Between 1984 and 2016, China executed 33 Antarctic cruises with the icebreaker R/V Xuelong, which have provided opportunities for Chinese scientists to investigate the status and changes of the Southern Ocean. Researc...Between 1984 and 2016, China executed 33 Antarctic cruises with the icebreaker R/V Xuelong, which have provided opportunities for Chinese scientists to investigate the status and changes of the Southern Ocean. Research in chemical oceanography constitutes one of the primary missions of the Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition （CH1NARE）. This paper reviews nearly 30 years of Chinese Antarctic expeditions, focusing on the major progress achieved in chemical oceanographic research. Specifically, the sea-surface distributions and air-sea fluxes of CO2 and N20 are considered, and the transport, flux, and budget of organic matter are investigated based on isotopes in the Southern Ocean, especially in Prydz Bay. In addition, the nutrient distribution and deep-water particle export in Prydz Bay and the study of aerosol heavy metal characteristics are considered. Finally, the prospects for future Chinese Antarctic chemical oceanographic research are outlined.展开更多
By 2018, China had conducted 34 scientific explorations in Antarctica spearheaded by the Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition(CHINARE). Since the first CHINARE over 30 years ago, considerable work has been u...By 2018, China had conducted 34 scientific explorations in Antarctica spearheaded by the Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition(CHINARE). Since the first CHINARE over 30 years ago, considerable work has been undertaken to promote the development of techniques for the observation of surface and upper-air meteorological elements, and satellite image and data reception systems at Chinese Antarctic stations and onboard Chinese icebreakers have played critical roles in this endeavor. The upgrade of in situ and remote sensing measurement methods and the improvement of weather forecasting skill have enabled forecasters to achieve reliable on-site weather forecasting for the CHINARE. Nowadays, the routing of icebreakers, navigation of aircraft, and activities at Chinese Antarctic stations all benefit from the accurate weather forecasting service. In this paper, a review of the conventional meteorological measurement and operational weather forecasting services of the CHINARE is presented.展开更多
During the 10th Chinese Arctic scientific expedition carried out in the summer of 2019,the surface current in the high-latitude areas of the Arctic Ocean was observed using a self-developed surface drifting buoy,which...During the 10th Chinese Arctic scientific expedition carried out in the summer of 2019,the surface current in the high-latitude areas of the Arctic Ocean was observed using a self-developed surface drifting buoy,which was initially deployed in the Chukchi Sea.The buoy traversed the Chukchi Sea,Chukchi Abyssal Plain,Mendeleev Ridge,Makarov Basin,and Canada Basin over a period of 632 d.After returning to the Mendeleev Ridge,it continued to drift toward the pole.Overall,the track of the buoy reflected the characteristics of the transpolar drift and Chukchi Slope Current,as well as the inertial flow,cross-ridge surface flow,and even the surface disorganized flow for some time intervals.The results showed that:(1)the transpolar drift mainly occurs in the Chukchi Abyssal Plain,Mendeleev Ridge,and western Canada Basin to the east of the ridge where sea ice concentration is high,and the average northward flow velocity in the region between 79.41°N and 86.32°N was 5.1 cm/s;(2)the average surface velocity of the Chukchi Slope Current was 13.5 cm/s,and while this current moves westward along the continental slope,it also extends northwestward across the continental slope and flows to the deep sea;and(3)when sea ice concentration was less than 50%,the inertial flow was more significant(the maximum observed inertial flow was 26 cm/s,and the radius of the inertia circle was 3.6 km).展开更多
The temperature and salinity data obtained by the Chinese national arctic research expedition （CHINARE2003） are used to study the water structure in the Bering Strait and ambient regions. Four water masses appeared ...The temperature and salinity data obtained by the Chinese national arctic research expedition （CHINARE2003） are used to study the water structure in the Bering Strait and ambient regions. Four water masses appeared in the research region： the intermediate Bering Sea water mass （IBWM）, the Alaska coastal water （ACW）, the Anadyr water （AW） and the Bering shelf water （BSW）. The AW originates from the IBWM, but the upper layer water has been greatly altered. In the cruise on 28/29 July 2003, there were only the BSW and ACW in a section across the Bering Strait （BS section）, but in the September 12/13 cruise, the AW, BSW and ACW flowed parallelly into the Bering Strait. The upper waters of these water masses were all altered due to ice melting, runoff, solar radiation, and wind mixing. The waters in the central and northern parts of Bering Strait stratified by two uniform layers,were expressed as the typical feature of the water masses originating from the pacific. A two-layer structure also dominated the vertical stratification in most part of the Chukchi Sea. An obvious subseasonal variation was observed in the BS section, which caused varying transportation of fresh water, heat, and substance, and produced a long-term and extensive impact on the Arctic Ocean.展开更多
AWS data during 2014 collected at PANDA-N station, on the East Antarctic Plateau, are analysed. Net Short Wave Radiation(QSWR), net Long Wave Radiation(QLWR), sensible(QH), latent(QL) and subsurface or ground(QG) heat...AWS data during 2014 collected at PANDA-N station, on the East Antarctic Plateau, are analysed. Net Short Wave Radiation(QSWR), net Long Wave Radiation(QLWR), sensible(QH), latent(QL) and subsurface or ground(QG) heat fluxes are computed. Annual averages for QSWR, QLWR, QH, QL and QG of 19.65,-49.16, 26.40,-0.77 and 3.86 W·m-2 were derived based on an albedo value of 0.8. QSWR and QH are the major sources of heat gain to the surface and QLWR is the major component of heat loss from the surface. An i terative method is used to estimate surface temperature in this paper;surface temperature of snow/ice is gradually increased or decreased, thereby changing longwave radiation, sensible, latent and subsurface heat fluxes, so that the net energy balance becomes zero. Mass loss due to sublimation at PANDA-N station for 2014 is estimated to be 12.18 mm w.e.·a-1;and mass gain due to water vapour deposition is estimated to be 3.58 mm w.e.·a-1. Thus the net mass loss due to sublimation/deposition is 8.6 mm w.e.·a-1. This study computes surface energy fluxes using a model, instead of direct measurements. Also there are missing data especially for wind speed, though 2 m air temperature data is almost continuously available throughout the year. The uncertainties of albedo, wind speed and turbulent fluxes cause the most probable error in monthly values of QLWR, QH, QL, QG and surface temperature of about ±4%, ±20%, ±50%, ±11% and ±0.74 K respectively.展开更多
China launched its Arctic research program and organized the first Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition （CHINARE-Arctic） in 1999. By 2016, six further expeditions had been conducted using the R/V Xuelong. The...China launched its Arctic research program and organized the first Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition （CHINARE-Arctic） in 1999. By 2016, six further expeditions had been conducted using the R/V Xuelong. The main region of the expeditions has focused on the Pacific sector of the Arctic Ocean for sea ice observations. The expeditions have used icebreaker, helicopter, boat, floe, and buoy platforms to perform these observations. Some new technologies have been developed, in particular, the underway auto-observing system for sea ice thickness using an electromagnetic instrument. The long-term measurement systems, e.g., the sea ice mass balance buoy, allow observations to extend from summer to winter. Some international cooperation projects have been involved in CHINARE-Arctic, especially the ＂Developing Arctic Modeling and Observing Capabilities for Long-Term Environmental Studies＂ project funded by the European Union during the International Polar Year. Arctic sea ice observations have been used to verify remote sensing products, identify changes in Arctic sea ice, optimize the parameterizations of sea ice physical processes, and assess the accessibility of ice-covered waters, especially around the Northeast Passage. Recommendations are provided as guidance to future CHINARE-Arctic projects. For example, a standardized operation system of sea ice observations should be contracted, and the observations of sea ice dynamics should be enhanced. The upcoming launch of a new Chinese icebreaker will allow increased ship time in support of future CHINARE Arctic oceanographic investigations.展开更多
Within the context of developing a research presence in the Antarctic region, the first phase of the Chinese Polar Programs covered the period 2011-2015, which almost coincided with the 12th Five-Year Plan （2011-2015...Within the context of developing a research presence in the Antarctic region, the first phase of the Chinese Polar Programs covered the period 2011-2015, which almost coincided with the 12th Five-Year Plan （2011-2015）. For the promotion of full understanding of the progress of Chinese expeditions and research in Antarctica, the observations and achievements of cruises during 2011-2015 are summarized in this paper. Four Antarctic cruises （28th-31st） were performed in the Prydz Bay and Antarctic Peninsula regions during the first phase of the Polar Programs. These cruises performed systemic collections of physical oceanographic and meteorological data to support further research on the ice-ocean-atmosphere interactions in Antarctica. Overall, 248 CTD/LADCP stations, 66 microstructure profiles, 507 XBT/XCTDs, 181 air sounding balloons, 58000 total gaseous mercury （TGM） concentrations, 452 aerosol samples, 294 atmospheric samples, 11 moorings, and 28 surface drifters were acquired or deployed during the four cruises. Using these extensive observations and other data, Chinese scientists have achieved new recognition in the fields of Southern Ocean physical oceanography and meteorology, as well as in other interdisciplinary subjects. These studies, which have been associated with scientific techniques, instrumentation, ocean circulation, water mass formation, energy transformation, and carbon uptake, have elucidated the dynamic mechanisms and potential effects of climate change in Antarctica. Finally, some observations based on experience gained during previous Chinese Antarctic Research and Expedition campaigns are summarized with advice for the improvement of future investigations in the Antarctic region.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant nos. 41230529, 41476172, 41476173, 41630969, and 41406221)the Chinese Polar Environment Comprehensive Investigation and Assessment Program (Grant nos. CHINARE2012–15 for 01-04-02, 02-01, 03-04-02, 04-04, and 04-03-05+2 种基金 CHINARE2017-01 -04-03 and CHINARE2017-04-01-06)National International Cooperation in Science and Technology Program (Grant no. 2015DFG22010)International Organizations and Conferences, Bilateral Cooperation of Maritime Affairs and Chinese International Cooperation Projects (Grant nos. 2015DFG22010, IC201513)
文摘Between 1984 and 2016, China executed 33 Antarctic cruises with the icebreaker R/V Xuelong, which have provided opportunities for Chinese scientists to investigate the status and changes of the Southern Ocean. Research in chemical oceanography constitutes one of the primary missions of the Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition （CH1NARE）. This paper reviews nearly 30 years of Chinese Antarctic expeditions, focusing on the major progress achieved in chemical oceanographic research. Specifically, the sea-surface distributions and air-sea fluxes of CO2 and N20 are considered, and the transport, flux, and budget of organic matter are investigated based on isotopes in the Southern Ocean, especially in Prydz Bay. In addition, the nutrient distribution and deep-water particle export in Prydz Bay and the study of aerosol heavy metal characteristics are considered. Finally, the prospects for future Chinese Antarctic chemical oceanographic research are outlined.
基金supported by the project of National Key R&D Program of China(Grant no.2016YFC1402705)
文摘By 2018, China had conducted 34 scientific explorations in Antarctica spearheaded by the Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition(CHINARE). Since the first CHINARE over 30 years ago, considerable work has been undertaken to promote the development of techniques for the observation of surface and upper-air meteorological elements, and satellite image and data reception systems at Chinese Antarctic stations and onboard Chinese icebreakers have played critical roles in this endeavor. The upgrade of in situ and remote sensing measurement methods and the improvement of weather forecasting skill have enabled forecasters to achieve reliable on-site weather forecasting for the CHINARE. Nowadays, the routing of icebreakers, navigation of aircraft, and activities at Chinese Antarctic stations all benefit from the accurate weather forecasting service. In this paper, a review of the conventional meteorological measurement and operational weather forecasting services of the CHINARE is presented.
基金The Fundamental Research Fund Project of the First Institute of OceanographyMinistry of Natural Resources+1 种基金under contract No.GY022Y07the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.42106232。
文摘During the 10th Chinese Arctic scientific expedition carried out in the summer of 2019,the surface current in the high-latitude areas of the Arctic Ocean was observed using a self-developed surface drifting buoy,which was initially deployed in the Chukchi Sea.The buoy traversed the Chukchi Sea,Chukchi Abyssal Plain,Mendeleev Ridge,Makarov Basin,and Canada Basin over a period of 632 d.After returning to the Mendeleev Ridge,it continued to drift toward the pole.Overall,the track of the buoy reflected the characteristics of the transpolar drift and Chukchi Slope Current,as well as the inertial flow,cross-ridge surface flow,and even the surface disorganized flow for some time intervals.The results showed that:(1)the transpolar drift mainly occurs in the Chukchi Abyssal Plain,Mendeleev Ridge,and western Canada Basin to the east of the ridge where sea ice concentration is high,and the average northward flow velocity in the region between 79.41°N and 86.32°N was 5.1 cm/s;(2)the average surface velocity of the Chukchi Slope Current was 13.5 cm/s,and while this current moves westward along the continental slope,it also extends northwestward across the continental slope and flows to the deep sea;and(3)when sea ice concentration was less than 50%,the inertial flow was more significant(the maximum observed inertial flow was 26 cm/s,and the radius of the inertia circle was 3.6 km).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 40376007 and 40306005.
文摘The temperature and salinity data obtained by the Chinese national arctic research expedition （CHINARE2003） are used to study the water structure in the Bering Strait and ambient regions. Four water masses appeared in the research region： the intermediate Bering Sea water mass （IBWM）, the Alaska coastal water （ACW）, the Anadyr water （AW） and the Bering shelf water （BSW）. The AW originates from the IBWM, but the upper layer water has been greatly altered. In the cruise on 28/29 July 2003, there were only the BSW and ACW in a section across the Bering Strait （BS section）, but in the September 12/13 cruise, the AW, BSW and ACW flowed parallelly into the Bering Strait. The upper waters of these water masses were all altered due to ice melting, runoff, solar radiation, and wind mixing. The waters in the central and northern parts of Bering Strait stratified by two uniform layers,were expressed as the typical feature of the water masses originating from the pacific. A two-layer structure also dominated the vertical stratification in most part of the Chukchi Sea. An obvious subseasonal variation was observed in the BS section, which caused varying transportation of fresh water, heat, and substance, and produced a long-term and extensive impact on the Arctic Ocean.
基金funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China (MOST, Grant no. 2016YFC1400303)the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant no. XDA20100300)the Basic Scientific Research and Operation Foundation of CAMS (Grant no. 2018Z001)
文摘AWS data during 2014 collected at PANDA-N station, on the East Antarctic Plateau, are analysed. Net Short Wave Radiation(QSWR), net Long Wave Radiation(QLWR), sensible(QH), latent(QL) and subsurface or ground(QG) heat fluxes are computed. Annual averages for QSWR, QLWR, QH, QL and QG of 19.65,-49.16, 26.40,-0.77 and 3.86 W·m-2 were derived based on an albedo value of 0.8. QSWR and QH are the major sources of heat gain to the surface and QLWR is the major component of heat loss from the surface. An i terative method is used to estimate surface temperature in this paper;surface temperature of snow/ice is gradually increased or decreased, thereby changing longwave radiation, sensible, latent and subsurface heat fluxes, so that the net energy balance becomes zero. Mass loss due to sublimation at PANDA-N station for 2014 is estimated to be 12.18 mm w.e.·a-1;and mass gain due to water vapour deposition is estimated to be 3.58 mm w.e.·a-1. Thus the net mass loss due to sublimation/deposition is 8.6 mm w.e.·a-1. This study computes surface energy fluxes using a model, instead of direct measurements. Also there are missing data especially for wind speed, though 2 m air temperature data is almost continuously available throughout the year. The uncertainties of albedo, wind speed and turbulent fluxes cause the most probable error in monthly values of QLWR, QH, QL, QG and surface temperature of about ±4%, ±20%, ±50%, ±11% and ±0.74 K respectively.
基金supported financially by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 41476170)National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant no. 2016YFC1400300)Chinese Polar Environment Comprehensive Investigation and Assessment Program (Grant nos. CHINARE03-01/04-02/04-04)
文摘China launched its Arctic research program and organized the first Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition （CHINARE-Arctic） in 1999. By 2016, six further expeditions had been conducted using the R/V Xuelong. The main region of the expeditions has focused on the Pacific sector of the Arctic Ocean for sea ice observations. The expeditions have used icebreaker, helicopter, boat, floe, and buoy platforms to perform these observations. Some new technologies have been developed, in particular, the underway auto-observing system for sea ice thickness using an electromagnetic instrument. The long-term measurement systems, e.g., the sea ice mass balance buoy, allow observations to extend from summer to winter. Some international cooperation projects have been involved in CHINARE-Arctic, especially the ＂Developing Arctic Modeling and Observing Capabilities for Long-Term Environmental Studies＂ project funded by the European Union during the International Polar Year. Arctic sea ice observations have been used to verify remote sensing products, identify changes in Arctic sea ice, optimize the parameterizations of sea ice physical processes, and assess the accessibility of ice-covered waters, especially around the Northeast Passage. Recommendations are provided as guidance to future CHINARE-Arctic projects. For example, a standardized operation system of sea ice observations should be contracted, and the observations of sea ice dynamics should be enhanced. The upcoming launch of a new Chinese icebreaker will allow increased ship time in support of future CHINARE Arctic oceanographic investigations.
基金supported by the Chinese Polar Environment Comprehensive Investigation & Assessment Programs (Grant nos. CHINARE2017-01-01, CHINARE2017-04-01)the National Natural Science Fund of China (Grant nos. 41306206, U1406404)the Basic Scientific Fund for National Public Research Institutes of China (Grant no. 2015P06)
文摘Within the context of developing a research presence in the Antarctic region, the first phase of the Chinese Polar Programs covered the period 2011-2015, which almost coincided with the 12th Five-Year Plan （2011-2015）. For the promotion of full understanding of the progress of Chinese expeditions and research in Antarctica, the observations and achievements of cruises during 2011-2015 are summarized in this paper. Four Antarctic cruises （28th-31st） were performed in the Prydz Bay and Antarctic Peninsula regions during the first phase of the Polar Programs. These cruises performed systemic collections of physical oceanographic and meteorological data to support further research on the ice-ocean-atmosphere interactions in Antarctica. Overall, 248 CTD/LADCP stations, 66 microstructure profiles, 507 XBT/XCTDs, 181 air sounding balloons, 58000 total gaseous mercury （TGM） concentrations, 452 aerosol samples, 294 atmospheric samples, 11 moorings, and 28 surface drifters were acquired or deployed during the four cruises. Using these extensive observations and other data, Chinese scientists have achieved new recognition in the fields of Southern Ocean physical oceanography and meteorology, as well as in other interdisciplinary subjects. These studies, which have been associated with scientific techniques, instrumentation, ocean circulation, water mass formation, energy transformation, and carbon uptake, have elucidated the dynamic mechanisms and potential effects of climate change in Antarctica. Finally, some observations based on experience gained during previous Chinese Antarctic Research and Expedition campaigns are summarized with advice for the improvement of future investigations in the Antarctic region.
