deficit with China which has aroused a lot of disputes between the two parties.But so far the assessments of the trade imbalance of China-U.S.have paid little attention to environmental impacts associated with the trade imbalance.Applied an input-output approach,the article estimates the amount of CO2 embodied in China-U.S.trade during 1997-2007.It was found that through trade with China,the U.S.reduced its CO2 emissions compared with a non-trade scenario.Due to the greater carbon-intensity and relatively less efficient production processes of Chinese industry,China-U.S.trade resulted in more CO2 emissions in China and the world.In the end,the article gives some suggestions:it is equal and sustainable that the international accounting methodologies should be improved,for CO2 emissions responsibility must be designed to account for the dynamic nature of international trade.

A novel binary effective medium model to describe the prepeak stressstrain relationship of combined bodies of rock-like material and rock

Combined bodies of rock-like material and rock are widely encountered in geotechnical engineering,such as tunnels and mines.The existing theoretical models describing the stress-strain relationship of a combined body lack a binary feature.Based on effective medium theory,this paper presents the governing equation of the“elastic modulus”for combined and single bodies under triaxial compressive tests.A binary effective medium model is then established.Based on the compressive experiment of concretegranite combined bodies,the feasibility of determining the stress threshold based on crack axial strain is discussed,and the model is verified.The model is further extended to coal-rock combined bodies of more diverse types,and the variation laws of the compressive mechanical parameters are then discussed.The results show that the fitting accuracy of the model with the experimental curves of the concretegranite combined bodies and various types of coal-rock combined bodies are over 95%.The crack axial strain method can replace the crack volumetric strain method,which clarifies the physical meanings of the model parameters.The variation laws of matrix parameters and crack parameters are discussed in depth and are expected to be more widely used in geotechnical engineering.

Critical emancipatory reflection on establishing an equal,trusting relationship among surgery participants in clinical practice in China

Objective: Reflection is considered to be one of the important ways to learn from one's experience, and one should be encouraged to apply the skill of reflection in lifelong learning. The author used the critical emancipatory reflection theory to reflect on a practice issue,which was related to the relationship between doctors and nurses, and tries to become a lifelong reflective practitioner in clinical work.Methods: Smyth's reflective framework, which includes the steps describe, inform, confront, and reconstruct, will be used in this article to help the author to understand the process of reflection and improve the skill of reflection. Utilizing Smyth's reflective framework to reflect on an issue in practice allows the author to break the routine way of thinking and learn from experience, as well as providing a higher quality of service for patients.Results: The theory of emancipatory reflection along with the critical reflection theory will be used to determine the beliefs and values that rule the author's action and derive how these are distinct from what the author is supposed to achieve. Besides, critical emancipatory reflection theory will be used to discover the dominant power structures in clinical practice; symbolic interaction and hegemony will be utilized to discover the factors that prevent the author from achieving the desired goals; socialization theory will be applied to facilitate the author in improving the professional identity.Conclusions: Using the critical emancipatory reflection on the issue in practice helps the author to find out the constraints in practice,bridge the espoused value and enacted value, and thereafter undertake transformative changes in practice. Eventually, the author can improve the skill of critical emancipatory reflection and become a lifelong reflective practitioner, and the quality of clinical practice can be improved as a result.

China-U.S. Trade Balance from the National Income Perspective

This paper calculates the China-U.S. trade balance from the national income perspective based on an input-output model that differentiates domestic and foreign-invested companies. The result shows that due to different degrees of dependence of both countries on foreign production factors such as foreign capital for the manufacturing of export goods,only 87.7% of the domestic value-added created by China's exports to the U.S. in 2012 was China's national income, whereas 96.2% of value-added in U.S. exports to China was U.S.national income. In the comparison of total export volume and export value-added, the home country's national income created by exports can more realistically reflect a country's gains from trade. In 2012, China's trade surplus with the U.S. stood at 102.8 billion US dollars in national income terms, which is 61% and 22% smaller than the results in gross and value-added terms, respectively. The implication is that the traditional trade balance accounting method seriously exaggerates the China-U.S. trade imbalance.

China-US Trade Relations:Win-Win Picture Distorted

At present China-U.S.trade relations are in a state of confusion.Although both countries have gained tremendous benefits from the bilateral trade relationship,some Americans have intentionally distorted some basic facts regarding China-U.S.trade relations. Based on an analysis of some official and nonofficial research reports published in the United States,this article holds that the China-U.S.trade imbalance is the symptom of a bigger issue stemming from the contradiction between the United States as the world's sole superpower and China as an emerging power.Economic globalisation came about due to the needs of western developed countries represented by the United States to boost economic development.Only by seizing the opportunities of economic globalisation, has China gained strong economic growth. Such a development is changing the world political,economic,military and cultural landscape that have been shaped since the post-cold-war era,and has to some extent raised doubt or suspicion on the part of the United States and its western allies.This is a manifestation of how unprepared some people in the United States and other western countries are in the face of China's rapid development and rising status.So,their immediate reaction has been to seek protection for themselves,and try their utmost to prevent China's rapid growth from impacting on the international framework and their vested interests.

Relationship between the Brittlement Susceptibility and H Permeation Current for UNS G11180 Steel in 5% NaCl Solution with H_2S

Sulfide stress corrosion cracking (SSCC) behaviour of UNS G11180 steel in 5% NaCl solution with H2S was studied by slow strain rate tensile test (SSRT), SEM and electrochemical hydro gen permeation technique. The results reveal different cracking mechanism and H permeation current (IH) through UNS G11180 steel plate in different concentration of H2S solution. The susceptibility to SSCC of UNS G11180 Steel in 5% NaCl solution with H2S was evaluated by the permeation current(IH, μA), which depends on the concentration (c×10-6) of H2S by the equation:IH = 8.525 ×c0.7249. lt is proved that the electrochemical H permeation method is a practical way to assess the susceptibility to SSCC.

Dark Matter and the Energy-Momentum Relationship in a Hydrogen Atom

Einstein derived the energy-momentum relationship which holds in an isolated system in free space. However, this relationship is not applicable in the space inside a hydrogen atom where there is potential energy. Therefore, in 2011, the author derived an energy-momentum relationship applicable to the electron constituting a hydrogen atom. This paper derives that relationship in a simpler way using another method. From this relationship, it is possible to derive the formula for the energy levels of a hydrogen atom. The energy values obtained from this formula almost match the theoretical values of Bohr. However, the relationship derived by the author includes a state that cannot be predicted with Bohr’s theory. In the hydrogen atom, there is an energy level with n = 0. Also, there are energy levels where the relativistic energy of the electron becomes negative. An electron with this negative energy (mass) exists near the atomic nucleus (proton). The name “dark hydrogen atom” is given to matter formed from one electron with this negative mass and one proton with positive mass. Dark hydrogen atoms, dark hydrogen molecules, other types of dark atoms, and aggregates made up of dark molecules are plausible candidates for dark matter, the mysterious type of matter whose true nature is currently unknown.

Expectations for Future China-U.S. Relations

The heads of state of China and the U.S. reached a consensus in Osaka at the end of June, agreeing to restart trade negotiations on the basis of equality and mutual respect. The U.S. side stated that it would no longer impose new tariffs on Chinese imports, sending a positive sign of the U.S.-China relationship to the international community. On July 3, the Washington Post published an open letter signed by 100 people from the academic, diplomatic, military, and business circles of the U.S. to President Trump and the U.S. Congress, affirming that the consensus is the intention of the two peoples and is in line with the expectations of the international community. The decline in U.S.- China relations is not in line with U.S. and global interests, and China is not an enemy of the U.S., nor does China pose a threat to U.S. national security.

China-U.S.Relations in Global Energy Governance

This paper analyzes the development of the U.S.and the global energy governance mechanism,and the development and characteristics of China’s participation in the global energy governance mechanism.China’s participation in global energy governance has undergone a process from edge to the center.In this process,China has gradually shifted from a passive follower of global energy governance rules to an active participant in governance and shaping rules.The paper also analyzes the causes of friction and conflict in China-U.S.energy security relations from the aspects of differences in energy security concepts,conflicts between conservative and rising powers,and the struggle between regulation and anti-regulation.The promotion of China’s G20,the Brazil,Russia,India,China,and South Africa(BRICS),the Shanghai Cooperation Organization(SCO),the Asian Investment Bank,the Silk Road Fund,and the United States’system conformity together constitute the basic situation of China-U.S.institutional competition in the field of energy finance.Finally,the paper point out that China and the United States explore institutional arrangements for energy and achieve mutual benefit and win-win results through benign interaction.

Why China-U.S. Cooperation Is So Important

IN the 21st century, the interaction of global economic entities has significantly strengthened. Extensive participation in international trade and investment activities has further enhanced interdependence among countries. The spillover effect of major economies has become evident, both positively and negatively. The global economic maelstrom in 2008, which was triggered by the subprime mortgage crisis in the U.S., rapidly engulfed the whole world, presenting a significant manifestation of this close link.

Relationships between two Pseudoalteromonas strains isolated from the Canada Basin and the Southern Ocean using a polyphasic approach

The evolutionary relationships and taxonomic position of two marine planktonic bacterial strains BSw20211 and BSwl0014, isolated from the Canada Basin and from the Southern Ocean, respectively, were determined using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. There was a close phylogenetic relationship between the two strains and most phenotypic properties were shared. Nonetheless, they were found to belong to different species of the genus Pseudoalteromonas on the basis of genotypic analyses. Findings were consistent with the suggestion that gyrB gene sequence comparison and DNA-DNA relatedness might better define phylogenetic relationships of bacteria at the species level. However, a cut-off value of 90% gyrB gene sequence similarity was not reliable for the differentiation of species within the genus Pseudoalteromonas.

Genetic Variations and Relationships of Papua’s Endemic Orchids Based on RAPD Markers

Orchidaceae has known as an attractive flower and immense species. We have found a large species of Orchidaceae grow naturally in Papua’s jungle, Indonesia territorial. This study aims to reveal genetic variation and genetic relationships among endemic orchids in Papua based on RAPD markers. The study included 26 accessions of Papua’s endemic orchids used for genomic DNA extraction. Genomic DNAs were extracted by usingDNAextraction kit from Qiagen and genomic DNA amplification by using 10 decamer RAPD primers. DNA fragments that were amplified by Polymerase Change Reaction (PCR) were visualized and documented by using UV illumination apparatus. Genetically, endemic Orchids in Papua were described high variation. Fragments amplification by using ten RAPD primers and performed in the PCR tools resulted in 54 numbers of polymorphic fragments and no monomorphic band. The number of polymorphic bands per primer ranged from 4 to 7 with averaged 5.4 bands per assay unit. The genetic dissimilarities (GDs) among examined orchids ranged from 0.10 to 0.94 based on Nei’s unbiased coefficients. Dendrogram construction showed that Papua’s endemic orchid (PEO) samples different from another and separated to form group by their own at the 0.40 coefficient value and at the 0.6 coefficient value indicate that PEO sample is divided into nine groups i.e. samples at the genera level were separated into their own groups.

On the Relationship between Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Global Temperature

The study of dynamic relationships between the atmospheric carbon dioxide and the Earth’s global temperature in the current changing climate supported the notion that the trend in the global temperature followed the trend in the atmospheric CO2 before the climate hiatus that started in the beginning of the 21st century. During the hiatus period, the heat trapped by the atmospheric CO2 is going mostly to the ocean. This conclusion is supported by comparison of the CO2 trend with the trend in the ocean heat content. The phase relationships between the CO2 and temperature are more complicated after the removal of the trends. The phase relationships are chaotic on time scales shorter than the annual time scale. During 1986-2008, the atmospheric CO2 changed in an-ti-phase with the global temperature. The phase relationship reversed in 1979 and after 2010. The atmospheric CO2 was in-phase with the global temperature on the El Nino time scale (2.3 - 7 years) except during very strong El Nino years in 1991-1999 when CO2 led the global temperature.

CHINA-U.S. COMPETITION ON KOREAN PENINSULA-ADVANTAGES AND WEAKNESSES

America is the only hegemonic power in the world today and is looking vigilantly at every other country that may take its hegemonic position.In Northeast Asia,America is focused on reinforcing its alliance with Japan and South Korea and is working quickly to deploy the THAAD system in