Anti-jamming channel access in 5G ultra-dense networks: a game-theoretic learning approach

This paper investigates the Quality of Experience(QoE)oriented channel access anti-jamming problem in 5th Generation Mobile Communication(5G)ultra-dense networks.Firstly,considering that the 5G base station adopts beamforming technology,an anti-jamming model under Space Division Multiple Access(SDMA)conditions is proposed.Secondly,the confrontational relationship between users and the jammer is formulated as a Stackelberg game.Besides,to achieve global optimization,we design a local cooperation mechanism for users and formulate the cooperation and competition among users as a local altruistic game.By proving that the local altruistic game is an Exact Potential Game(EPG),we further prove the existence of pure strategy Nash Equilibrium(NE)among users and Stackelberg Equilibrium(SE)between users and jammer.Thirdly,to obtain the equilibrium solutions of the proposed games,we propose an anti-jamming channel selection algorithm and improve its convergence speed through heterogeneous learning parameters.The simulation results validate the convergence and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.Compared with the throughput optimization scheme,our proposed scheme obtain a greater network satisfaction rate.Finally,we also analyze user fairness changes during the algorithm convergence process and get some interesting conclusions.

A Game Theoretic Approach for Hierarchical Caching Resource Sharing in 5G Networks with Virtualization

Caching and virtualization have been considered as the promising techniques in 5G Networks. In 5G networks with virtualization, the caching resources deployed by infrastructure providers (InPs) can be abstracted into isolated slices and transparently shared by mobile virtual network operators (MVNOs). In this case, one of the most important issues is how the MVNOs to share the caching resource. To solve this issue, different from previous works, a hierarchical caching architecture that core network and radio access network (RAN) have the caching capability in 5G networks with virtualization is first considered in this paper. Then, we study the problem of hierarchical caching resource sharing for MVNOs, and a competitive game to maximize their expectation revenue based on the oligopoly market model is formulated. As it is a hard problem to find the optimal solution in the hierarchical caching resource sharing problem, we decompose the optimization problem into two independent caching resource sharing problems in RAN and core network, respectively. Then the local optimal solutions are solved and the global Nash equilibrium solution is achieved. Finally, simulation results are illustrated to demonstrate the performance of the proposed scheme.

Clustering of Virtual Network Function Instances Oriented to Compatibility in 5G Network

Network functions virtualization(NFV) increases network flexibility and scalability by virtualizing network functions running on the general servers and opens the network innovations by outsourcing VNF instances in 5G networks.However,it leads to the incompatibility issue among different VNF instances,which makes operators difficult to determine which VNF instances to select for Service Function Chains(SFCs).In this paper,we divide VNF instances with high compatibility into clusters used for combining VNF instances in 5G networks.Firstly,we define compatibility among different VNF instances.Secondly,aiming to maximize compatibility of each cluster,we propose a novel hypergraph clustering model that divides the VNF instances into multiple clusters.Then,the hypergraph clustering model is transformed to an evolutionary game.Thus,the cluster establishing is transformed to the game equilibrium searching.Furthermore,we propose a discrete time high order replicator dynamic algorithm to find the game equilibrium.Finally,the simulation results show that the proposed approach can improve the quality of SFCs.

Game Theory-Based IoT Efficient Power Control in Cognitive UAV

With the help of network densification,network coverage as well as the throughput can be improved via ultra-dense networks(UDNs).In tandem,Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV)communications have recently garnered much attention because of their high agility as well as widespread applications.In this paper,a cognitive UAV is proposed for wireless nodes power pertaining to the IoT ground terminal.Further,the UAV is included in the IoT system as the source of power for the wireless nodes as well as for resource allocation.The quality of service(QoS)related to the cognitive node was considered as a utility function based on pricing scheme that was modelled as a non-cooperative game theory in order to maximise users’net utility function.Moreover,an energy efficiency non-cooperative game theory power allocation with pricing scheme(EE-NGPAP)is proposed to obtain an efficient power control within IoT wireless nodes.Further,uniqueness and existence of the Nash equilibrium have been demonstrated mathematically and through simulation.Simulation results show that the proposed energy harvest algorithm demonstrated considerable decrease in transmitted power consumption in terms of average power reduction,which is regarded to be apt with the 5Gnetworks’vision.Finally,the proposed algorithm requires around 4 iterations only to converge to NE which makes the algorithm more suitable in practical heterogeneous scenarios.

Bipolar Disorder in Geopolitical Strategy Within Eurasia: When Will the “New Great Game” Adjust to Reality?

Current geopolitical strategies of countries or trading partners reflect a“New Great Game”in the wake of the Covid19 pandemic,especially across Eurasia.Strategies range from modification of China’s decade-long“Belt and Road”Initiative,Russian Federation’s Eurasian Union,to Japan’s Free and Open Indo-Pacific geopolitical program,coupled with“Build Back Better World”(“B3W”)initiative advanced by the Group of Seven(G7)at its 12 June 2021 meeting at Carbis Bay,Cornwall,England.This came as United States forces withdrew from Afghanistan chaotically.Russia,China,and the West each compete to become the more effective chess player in Eurasia.Competitor countries have developed traditional and novel soft power tools to construct relationships across that supercontinent.What countries will endure,meet the test of time?This chapter will address those issues individually,collectively,drawing upon forecasts advanced in this century,post-pandemic assessments,with triangulation of information available currently in the literature of“New Great Game”players.Much is at stake,from Eurasia’s future to prospective statehood in East Turkmenistan(China’s Xinjiang)to peace across Asia,global tranquility.All nations must meet global expectations and regulations,be rewarded when they do,ostracized in failure.Brazil,India,and countries driving trade should be considered seriously for greater roles in global governance.

俄罗斯对中美5G博弈的认知及应对

在美国不断拉拢盟友与伙伴国家打压中国5G发展的背景下,俄罗斯等重要第三国在中美5G博弈中的作用凸显。俄罗斯对中美5G博弈的看法与态度是分析俄罗斯战略认知与对外政策走向的重要依据。本文在分析俄罗斯关注中美5G博弈原因的基础上,深入剖析俄罗斯对中美5G博弈的态度及应对之策。在俄罗斯看来,美国打压中国5G的根本目的是为了维护科技霸权与全球霸权,这将对全球经济发展与战略稳定产生消极影响,并可能造成科技体系的两极化。目前虽无法确定中美两国谁将从5G博弈中胜出,但不可否认的一点是,中美5G博弈将促使中国加快实现高科技领域的自给自足。面对中美5G博弈,俄罗斯并不打算选边站队,其基本态度是保持观望、强大自身。为避免在5G发展领域落后于中美两国,俄罗斯也加入了5G开发行列,但就实际情况来看,俄罗斯的5G开发面临不少困难,未来前景并不明朗。中国作为5G发展领先国,应与俄罗斯加强相关合作,共同反对美国的科技霸凌。