How does government environmental regulation "unlock" carbon emission effect?——evidence from China

The disordered emission of carbon dioxide is an important sign of market failure, making it a must to "unlock" the high emission effect of carbon dioxide by effective means. From the perspective of technological innovation, on the basis of the data of time series from 1985 to 2014 in Beijing, China,this article empirically analyzed the relationship between environmental regulation and carbon emissions through VAR model, impulse response function, and variance decomposition. It is concluded that in a short term, environmental regulation has an inhibitory effect on carbon emissions and technological innovation and has a positive effect on industrial structure. In a long term,environmental regulation can enhance the technological innovation and reduce the effect of carbon emissions, which may even eliminate it. Generally, environmental regulation and technological innovation have a greater impact on carbon dioxide emissions, while the industrial structure has a relatively small effect. Finally, the targeted countermeasures and suggestions are put forward.

Spatial Effect of Environmental Regulation on Carbon Emissions

Based on Chinese provincial panel data from 2003 to 2014,the spatial dependence between the environment regulation and carbon emissions is tested by spatial autocorrelation analysis. Besides,spatial lag model and spatial error model are built to empirically test the marginal effect of environmental regulation on carbon emissions and its spatial effect. The result shows that the influence trajectory of environmental regulation on carbon emissions performances inverted ＂ U＂ type. It is ＂ green paradox effect＂ before the inflection point and ＂ reversed transmission reduction effect＂ after the inflection point. Moreover,the carbon emissions show significant spatial spillover effect. In order to achieve the desired effect of environmental regulation and promote carbon reduction,we should increase the environmental regulation intensity reasonably,select rational environmental regulation policy tools,and sufficiently consider the spatial spillover effect of carbon emissions.

Optimization and Regulation Policy for Land Use Changes Based on Low-carbon Emission in Developed Regions of China

Land use and cover change(LUCC) is one of the important causes of the Earth’s carbon cycle imbalances resulting from failure in optimizing land use. The solution to this problem has been the hotspot of research in land and environmental science. We took 'low carbon', 'energy saving' and 'high-efficiency' as the goals of land use optimization,and integrated Markov-CA(Cellular Automaton),the Grid-Fractal model and GIS,in order to study carbon emission objective function,to establish a simulation method for land use spatial allocation optimization,to evaluate the effect of the method on carbon emissions. Regulation policy on three types of land use spatial allocation was proposed,including 'low-carbon type', 'low-carbon-economic type' and 'economic type'. We applied the method to analyze the land use spatial allocation in Taixing City of the 'Yangtze River Delta' regions in China,and obtained the following results:(i) The three optimization types would improve carbon emissions by 3. 21%,1. 80% and 0. 36% respectively in 2020,compared with 2010;(ii) The actual planning for 2020 was close to the 'low-carbon-economic type';(iii) The optimization method and regulation policy,combining local optimization and global control,could meet the sustainable multi-objective requirements for low-carbon constraints of land use spatial allocation. The result of this research could also serve as a reference for exploration into patterns of regional low-carbon land use and measures for energy saving and emission reduction.

Analysis of Global CCS Technology,Regulations and Its Potential for Emission Reduction with Focus on China

This paper introduces the development of Carbon Capture and Storage （CCS） technology, the progress in CCS demonstration projects, and regulations and policies related to CCS. Barriers and limitations for the large-scale deployment of CCS are discussed. CCS and different technological solutions for emission reduction （e.g., energy conservation and renewable energy） are compared. The analysis shows that China should carefully evaluate the negative impacts of CCS deployment and needs to enhance the research and development input in CCS in order to master core technologies of CCS systems. Furthermore, CCS incentives should depend on actual CCS development. Based on the current situation, China may need to focus on retrofitting existing thermal power plants with CCS technology, so CCS can be promoted for future large-scale application.

How Does Environmental Regulation Affect Carbon Emissions? —Evidence from China

In this paper, the increment of CO2 emissions from 285 prefecture-level cities in China from 2004 to 2013 is decomposed into scale effect, composition effect and technique effect. Based on the decomposition results, the effects of different environmental regulation on carbon emission increment and its decomposition effect were studied by using multiple regression methods. The results show that carbon emission environmental regulation, sulfur dioxide emission environmental regulation and electricity prices also significantly reduce the city’s carbon emissions, in which carbon emission reduction environmental regulation has the best effect, followed by sulfur dioxide emission reduction environmental regulation. Different environmental regulations do not significantly reduce urban carbon emissions in terms of composition effects, and even increase carbon emissions of cities. In addition, the impacts of different environmental regulations on the cities in the two control zones and the non-control zone were studied. Compared with non-control zone cities, environmental regulations for carbon emission and SO2 have a better effect on carbon emission reduction in cities of two control zones.

Ammonia Emissions in EuropemCosts, Regulation and Targets with Focus on Denmark

The NEC （National Emission Ceiling） directive has set targets for the 2010 ammonia emissions from a number of European countries. The target will be reached by most EU-countries and the total emission for EU-27 has been reduced by 22% from 1990 to 2007. Denmark is one of the countries with the largest reductions since 1990 and the article aims at the measures and costs involved. The conclusion is that the costs have been under 3ε per kg NH3-N. Measures in several countries are under 5ε per kg NH3-N, which is a likely minimum for the benefits of reducing NH3-N. The findings suggest that the same measures might be cheaper in the Netherlands and Denmark than in the UK and the USA due to technology advances and stricter regulations in the past. The new Danish application procedure, when increasing the animal production, has tried to make the acceptance procedure quicker and dynamic ensuring that new technology is adopted quicker and that the farm has the right location. It is concluded that the new application process so far has not lived up to the high expectations at the outset. Despite this, the paper concludes that Denmark is likely to reduce emission by 50% from 1990 to 2020 and reach the likely 2020 NEC ceiling.

Regulated and Speciated Hydrocarbon Emissions from a Dual Fuel Light Duty Vehicle with and Without a Three-Way Catalyst

The regulated pollutants （CO,HC and NOx） and unregulated pollutants （volatile organic compounds and carbonyl compounds）,emitted from a dual fuel vehicle fueled with gasoline and E10 fuel,are measured under a transient cycle and steady modes.The impacts of a three-way catalyst （TWC） are investigated for the two types of fuels.The measured results show that NOx and acetaldehyde emitted from the E10-fueled car are much more than that from the gasoline-fueled car under the same modes.On the basis of maximum incremental reactivity （MIR） factors and emissions of organic gases,the ozone specific reactivity of the tailpipe gases are evaluated.

Long-lasting growth regulation on cotton using mepiquat chloride adsorbed layered double hydroxide

Mepiquat chloride(1,1-dimethyl piperidinium chloride,DPC)is a representative plant growth regulator which can regulate the source-sink relationship for yield increase and shape ideal plant type for mechanical cultivation.Here we show a DPC adsorbed layered double hydroxide(DPC-LDH)architecture with enhanced controlled release property and soil distribution.By drip irrigation on cotton,it makes total dosage of DPC reduced from 270 to 90 g/ha,while the frequency decreased from 5 to 2 times.The unique supramolecular interaction is confirmed as the basis of controlled release behavior.Moreover,except for the physical resistance to the sedimentation brought by the lamellar LDH,the enhanced electrostatic interaction makes DPC-LDH the dominant distribution in soil.It improves the efficiency of DPC molecules absorbed by cotton plants and greatly saves the inputs in labor and chemicals.This method is expected to achieve the yield increase and agricultural sustainability by energy saving and emission reduction.

Methodological Approach to Regulating CO_(2eq)Emissions from Major Energy Transition Projects in Sub-Saharan Africa:The Case of Hydroelectricity

The energy transition,validated by 194 countries at the end of CoP21 in Paris,requires new development design methods.This requirement,for the sub-Saharan African countries(SAC),could be an opportunity to finance their development.Following the mixed results of the Clean Development Mechanism(CDM),partly due to its rather restrictive selection criterion,the desire to implement carbon asset transfer mechanisms is proposed by many countries including Cameroon.However,the success of such a mechanism would be guaranteed by encouraging policies to regulate emissions.It is in this perspective that our work falls.It aims at proposing a regulation approach for major projects.We have dwelt on hydroelectric projects.To do this,we ordered considering their quantitative feature,113 projects or visions proposed by 37 countries.Subsequently,a classification of projects according to compartments and trends was made.We finally pointed out 6 visions,including the mitigation in production,mitigation in distribution or service,adaptation in production,mitigation in transport,adaptation in distribution or service,and the adaptation in transport.The regulation methodology proposed for mitigation projects in the hydroelectric sector on a variable threshold hypothesis has led us to three trends in regulation.

Seasonal dynamics of gas regulation service in forest ecosystem

Using the 3-year observational data from ChinaFlux （Chinese Terrestrial Ecosystem Flux Research Network）, we studied the gas regulation flux dynamics and cumulative process of gas regulation value in Qianyanzhou middle subtropical plantation （QYF） and Changbai Mountain temperate mixed forest （CBF）. The gas regulation service was differentiated into vegetation gas regulation service and net ecosystem gas regulation service. Carbon tax approach, reforestation cost approach and industrial oxygen approach were employed to calculate gas regulation value. Results show that there was significant seasonal variation in vegetation gas regulation flux. Daily CO2 uptake fluxes averaged 82.00 kg·ha^-·d^-1 and 59.37 kg·ha^-·d^-1 and the corresponding 02 emission fluxes were 59.65 kg·ha^-·d^-1 and 43.19 kg·ha^-·d^-1 for QYF and CBF, respectively. The cumulative curves of vegetation gas regulation value always followed a sigmoid shape, and the annual gas regulation value produced by vegetation was RMB 14342.69 yuan·ha^-1 and RMB 10384.18 yuan·ha^-1 for both QYF and CBF, respectively. In terms of monthly net ecosystem gas regulation service, QYF appeared as a CO2 sink and O2 source for the whole year, while CBF appeared to be a CO2 sink and O2 source mainly in the period between May and September. The cumulative curves of net ecosystem gas regulation value presented a sigmoid （＂S＂） shape for QYF, while a unimodal type curve for CBF. The annual net ecosystem gas regulation value was 8470.52 yuan·ha^-1 and 5091.98yuan·ha^-1 for QYF and CBF, respectively. The economic value of both the vegetation gas regulation service and net ecosystem gas regulation service were mainly produced between May and October.

Microclimate regulation efficiency of the rural homegarden agroforestry system in the Western Sichuan Plain,China

Traditional rural homegarden agroforestry systems(referred to as homegarden) in the Western Sichuan Plain of China are often referred to as "Linpan" in Chinese. These homegardens are usually composed of farm houses, trees, bamboos, and small patches of land for flowers, fruits and vegetables. Over the Western Sichuan Plain’s area of approximately 18,800 km^2, there were more than 200,000 homegardens, accommodating 72.5% of the region’s rural population. As a unique local, cultural, and ecological resource, homegardens continuously support peasant households with provisioning, regulation, and landscape ecosystem services. This study combined low height remote sensing used unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV) photography, field investigation, and instrument monitoring. We try to identify the composition and structural characteristics of homegardens, as well as climatic regulation effects of the different types of homegardens. Temperature data were collected both for summer(June to August 2016) and winter(December 2016 to February 2017). The result shows that:(1) the average area of homegardens was 0.67 ha(sizes ranging from 0.16 ha to 1.24 ha), and with vegetation coverage 43.5%-76.9%(including 310 plant species).(2)In comparision with outside the homegardens, the average temperature inside the homegardens was significantly lower in summer(approximately 0.31 ℃-0.90 ℃). Although, the lowest summer temperature was differentiatee in between 13:30-16:00. Especially, the thermal effects of the home gardens were ranged from 2.00℃-2.65℃ at high temperatures(≥30℃).(3) The cooling effect of homegardens were positively correlated(p<0.05) with tree area(X_1), vegetation coverage(X_2), tree coverage(X_3), tree species(X_4), and tree biomassper unit area(X_5), and the contribution rate was represented by X_3>X_4>X_5>X_2>X_1.(4)This study indicates the major role of homegardens for climate regulation and energy efficiency, providing suggestions for homegarden transformation and construction planning for new rural communities.

Durability of three-way and close-coupled catalysts for Euro IV regulation

The durability of three-way catalyst （TWC） and corresponding close-coupled catalyst （CCC） for Euro Ⅳ stage regulation was investigated through Vehicle Road Running Mode tests, whereas emissions of regulated pollutants of three car fleet were investigated at every 100,000 km miles. The results showed that HC, NOx, and CO emission values could meet Euro Ⅳ regulation limits at every point. The redox properties of TWC and CCC were measured by CO reduction during each isothermal. It was obvious that both aged TWC and aged CCC behaved a good redox property at 673 and 773 K. Based on XRD and BET measurement results, TWC and CCC washcoat were characterized with good thermal stability.

The impact of carbon emission trading policy on firms’green innovation in China

This study aims to examine the green innovation effect of the carbon emissions pilot policy in China.First,using the difference-in-differences method and regressions of instrumental variables using the data from Chinese listed firms,we verify that the policy promotes green innovation among regulated firms and is more pronounced among state-owned enterprises,firms in the eastern region,and those with lower financing constraints.Furthermore,this positive effect spreads downstream relative to the regulated firms through input–output linkages,but reduces green innovation to upstream firms.Accordingly,such diffusion of innovation is achieved through the price mechanism.The results necessitate the introduction of various derivatives to mobilize the market to reduce the speculative volatility of carbon prices.In addition,relevant supporting policies must be established to encourage corporate innovation to reduce the crowding-out effect owing to emission reduction and the nonmarket factors.

Research on the effects of command-and-control and market-oriented policy tools on China's energy conservation and emissions reduction innovation

The impact of environmental regulation on technology innovation is a hot spot in current research where a large number of empirical studies are based on Porter Hypothesis(PH). However, there are still controversies in academia about the establishment of "weak" and "narrow" versions of PH. Based on the panel data of application for patent of energy conservation and emission reduction(ECER) technology of Chinese city scale during 2008-2014, comprehensive energy price, pollutant emission, etc., mixed regression model and systematic generalized method of moments method were adopted, respectively,to study the impact of market-oriented and command-and-control policy tool on China's ECER technology innovation. The results show that the environmental regulation hindered the technological innovation in the immediate phase; however, it turned out to be positive in the first-lag phase. Hence, the establishment of "weak" PH is time-bounded. The command-and-control policy tool played a more positive role in promoting technological innovation in the first-lag phase than market-oriented policy tool. Therefore, "narrow" PH is not tenable. The reason is that the main participants of China's ECER technology innovation are state-owned companies and public institutions. Regionally speaking, the impact which command-and-control policy tool has on technological innovation at sight was nonsignificant in the eastern, the central, and the western regions of China whilst market-oriented policy tool had a negative effect. And market-oriented policy tool in the central region had strongest negative effect, which would diminish in the eastern region and become weakest in the western region. This was related to regional energy consumption level and the market economic vitality.

Economic valuation of gas regulation as a service by rice-duck-fish complex ecosystem

Valuating the fimction of ecosystem services is crucial for accounting green GDP, making a conservation policy of ecological environment and the decision of regional development as well as sustainable development strategy. R ice-duck-fish symbiosis has been promoted in several developing countries as a way of increasing incomes for rice farmers, but investigations of its value have mainly focused on direct economic＇ benefits, such as food and raw material production. Few studies have been conducted on the estimation of indirect services provided by rice-duck-fish complex ecosystem. The gas regulation service and its economic values provided by rice-duck-fish complex ecosystem were studied in Wuhan, China. The major components of gas regulation are O2 emission and greenhouse gases （GHGs, CO2） regulation. The results show that O2 emission from different treatments （including rice-duck （RD）, rice-fish （RF）, rice-duck-fish （RDF） and rice （CK）） ranged from 26,370 kg/ha to 33,910 kg/ha per year. with an economic value of 10,050-12,920 yuan/ha per ）,ear （Chinese currency： 1 euro =10.2475 yuan, August 28, 2007）. The net GHGs exchange varied from 1,200 to 3,320 kg/ha per year; and its economic value ranged from 1,040 yuan/ha to 2,900 yuan/ha per year Consequently, the total economic value of gas regulation provided by symbiosis complex ecosystems ranged from 11,090 yuan/ha to 15,820 yuan/ha per year. and the maximum overall economic value of gas regulation was provided by RDF complex ecosystem. The work will be useful for further understanding of the functions of rice-duck-fish complex ecos.vstem services and supplying the theoretical references to agricultural policy.

A decomposition model to analyze effect of SO_2 emission density of China

A decomposition model was applied to study the resource-saving and environment-friendly effects of air pollutant emissions(taking industrial SO2 emission as an example) in China.From the results,it is found that 38.93% and 61.07% are contributed to environment-friendly and resource-saving effects,respectively,by the dramatic decrease in industrial SO2 emission density(nearly 70% from 2001 to 2010).This indicates that China has achieved important progress during the 11th FYP(five-year plan) compared with the 10th FYP.A simultaneous equations model was also employed to analyze the influencing factors by using data from 30 provinces in China.The results imply that the influence of environmental regulation on environment-friendly effect is not obvious during the 10th FYP but obvious during the 11th FYP.Thus,the government should continue promoting the environment-friendly effect by further enhancing environmental regulation and strengthening the role of environmental management.

Influence of constricted air distribution on NO_x emissions in pulverized coal combustion boiler

This paper reports a field testing of full scale PCC (Pulverized Coal Combustion) boiler study into the influence of constricted air distribution on NO x emissions at unit 3 (125 MW power units, 420 t/h boiler) of Guixi power station, Jiangxi and puts forward the methods to decrease NO x emissions and the principle of boiler operation and regulation through analyzing NO x emissions state under real running condition. Based on boiler constricted air distribution, the experiment mainly tested the influence of primary air, excessive air, boiler load and milling sets (tertiary air) on NO x emissions and found its influence characteristics. A degraded bituminous coal is simply adopted to avoid the test results from other factors.

Analysis of Emissions Profiles of Hydraulic Fracturing Engine Technologies

Today, the oil and gas industry, and in particular hydraulic fracturing operations, have come under increasing pressure from regulators and the public to reduce emissions. As the industry evolves, oil and gas producers are in the position of evaluating alternative technologies which will support their objectives of reducing their overall emissions profile and carbon footprint. As a response, the deployment of technology and solutions to reduce emissions related to hydraulic fracturing applications has recently accelerated, creating various options to address these industry challenges. BJ Energy Solutions and West Virginia University have been working on the application and emissions characterization of various hydraulic fracturing technologies. A study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency and resultant emissions from various technologies, including natural gas reciprocating engines, diesel-natural gas dual-fuel engines, large (>24 MW) gas turbines, and direct drive turbines. The study involved the development of an emissions model with the purpose of estimating total emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and exhaust methane (CH4) slip, all Greenhouse Gases (GHGs), and converted to tons of CO2 equivalent emissions per day of operation. The model inputs are the required Hydraulic Horsepower (HHP) based on pumping rate and pressure for various shale play scenarios. The model calculates emissions from the TITAN, which is a direct-drive turbine model fielded by BJ, using data collected following U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) testing protocols. The model also calculates and compares other hydraulic fracturing technologies utilizing published Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) data. Relevant EPA-regulated criteria emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Particulate Matter (PM) are also reported. Modeling results demonstrated that in most cases, the TITAN gas turbine system has lower total GHG emissions than conventional diesel and other next-generation technologies, and also has lower criteria emissions. The benefits of the TITAN gas turbine system compared to the other technologies stems from significantly lower methane slip, and the high-power transfer efficiency resulting from directly connecting a turbine to a reciprocating pump, despite the comparatively lower thermal efficiency.

Activated aggregation-induced emission therapeutics agents for triggering regulated cell death

The induction of regulated cell death(RCD)through photo/ultrasound sensiti-zation therapeutic agents has gained significant attention as a vital approach to combat drug resistance in tumors.Aggregation-induced emission(AIE)therapeutic agents generate reactive oxygen species through photo/ultrasound activation,which can synergize with RCD inducers or directly induce RCD,ultimately resulting in the death of tumor cells.The presented comprehensive review delves into recent advancements in AIE therapeutic agents designed to trigger RCD or synergize with RCD inducers,encompassing apoptosis,necroptosis,pyroptosis,immunogenic cell death,autophagy,ferroptosis,and cuproptosis.Additionally,the intricate regula-tory mechanisms through which activatory-AIE therapeutics influence distinct RCD pathways are examined.A forward-looking perspective on future developments and pertinent challenges within this exciting realm is presented,anticipating the con-tinued evolution of activatable AIE therapeutics as a transformative approach to enhance tumor therapy.

Research of Boiler Combustion Regulation for Reducing NOx Emission and its Effect on Boiler Efficiency

The effect of boiler combustion regulation on NOx emission of two 1025t/h boilers has been studied. The researches show that NOx emission is influenced by coal species, operation conditions, etc, and can be reduced by regulating the combustion conditions. The effect of combustion regulation on boiler efficiency has also been checked.