LKMT:Linguistics Knowledge-Driven Multi-Task Neural Machine Translation for Urdu and English

Thanks to the strong representation capability of pre-trained language models,supervised machine translation models have achieved outstanding performance.However,the performances of these models drop sharply when the scale of the parallel training corpus is limited.Considering the pre-trained language model has a strong ability for monolingual representation,it is the key challenge for machine translation to construct the in-depth relationship between the source and target language by injecting the lexical and syntactic information into pre-trained language models.To alleviate the dependence on the parallel corpus,we propose a Linguistics Knowledge-Driven MultiTask(LKMT)approach to inject part-of-speech and syntactic knowledge into pre-trained models,thus enhancing the machine translation performance.On the one hand,we integrate part-of-speech and dependency labels into the embedding layer and exploit large-scale monolingual corpus to update all parameters of pre-trained language models,thus ensuring the updated language model contains potential lexical and syntactic information.On the other hand,we leverage an extra self-attention layer to explicitly inject linguistic knowledge into the pre-trained language model-enhanced machine translation model.Experiments on the benchmark dataset show that our proposed LKMT approach improves the Urdu-English translation accuracy by 1.97 points and the English-Urdu translation accuracy by 2.42 points,highlighting the effectiveness of our LKMT framework.Detailed ablation experiments confirm the positive impact of part-of-speech and dependency parsing on machine translation.

Neural Machine Translation by Fusing Key Information of Text

When the Transformer proposed by Google in 2017,it was first used for machine translation tasks and achieved the state of the art at that time.Although the current neural machine translation model can generate high quality translation results,there are still mistranslations and omissions in the translation of key information of long sentences.On the other hand,the most important part in traditional translation tasks is the translation of key information.In the translation results,as long as the key information is translated accurately and completely,even if other parts of the results are translated incorrect,the final translation results’quality can still be guaranteed.In order to solve the problem of mistranslation and missed translation effectively,and improve the accuracy and completeness of long sentence translation in machine translation,this paper proposes a key information fused neural machine translation model based on Transformer.The model proposed in this paper extracts the keywords of the source language text separately as the input of the encoder.After the same encoding as the source language text,it is fused with the output of the source language text encoded by the encoder,then the key information is processed and input into the decoder.With incorporating keyword information from the source language sentence,the model’s performance in the task of translating long sentences is very reliable.In order to verify the effectiveness of the method of fusion of key information proposed in this paper,a series of experiments were carried out on the verification set.The experimental results show that the Bilingual Evaluation Understudy(BLEU)score of the model proposed in this paper on theWorkshop on Machine Translation(WMT)2017 test dataset is higher than the BLEU score of Transformer proposed by Google on the WMT2017 test dataset.The experimental results show the advantages of the model proposed in this paper.

Neural Machine Translation Models with Attention-Based Dropout Layer

In bilingual translation,attention-based Neural Machine Translation(NMT)models are used to achieve synchrony between input and output sequences and the notion of alignment.NMT model has obtained state-of-the-art performance for several language pairs.However,there has been little work exploring useful architectures for Urdu-to-English machine translation.We conducted extensive Urdu-to-English translation experiments using Long short-term memory(LSTM)/Bidirectional recurrent neural networks(Bi-RNN)/Statistical recurrent unit(SRU)/Gated recurrent unit(GRU)/Convolutional neural network(CNN)and Transformer.Experimental results show that Bi-RNN and LSTM with attention mechanism trained iteratively,with a scalable data set,make precise predictions on unseen data.The trained models yielded competitive results by achieving 62.6%and 61%accuracy and 49.67 and 47.14 BLEU scores,respectively.From a qualitative perspective,the translation of the test sets was examined manually,and it was observed that trained models tend to produce repetitive output more frequently.The attention score produced by Bi-RNN and LSTM produced clear alignment,while GRU showed incorrect translation for words,poor alignment and lack of a clear structure.Therefore,we considered refining the attention-based models by defining an additional attention-based dropout layer.Attention dropout fixes alignment errors and minimizes translation errors at the word level.After empirical demonstration and comparison with their counterparts,we found improvement in the quality of the resulting translation system and a decrease in the perplexity and over-translation score.The ability of the proposed model was evaluated using Arabic-English and Persian-English datasets as well.We empirically concluded that adding an attention-based dropout layer helps improve GRU,SRU,and Transformer translation and is considerably more efficient in translation quality and speed.

Research on system combination of machine translation based on Transformer

Influenced by its training corpus,the performance of different machine translation systems varies greatly.Aiming at achieving higher quality translations,system combination methods combine the translation results of multiple systems through statistical combination or neural network combination.This paper proposes a new multi-system translation combination method based on the Transformer architecture,which uses a multi-encoder to encode source sentences and the translation results of each system in order to realize encoder combination and decoder combination.The experimental verification on the Chinese-English translation task shows that this method has 1.2-2.35 more bilingual evaluation understudy(BLEU)points compared with the best single system results,0.71-3.12 more BLEU points compared with the statistical combination method,and 0.14-0.62 more BLEU points compared with the state-of-the-art neural network combination method.The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed system combination method based on Transformer.

Corpus Augmentation for Improving Neural Machine Translation

The translation quality of neural machine translation(NMT)systems depends largely on the quality of large-scale bilingual parallel corpora available.Research shows that under the condition of limited resources,the performance of NMT is greatly reduced,and a large amount of high-quality bilingual parallel data is needed to train a competitive translation model.However,not all languages have large-scale and high-quality bilingual corpus resources available.In these cases,improving the quality of the corpora has become the main focus to increase the accuracy of the NMT results.This paper proposes a new method to improve the quality of data by using data cleaning,data expansion,and other measures to expand the data at the word and sentence-level,thus improving the richness of the bilingual data.The long short-term memory(LSTM)language model is also used to ensure the smoothness of sentence construction in the process of sentence construction.At the same time,it uses a variety of processing methods to improve the quality of the bilingual data.Experiments using three standard test sets are conducted to validate the proposed method;the most advanced fairseq-transformer NMT system is used in the training.The results show that the proposed method has worked well on improving the translation results.Compared with the state-of-the-art methods,the BLEU value of our method is increased by 2.34 compared with that of the baseline.

Dependency-Based Local Attention Approach to Neural Machine Translation

Recently dependency information has been used in different ways to improve neural machine translation.For example,add dependency labels to the hidden states of source words.Or the contiguous information of a source word would be found according to the dependency tree and then be learned independently and be added into Neural Machine Translation(NMT)model as a unit in various ways.However,these works are all limited to the use of dependency information to enrich the hidden states of source words.Since many works in Statistical Machine Translation(SMT)and NMT have proven the validity and potential of using dependency information.We believe that there are still many ways to apply dependency information in the NMT structure.In this paper,we explore a new way to use dependency information to improve NMT.Based on the theory of local attention mechanism,we present Dependency-based Local Attention Approach(DLAA),a new attention mechanism that allowed the NMT model to trace the dependency words related to the current translating words.Our work also indicates that dependency information could help to supervise attention mechanism.Experiment results on WMT 17 Chineseto-English translation task shared training datasets show that our model is effective and perform distinctively on long sentence translation.

A Novel Beam Search to Improve Neural Machine Translation for English-Chinese

Neural Machine Translation(NMT)is an end-to-end learning approach for automated translation,overcoming the weaknesses of conventional phrase-based translation systems.Although NMT based systems have gained their popularity in commercial translation applications,there is still plenty of room for improvement.Being the most popular search algorithm in NMT,beam search is vital to the translation result.However,traditional beam search can produce duplicate or missing translation due to its target sequence selection strategy.Aiming to alleviate this problem,this paper proposed neural machine translation improvements based on a novel beam search evaluation function.And we use reinforcement learning to train a translation evaluation system to select better candidate words for generating translations.In the experiments,we conducted extensive experiments to evaluate our methods.CASIA corpus and the 1,000,000 pairs of bilingual corpora of NiuTrans are used in our experiments.The experiment results prove that the proposed methods can effectively improve the English to Chinese translation quality.

Improvements of Google Neural Machine Translation

Machine Translation has been playing an important role in modern society due to its effectiveness and efficiency,but the great demand for corpus makes it difficult for users to use traditional Machine Translation systems.To solve this problem and improve translation quality,in November 2016,Google introduces Google Neural Machine Translation system,which implements the latest techniques to achieve better outcomes.The conspicuous achievement has been proved by experiments using BLEU score to measure performance of different systems.With GNMT,the gap between human and machine translation is narrowing.

Progress in Machine Translation

After more than 70 years of evolution,great achievements have been made in machine translation.Especially in recent years,translation quality has been greatly improved with the emergence of neural machine translation(NMT).In this article,we first review the history of machine translation from rule-based machine translation to example-based machine translation and statistical machine translation.We then introduce NMT in more detail,including the basic framework and the current dominant framework,Transformer,as well as multilingual translation models to deal with the data sparseness problem.In addition,we introduce cutting-edge simultaneous translation methods that achieve a balance between translation quality and latency.We then describe various products and applications of machine translation.At the end of this article,we briefly discuss challenges and future research directions in this field.

Sentence-Level Paraphrasing for Machine Translation System Combination

In this paper, we propose to enhance machine translation system combination (MTSC) with a sentence-level paraphrasing model trained by a neural network. This work extends the number of candidates in MTSC by paraphrasing the whole original MT translation sentences. First we train a neural paraphrasing model of Encoder-Decoder, and leverage the model to paraphrase the MT system outputs to generate synonymous candidates in the semantic space. Then we merge all of them into a single improved translation by a state-of-the-art system combination approach (MEMT) adding some new paraphrasing features. Our experimental results show a significant improvement of 0.28 BLEU points on the WMT2011 test data and 0.41 BLEU points without considering the out-of-vocabulary (OOV) words for the sentence-level paraphrasing model.

Improving Low-Resource Machine Translation Using Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback

Neural Machine Translation is one of the key research directions in Natural Language Processing.However,limited by the scale and quality of parallel corpus,the translation quality of low-resource Neural Machine Translation has always been unsatisfactory.When Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback(RLHF)is applied to lowresource machine translation,commonly encountered issues of substandard preference data quality and the higher cost associated with manual feedback data.Therefore,a more cost-effective method for obtaining feedback data is proposed.At first,optimizing the quality of preference data through the prompt engineering of the Large Language Model(LLM),then combining human feedback to complete the evaluation.In this way,the reward model could acquire more semantic information and human preferences during the training phase,thereby enhancing feedback efficiency and the result’s quality.Experimental results demonstrate that compared with the traditional RLHF method,our method has been proven effective on multiple datasets and exhibits a notable improvement of 1.07 in BLUE.Meanwhile,it is also more favorably received in the assessments conducted by human evaluators and GPT-4o.

Transformer: A General Framework from Machine Translation to Others

Machine translation is an important and challenging task that aims at automatically translating natural language sentences from one language into another.Recently,Transformer-based neural machine translation(NMT)has achieved great break-throughs and has become a new mainstream method in both methodology and applications.In this article,we conduct an overview of Transformer-based NMT and its extension to other tasks.Specifically,we first introduce the framework of Transformer,discuss the main challenges in NMT and list the representative methods for each challenge.Then,the public resources and toolkits in NMT are listed.Meanwhile,the extensions of Transformer in other tasks,including the other natural language processing tasks,computer vision tasks,audio tasks and multi-modal tasks,are briefly presented.Finally,possible future research directions are suggested.

基于自注意力机制神经机器翻译的软件缺陷自动修复方法

循环神经网络对于代码序列数据有着良好的处理能力,软件缺陷修复的补丁生成模型大多采用循环神经网络实现.然而,基于循环神经网络的补丁生成模型在处理代码序列中长距离依赖问题时仍然具有局限性,其修复成功率和修复效率较低.针对此问题,提出一种基于自注意力神经机器翻译的软件缺陷自动修复方法(Self-attention Neural machine translation based automatic software Repair,SNRepair).首先,为有效缓解源码中的未登录词问题,对数据集引入子词切分技术进行预处理;其次,为解决源代码中棘手的长距离依赖问题并更充分地利用局部信息,构建融合局部建模的Transformer程序补丁生成模型;然后,采用缺陷自动定位技术定位缺陷语句位置,利用参数优化后的Transformer补丁生成模型生成候选补丁;最后,运行测试用例验证候选补丁.在具有395个真实Java软件缺陷的Defects4J缺陷库上实验评估,结果表明SNRepair方法与对比方法比较,修复成功率和修复效率更高.

Neural machine translation:Challenges,progress and future

Machine translation(MT)is a technique that leverages computers to translate human languages automatically.Nowadays,neural machine translation(NMT)which models direct mapping between source and target languages with deep neural networks has achieved a big breakthrough in translation performance and become the de facto paradigm of MT.This article makes a review of NMT framework,discusses the challenges in NMT,introduces some exciting recent progresses and finally looks forward to some potential future research trends.

基于情感语义增强编解码的神经机器翻译方法

针对目前神经机器翻译模型仅依赖平行语料训练而无法充分挖掘深层语言知识的问题,提出一种基于情感语义增强编解码的神经机器翻译方法,旨在通过引入额外的情感语义,提高模型对语言深层次信息的理解能力。首先,利用word2vec技术获取语料中所有单词的词嵌入,将其输入到一个融合模型中进行训练。该融合模型结合了基于GRU和文档嵌入的机制,以获取单词级别和文档级别的情感语义表征;其次,在情感融合阶段,采用加权公式将单词级别和文档级别的情感语义有机地融合,形成更为综合的情感语义表征;最后,将此表征与上下文语义表征按位相加,以全面引入情感信息,并将其作为输入传递到机器翻译模型的编码器和解码器中。在多个基准数据集上的实验显示,相较于传统的Transformer模型,该方法在IWSLT数据集上性能显著提升,BLEU值增加1.3至1.62。在WMT数据集上也取得良好性能,证实了融合情感语义在机器翻译中的有效性。

Enriching the Transfer Learning with Pre-Trained Lexicon Embedding for Low-Resource Neural Machine Translation

Most State-Of-The-Art(SOTA) Neural Machine Translation(NMT) systems today achieve outstanding results based only on large parallel corpora.The large-scale parallel corpora for high-resource languages is easily obtainable.However,the translation quality of NMT for morphologically rich languages is still unsatisfactory,mainly because of the data sparsity problem encountered in Low-Resource Languages(LRLs).In the low-resource NMT paradigm,Transfer Learning(TL) has been developed into one of the most efficient methods.It is difficult to train the model on high-resource languages to include the information in both parent and child models,as well as the initially trained model that only contains the lexicon features and word embeddings of the parent model instead of the child languages feature.In this work,we aim to address this issue by proposing the language-independent Hybrid Transfer Learning(HTL) method for LRLs by sharing lexicon embedding between parent and child languages without leveraging back translation or manually injecting noises.First,we train the High-Resource Languages(HRLs) as the parent model with its vocabularies.Then,we combine the parent and child language pairs using the oversampling method to train the hybrid model initialized by the previously parent model.Finally,we fine-tune the morphologically rich child model using a hybrid model.Besides,we explore some exciting discoveries on the original TL approach.Experimental results show that our model consistently outperforms five SOTA methods in two languages Azerbaijani(Az) and Uzbek(Uz).Meanwhile,our approach is practical and significantly better,achieving improvements of up to 4:94 and 4:84 BLEU points for low-resource child languages Az ! Zh and Uz ! Zh,respectively.

Floating-gate based PN blending optoelectronic synaptic transistor for neural machine translation

Neural machine translation, which has an encoder-decoder framework, is considered to be a feasible way for future machine translation. Nevertheless, with the fusion of multiple languages and the continuous emergence of new words, most current neural machine translation systems based on von Neumann’s architecture have seen a substantial increase in the number of devices for the decoder, resulting in high-energy consumption rate. Here, a multilevel photosensitive blending semiconductor optoelectronic synaptic transistor(MOST) with two different trapping mechanisms is firstly demonstrated, which exhibits 8 stable and well distinguishable states and synaptic behaviors such as excitatory postsynaptic current, short-term memory, and long-term memory are successfully mimicked under illumination in the wavelength range of 480–800 nm. More importantly, an optical decoder model based on MOST is successfully fabricated,which is the first application of neuromorphic device in the field of neural machine translation, significantly simplifying the structure of traditional neural machine translation system.Moreover, as a multi-level synaptic device, MOST can further reduce the number of components and simplify the structure of the codec model under light illumination. This work first applies the neuromorphic device to neural machine translation, and proposes a multi-level synaptic transistor as the based cell of decoding module, which would lay the foundation for breaking the bottleneck of machine translation.

基于深度编码注意力的XLNet-Transformer汉-马低资源神经机器翻译优化方法

神经机器翻译(NMT)在多个领域应用中已取得显著成效,在大规模语料库上已充分论证其优越性。然而,在语料库资源不足的情形下,仍存在较大的改进空间。由于汉语-马来语(汉-马)平行语料的匮乏,直接导致了汉-马机器翻译的翻译效果不佳。为解决汉-马低资源机器翻译不理想的问题,提出了一种基于深度编码注意力和渐进式解冻的低资源神经机器翻译方法。首先,利用XLNet预训练模型重构编码器,在编码器中使用了XLNet动态聚合模块替代了传统编码层的输出方式,有效弥补了低资源汉-马语料匮乏的瓶颈;其次,在解码器中使用并行交叉注意力模块对传统编码-解码注意力进行了改进,提升了源词和目标词的潜在关系的捕获能力;最后,对提出模型采用渐进式解冻训练策略,最大化释放了模型的性能。实验结果表明,提出方法在小规模的汉-马数据集上得到了显著的性能提升,验证了方法的有效性,对比其他的低资源NMT方法,所提方法结构更为精简,并改进了编码器和解码器,翻译效果提升更加显著,为应对低资源机器翻译提供了有效的策略与启示。

维吾尔语机器翻译研究综述

维吾尔语机器翻译作为我国低资源机器翻译研究的重要任务之一,其发展与应用可以更好地促进不同地区和民族之间的文化交流与贸易往来。然而,维吾尔语作为一种黏着性语言,在机器翻译领域存在形态复杂、语料稀缺等问题。近年来,在维吾尔语机器翻译发展的不同阶段,研究人员针对其特点在算法和模型上不断优化与创新,取得了一定的研究成果,但缺乏系统性的综述。全面回顾维吾尔语机器翻译的相关研究,并根据方法的不同将其分为基于规则和实例的维吾尔语机器翻译、基于统计的维吾尔语机器翻译以及基于神经网络的维吾尔语机器翻译3种类型,同时对相关学术活动和语料库资源进行汇总。为进一步探索维吾尔语机器翻译的潜力,采用ChatGPT模型对维吾尔语-汉语机器翻译任务进行初步研究,实验结果表明,在Few-shot情景下,随着示例数的增加,翻译性能先升后降,在10-shot时表现最佳。此外,思维链方法在维吾尔语机器翻译任务中并未展示出更优的翻译能力。最后对维吾尔语机器翻译未来的研究方向进行了展望。

基于梯度权重变化训练策略的低资源机器翻译

近年来Transformer等神经网络模型在机器翻译上取得了显著的成功,但训练这些模型需要依靠丰富的有标签数据,而低资源机器翻译因受限于平行语料库的规模,导致训练得到的模型表现不佳,同时很容易针对高频词汇过度拟合,从而降低模型在测试集上的泛化能力。为了缓解这一现象,提出了一种梯度权重变化的策略,即在Adam算法基础上为每一个新批次所产生的梯度乘以一个系数。该系数递增变化,旨在在训练早期削弱对高频特征的依赖,而在训练后期保持算法的快速收敛优势。介绍了模型改进后的训练流程,其中包括系数的调整和衰减,以实现在不同训练阶段的不同侧重。这种策略的目标是增加对低频词汇的关注度,防止模型对高频词汇的过拟合。在三个低资源的双语数据集上进行了翻译任务实验,该方法在测试集上相对于基线模型分别提升了0.72、1.37和1.04个BLEU得分。