Promoting China-U.S.Arctic education cooperation:challenges,opportunities and recommendations

Arctic education refers not only to the teaching,but also to research,communication,dissemination as well as popularization of knowledge related to the Arctic.This article reviews joint efforts between Chinese and American educators and researchers to promote cooperation and understanding in Arctic education and research,and examines the facing challenges of China-U.S.Arctic education cooperation which include current political or economic tensions between the two countries,the differing perspectives and priorities on Arctic policy,the disproportion in Arctic scientific research,different research methodologies and discourse system in social science.This article also argues that there are opportunities for the two countries to cooperate in Arctic education.Common goals and interests in the Arctic,Arctic-dedicated institutions with significant Arctic research capabilities and partnerships around the world provide foundations for Arctic education cooperation.The implementation of a new science-based Arctic treaty of the Arctic Council is an opportunity for China-U.S.Arctic education cooperation.As for future cooperation,it suggests that in addition to promoting the direct bilateral cooperation,cooperation within international cooperation platforms and mechanisms,especially within the Arctic Council also needs to be further promoted.

On the Pattern, Motivation and Prospects of China-US Nonproliferation Cooperation

Nonproliferation cooperation has always been a bright spot in China-US security cooperation for over more than a decade. China and the U.S. should timely adjust the focus of their nonproliferation cooperation on a more equal basis, expanding common interests and exploring new patterns for cooperation so as to create a model for the two countries to join hands in global governance and maintenance of regional order.

Why China-U.S. Cooperation Is So Important

IN the 21st century, the interaction of global economic entities has significantly strengthened. Extensive participation in international trade and investment activities has further enhanced interdependence among countries. The spillover effect of major economies has become evident, both positively and negatively. The global economic maelstrom in 2008, which was triggered by the subprime mortgage crisis in the U.S., rapidly engulfed the whole world, presenting a significant manifestation of this close link.

CONDITIONS FOR CHINA-US STRATEGIC COOPERATION

From the "Five-clause Agreement Draft" of 1944 to the Shanghai Communiqueof 1972, the strategic relationship between the United States (US) and theChinese Communist Party (CCP) went through a cycle from partners to foes thenback to partners again. Since the end of World War II, a huge number of booksand articles on CCP-US relations have been published both in the United States andChina. Because of their different political background, Chinese and

U.S.’ Recognition, Evaluation of China-U.S. Educational Cooperation and Its Enlightenment to China--Analysis Based on the Survey Reports by U.S.’Policy Elites

Educational cooperation is one of the key factors to embody humanistic exchanges and promote the development of international relations.Through the analysis of four survey reports on China-U.S.educational cooperation,it is found that American policy elites generally attach importance to the distribution of power,the application of law,mutual benefit between the two countries in educational cooperation,and pay attention to the potential motivation and influence of China.China should rationally refer to the views and suggestions,strengthen the effectiveness of dialogue mechanism,enhance the credibility of international discourse,and at the same time encourage the negotiation and governance among cooperative universities,so as to promote the stable and sustainable development of education cooperation.

从协同到求异:指向教师专业发展的U-S合作优化研究

U-S合作是教师专业发展的重要举措。审视U-S合作的历程可知,U-S合作致力于多方位促进教师专业发展,协同逐渐成为U-S合作促进教师专业发展的底层逻辑。随着合作的持续推进,这一底层逻辑在促进教师专业发展方面所潜在的矛盾也逐渐暴露出来。一方面,大学与中小学的文化差异阻碍了协同的深度发生;另一方面,为了实现大学与中小学的协同,双方不得不做出诸多的妥协,在妥协的语境下,中小学教师往往面临着主体性丧失的风险。与之相对,在求异这一核心理念的引领下,跨界学习旗帜鲜明地提出了“差异即资源”的主张,并通过互动场域的营造和互动系统的建构,为“差异即资源”提供了现实可能,也为优化U-S合作提供了新的思路。

Defection or Cooperation—Richard Power’s Moral Insights in Prisoner’s Dilemma

Prisoner’s Dilemma is a master trope for relaying the permanent impasse or dilemma of cooperation versus defection.In Prisoner’s Dilemma Richard Powers narrates a multiform of dilemma mainly narrating Eddie Hobson’s traumatic history,along with Eddie’s attempt to carry out a strategy—Eddie’s ideal Hobstown which is supposed to cope with the confused dilemma.Pow⁃ers’strategic moral insights are revealed by assuming that each player feels sympathy for the other and a moral cooperative instead of antagonistic solution to the Prisoner’s Dilemma will be found.

“U-S”合作中高校教师与中小学教师的跨界知识互动探究

对于“U-S”合作情境中高校教师与中小学教师如何进行知识互动这一重要问题,鲜有实证研究涉及。通过对高校与中小学合作的多个案例进行质性研究,发现高校教师与中小学教师的知识互动存在三种不同的模式:一是高校教师主导下的知识迁移模式,二是内化与重构后的知识转化模式,三是基于研究伙伴关系的知识生产模式。基于此,自我定位与地位关系、知识互动的聚焦性和持续性、卷入程度及跨界互动能力,是影响高校教师与中小学教师知识互动效果的重要因素。

THE OPTIMAL CONTROL FOR PROMOTING THE COOPERATION IN EVOLUTION GAME GENERATED BY PRISONER'S DILEMMA

Natural selection opposes the evolution of cooperation unless specific mechanisms are at work in Prisoner＇s Dilemma. By taking advantage of the modern control theory, the controller design is discussed and the optimal control is designed for promoting cooperation based on the recent advances in mechanisms for the evolution of cooperation. Two con- trol strategies are proposed： compensation control strategy for the cooperator when playing against a defector and reward control strategy for cooperator when playing against a coop- erator. The feasibility and effectiveness of these control strategies for promoting cooperation in different stages are analyzed. The reward for cooperation can＇t prevent defection from being evolutionary stable strategy （ESS）. On the other hand, compensation for the coopera- tor can＇t prevent defection from emerging and sustaining. By considering the effect and the cost, an optimal control scheme with constraint on the admissible control set is put forward. By analyzing the special nonlinear system of replicator dynamics, the exact analytic solution of the optimal control scheme is obtained based on the maximum principle. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated by examples.

Service allocation based on QoS evaluation in military organization cloud cooperation

The problem of cloud cooperation of military service providers（MSPs） is addressed for allocating limited resources to military service users（MSUs） that are geographically distributed. The MSPs, also called military organization clouds, are virtualized and encapsulated by the services they can offer and each of them contains different kinds of resources that MSU needs. The MSPs are also geographically dispersed. They are required to allocate their resources to the MSU complying with the corresponding quality of service（QoS）, so that each MSU gathers the services it needs to guarantee its task to be implemented. The outline of military organization cloud cooperation is discussed and the method of service optimal selection is proposed based on QoS evaluation. The QoS evaluation method based on exponential approximation is put forward to include the users＇ will. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Reflections on the Mechanism of Cooperation between China and Arab States

During the Cold War,China’s diplomacy failed to treat the Arab states as a whole.It was not until the end of the Cold War that China established diplomatic relations with all 22 Arab states.Since then,a multilateral cooperation mechanism between China and Arab states has come into existence and become steadily developed.In 2004,the China-Arab States Cooperation Forum was established.In 2010,China and the Arab states announced the establishment of a strategic cooperative relationship.After the Gulf War,the Arab world entered a period of fragmentation and division.The situation deteriorated after the drastic changes in the Middle East in 2011,to the point of entering an era of granulation.The ability of The League of Arab States to operate as a single international actor has been greatly impaired.In the era of the fragmentation of the Arab world,the mechanism of multilateral cooperation between China and the Arab States has developed in spite of these great difficulties.In future,the role and function of the multilateral mechanism of cooperation between China and the Arab states needs to be clarified,and efficiency needs to be improved based on the existing mechanisms.

Africa's Perspectives on China-Africa Relations and Forum on China-Africa Cooperation(FOCAC)

China is in Africa in a vigorous way,and doing business in several countries like Sudan,Congo DRC,Angola,South Africa,and Nigeria.In the short term,the relationship may appear to be mutually beneficial.This paper seeks to address the issue of Africa's perspectives on China-Africa Relations and the FOCAC and examine the concept of strategic partnerships,determine the state of China-Africa relations,examines FOCAC and draw conclusion as well as recommendation on possible ways and issues for future engageme...

Payoff-based accumulative effect promotes cooperation in spatial prisoner’s dilemma

We study the effect of accumulative payoff on the evolution of cooperation in the evolutionary prisoner＇s dilemma on a square lattice. We introduce a decaying factor for the accumulative payoff, which characterizes the extent that the historical payoff is accumulated. It is shown that for fixed values of the temptation to defect, the density of cooperators increases with the value of the decaying factor. This indicates that the more the historical payoff is involved, the more favourable cooperators become. In the critical region where the cooperator density converges to zero, cooperators vanish according to a power-law-like behaviour. The associated exponents agree approximately with the two-dimensional directed percolation and depend weakly on the value of the decaying factor.

Adaptive co-evolution of strategies and network leading to optimal cooperation level in spatial prisoner's dilemma game

We study evolutionary prisoner＇s dilemma game on adaptive networks where a population of players co-evolves with their interaction networks. During the co-evolution process, interacted players with opposite strategies either rewire the link between them with probability p or update their strategies with probability 1 - p depending on their payoffs. Numerical simulation shows that the final network is either split into some disconnected communities whose players share the same strategy within each community or forms a single connected network in which all nodes are in the same strategy. Interestingly, the density of cooperators in the final state can be maximised in an intermediate range of p via the competition between time scale of the network dynamics and that of the node dynamics. Finally, the mean-field analysis helps to understand the results of numerical simulation. Our results may provide some insight into understanding the emergence of cooperation in the real situation where the individuals＇ behaviour and their relationship adaptively co-evolve.

Water resource governance in China's regional cooperation

A series of water disputes and conflicts have gradually emerged between China and some neighboring countries after 2000, influencing China's neighborhood relations. China increasingly realizes the importance and urgency of the water resource governance in the regional cooperation, but under complicated geopolitical context, China's water resource governance must serve several important main functions in its regional cooperation. Overall, water resource governance is the demands of crisis management and conflict prevention, and also is a kind of positive factor that promotes sub-regional cooperation. From the perspective of the current situation, China should take more proactive attitude toward the water resource governance, expand the areas and stakeholders of the water resource governance, and thus promote the formulation of water resource governance strategy.

Effects of Dimers on Cooperation in the Spatial Prisoner's Dilemma Game

We investigate the evolutionary prisoner＇s dilemma game in structured populations by introducing dimers, which are defined as that two players in each dimer always hold a same strategy. We find that influences of dimets on cooperation depend on the type of dimers and the population structure. For those dimers in which players interact with each other, the cooperation level increases with the number of dimers though the cooperation improvement level depends on the type of network structures. On the other hand, the dimers, in which there are not mutual interactions, will not do any good to the cooperation level in a single community, but interestingly, will improve the cooperation level in a population with two communities. We explore the relationship between dimers and self-interactions and find that the effects of dimers are similar to that of self-interactions. Also, we find that the dimers, which are established over two communities in a multi-community network, act as one type of interaction through which information between communities is communicated by the requirement that two players in a dimer hold a same strategy.

Cooperation influenced by the correlation degree of two-layered complex networks in evolutionary prisoner’s dilemma games

An evolutionary prisoner＇s dilemma game is investigated on two-layered complex networks respectively representing interaction and learning networks in one and two dimensions. A parameter q is introduced to denote the correlation degree between the two-layered networks. Using Monte Carlo simulations we studied the effects of the correlation degree on cooperative behaviour and found that the cooperator density nontrivially changes with q for different payoff parameter values depending on the detailed strategy updating and network dimension. An explanation for the obtained results is provided.

Integrating the environmental factor into the strategy updating rule to promote cooperation in evolutionary games

Many previous studies have shown that the environment plays an important role for social individuals. In this paper, we integrate the environmental factor, which is defined as the average payoff of all a player＇s neighbours, with the standard Fermi updating rule by introducing a tunable parameter, w. It is found that the level of cooperation increases remarkably, and that the cooperators can better resist the invasion of defection with an increase in w. This interesting phenomenon is then explained from a microscopic view. In addition, the universality of this mechanism is also proved with the help of the small-world network and the random regular graph. This work may be helpful in understanding cooperation behaviour in species from unicellular organisms up to human beings.

Deepening China-Africa Cooperation, Benefiting People’s Health

CHINA and Africa have been a commu- nity of shared interests and shared destiny Their collaboration benefits not only the development of China and Africa but also promotes the unity and cooperation of developing countries. Health cooperation is a powerful testimony to the friendship between Chinese and African people. Based on win-win cooperation and aiming at the well-being of the people, China and Africa have attained fruitful results through health cooperation over the last five decades.

A 2-stage strategy updating rule promotes cooperation in the prisoner's dilemma game

In this study,we propose a spatial prisoner＇s dilemma game model with a 2-stage strategy updating rule,and focus on the cooperation behavior of the system.In the first stage,i.e.,the pre-learning stage,a focal player decides whether to update his strategy according to the pre-learning factor β and the payoff difference between himself and the average of his neighbors.If the player makes up his mind to update,he enters into the second stage,i.e.,the learning stage,and adopts a strategy of a randomly selected neighbor according to the standard Fermi updating rule.The simulation results show that the cooperation level has a non-trivial dependence on the pre-learning factor.Generally,the cooperation frequency decreases as the pre-learning factor increases;but a high cooperation level can be obtained in the intermediate region of- 3〈 β 〈-1.We then give some explanations via studying the co-action of pre-learning and learning.Our results may sharpen the understanding of the influence of the strategy updating rule on evolutionary games.