A Survey on Chinese Sign Language Recognition:From Traditional Methods to Artificial Intelligence

Research on Chinese Sign Language(CSL)provides convenience and support for individuals with hearing impairments to communicate and integrate into society.This article reviews the relevant literature on Chinese Sign Language Recognition(CSLR)in the past 20 years.Hidden Markov Models(HMM),Support Vector Machines(SVM),and Dynamic Time Warping(DTW)were found to be the most commonly employed technologies among traditional identificationmethods.Benefiting from the rapid development of computer vision and artificial intelligence technology,Convolutional Neural Networks(CNN),3D-CNN,YOLO,Capsule Network(CapsNet)and various deep neural networks have sprung up.Deep Neural Networks(DNNs)and their derived models are integral tomodern artificial intelligence recognitionmethods.In addition,technologies thatwerewidely used in the early days have also been integrated and applied to specific hybrid models and customized identification methods.Sign language data collection includes acquiring data from data gloves,data sensors(such as Kinect,LeapMotion,etc.),and high-definition photography.Meanwhile,facial expression recognition,complex background processing,and 3D sign language recognition have also attracted research interests among scholars.Due to the uniqueness and complexity of Chinese sign language,accuracy,robustness,real-time performance,and user independence are significant challenges for future sign language recognition research.Additionally,suitable datasets and evaluation criteria are also worth pursuing.

Knowledge Graph Analysis of International Chinese Language Textbooks Based on CiteSpace

Drawing upon relevant papers from Chinese core journals and CSSCI source journals in the CNKI China Academic Journals Full-Text Database spanning from 1992 to 2023,this study utilizes CiteSpace as a research tool to visually analyze the knowledge graph structure of research on international Chinese language textbooks in China.The study maps out the publication timeline,authors,institutions,collaborative networks,and keywords pertaining to research on international Chinese language textbooks.The findings indicate that research on international Chinese language textbooks commenced early and continues to maintain a certain level of research interest,yet lacks sufficient research output.Research institutions predominantly reside in universities and publishing groups specializing in language or education,with collaboration between institutions being relatively scarce.High-frequency keywords in recent research on international Chinese language textbooks include“Chinese language textbooks for the Foreigners,”“Chinese language textbooks,”“Teaching Chinese Language for the Foreigners,”“Textbook compilation,”“International Chinese Language Education and Localization,”which reflect a diversified research perspective with interdisciplinary trends.Future research priorities encompass research on localization,customization of textbooks,and evaluation of textbooks which represent forefront directions of research.

A Study on the Pedagogical Application of Chinese New Year Culture in International Chinese Language Education

Culture teaching is an inseparable part of International Chinese Language Education,and it has great significance in international Chinese language teaching.Students can enhance their interest in Chinese language learning and improve their learning effect through understanding the excellent traditional Chinese culture,at the same time,culture teaching can help to disseminate the Chinese culture and promote the development of a multicultural world.Taking the teaching of Chinese New Year culture as an example,we analyze the current teaching materials involving Chinese New Year culture with high popularity and acceptance,put forward effective teaching methods matching the feasibility of teaching Chinese New Year culture,and then present the specific teaching design of Chinese New Year culture,in order to provide references for the teaching of culture in International Chinese Language Education.

Promoting the International Dissemination of Chinese Culture Through International Chinese Language Education: A Case Study of Chinese-English Idiomatic Equivalence

One major task of our improvement of China’s international communication capabilities is to tell China’s stories well and make China’s voice heard to communicate a comprehensive,multi-dimensional view of China in the international arena.International Chinese language education bears the dual responsibility of spreading the Chinese language and promoting the Chinese culture.How to shape global narratives for telling China’s stories and improve China’s international communication capabilities has become an important issue that concerns international Chinese language education.Chinese idioms,which are hidden treasures of the Chinese language,can play a unique role in this regard.It is therefore necessary to review the content and methods of including idioms in international Chinese language education.In this paper,instruction in idioms is approached by making a corpus-based comparative analysis from the theoretical perspectives of equivalence,cognitive metaphor,and second language acquisition.Qualitative and quantitative methods are combined to analyze idioms to be added to the vocabulary of international Chinese language education in three dimensions:word frequency,semantic transparency,and functional equivalence.This paper aims to explore a new approach to the dissemination of Chinese culture through instruction in idioms in international Chinese language education.

A review of functional MRI application for brain research of Chinese language processing

As one of the most widely used languages in the world,Chinese language is distinct from most western languages in many properties,thus providing a unique opportunity for understanding the brain basis of human language and cognition.In recent years,non-invasive neuroimaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)blaze a new trail to comprehensively study specific neural correlates of Chinese language processing and Chinese speakers.We reviewed the application of functional MRI(fMRI)in such studies and some essential findings on brain systems in processing Chinese.Specifically,for example,the application of task fMRI and resting-state fMRI in observing the process of reading and writing the logographic characters and producing or listening to the tonal speech.Elementary cognitive neuroscience and several potential research directions around brain and Chinese language were discussed,which may be informative for future research.

Research on the Application of Chinese-Style Songs in the Field of Chinese Second Language Teaching

In recent years,traditional Chinese culture has been continuously revived,integrated into the times and entered people’s daily lives.Chinese-style songs,as a combination of traditional cultural connotations and emerging song forms,have gradually emerged on the music stage in China and even around the world.In the field of teaching Chinese as a second language,the research on teaching Chinese songs has received increasing attention.This article combines the theory of the association between music and language to summarize the research results of Chinese-style songs and their application in the field of teaching Chinese as a second language in the past 30 years.The current research problems are discussed,and suggestions are proposed in order to provide some reference value for teaching Chinese as a second language.

Promoting the Learners’Motivation in Learning Chinese as a Second Language:From Demotivation to Motivational Strategies

Motivation is a key factor that influences the outcome of second language(L2)learning.Chinese as a second language(CSL)learners,however,may experience demotivation in their Chinese learning process which will,more often than not,reduce their learning interest and eventually affect their learning effect,therefore,it is necessary to enhance the learners’motivation level.This article first reviews the research literature in motivation in general,then discusses the CSL learners’demotivation in their Chinses learning process studying in China.Finally,it introduces motivational strategies to activate CSL learners’motivation in learning Chinese.

Development of International Chinese Language Education in Iran:An Analysis in the Context of Iran’s Foreign Language Policy Characteristics

This paper focuses on examining the relevant policies concerning Chinese language education within Iran’s foreign language education policy framework from the perspective of its historical context.By analyzing the characteristics of Iran’s foreign language policy and the current situation of Chinese language teaching in Iran,this paper studies the future development of international Chinese language education in Iran.

International Chinese Language Education and Building a Community of Shared Future for Mankind

Human society is now confronted with a variety of threats.Given that,the idea and initiative of building a community of shared future for mankind is positively echoed by people around the world.Accordingly,international Chinese language education should play an active role in building a community of shared future for mankind,which is determined by the mission and nature of this educational cause.The idea of building a community of shared future for mankind points a right way for the development of international Chinese language education,injects new vigor to this cause,and also creates a more friendly and favorable external environment.International Chinese language education should help facilitate the building of a community of shared future for mankind and contribute Chinese wisdom to the common progress of mankind in the new era.

Preoperative functional MRI localization of language areas in Chinese patients with brain tumors Validation with intraoperative electrocortical mapping

Ten Chinese patients with brain tumors involving language regions were selected. Preoperative functional MRI was performed to locate Broca＇s or Wernicke＇s area, and the cortex that was essential for language function was determined by electrocortical mapping. A site-by-site comparison between functional MRI and electrocortical mapping was performed with the aid of a neuronavigation device. Results showed that the sensitivity and specificity of preoperative functional MRI were 80.0% and 85.0% in Broca＇s area and 66.6% and 85.2% in Wemicke＇s area, respectively. These experimental findings indicate that functional MRI is an accurate, reliable technique with which to identify the location of Wernicke＇s area or Broca＇s area in patients with brain tumors.

Abstracts Selected from Naihuo Cailiao (Refractories)——A Chinese Language Bimonthly

Volume 50,Number 6,2016Thoughts for development of China＇s refractories industry-Reviewing＂the 12thFive-Year-Plan＂and prospecting＂the 13thFive-Year-Plan＂/Xu Dianli//Naihuo Cailiao.-2016,50（6）：401Abstract：The production,operating,import and export state,and achievement of China＇s refractories during＂the 12-（th）Five-Year-Plan＂period were reviewed.

Abstracts Selected from Naihuo Cailiao(Refractories)——A Chinese Language Bimonthly

Volume 51,Number 1,2017 Influence of firing temperature on properties of cordierite ceramics from sol-gel synthesized powders/Zhang Hui,Xue Qunhu,Ma Lijian//Naihuo Cailiao.-2017,51（1）：1Abstract：This work aims at decreasing the sintering temperature of industrial cordierite ceramics.

Abstracts from Maihuo Cailiao(Refractories)——A Chinese Language Bimonthly

Synthesis of mullite from mechanically activated mixtures of boehmite and silica.Xu Da- yan,Ye Guotian, Liu Lei, et al. （ 161 - 165 ）. -- Mullite , Boehmite, Amorphous silica （ white carbon black）, Mechanical activation, Synthesis -- Mullife was prepared hy 0 -40 h mechanical activation of mixture of boehmite and amorphous silica with Al2O3/SiO2 molar ratio of 3：2 in a high energy ball mill,then heat treatment at 1 100 -1 600 ℃ for 3 h in air.

Abstracts Selected from Naihuo Cailiao(Refractories)——A Chinese Language Bimonthly

Abstract： A ZrO2-ZrSiO4 metering nozzle sample with non-homogeneous microstructure was locally melted by semiconductor laser irradiation with power of 700 W in order to study the effect of laser on the surface of zirconia refi＇actory. The microstructure change of the sample before and after the irradiation was observed by FESEM. The XRD and EDS were used to identify phase composition and chemical composition, respectively.

Abstracts Selected from Naihuo Cailiao(Refractories)——A Chinese Language Bimonthly

China＇ s refractories industry in the ＂new normal＂ phase/Xu Dianli//Naihuo Cailiao. -2015, 49（4） ：241 Abstract：The developing state of China＇s refractories industry and its predominance and position in the global refractories market were and opportunities of China were pointed out. introduced. The pressure ＇s refractories enterprises

Abstracts from Naihuo Cailiao(Refractories)——A Chinese Language Bimonthly

Development of refractory industry and resource, energy and environment in China. Li Hongxia. （401 - 403 ）. --Refractories, Resource, Energy, Environment --The development of refractory industry is closely related with resource, energy and environment. In order to realize the sustain- able development, China＇ s refractory industry should comprehensively exploit and utilize the raw refractory materials because of the shortage of some refractory raw materials resources;

Main Abstracts Selected from Nnihuo Cailiao(Refractories)——A Chinese Language Bimonthly

Fractal characteristics of pore structure of porous Al2O3-TiN composites synthesized by aluminothermic reduction nitridation/Feng Xiumei, Jiang Mingxue, He Yiner, Lian Xiaoqing//Naihuo Cailiao. -2012,46（6） ：401

Main Abstracts Selected from Naihuo Cailiao( Refractories)——A Chinese Language Bimonthly

Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis of AI4SiC4 and B4C and their application in carbon-containing refractories/Wang Gang, Wang Longqing, Wang Laiwen, et al//Naihuo Cailiao. -2011,45（6） ：401

An Optimized Convolutional Neural Network with Combination Blocks for Chinese Sign Language Identification

(Aim)Chinese sign language is an essential tool for hearing-impaired to live,learn and communicate in deaf communities.Moreover,Chinese sign language plays a significant role in speech therapy and rehabilitation.Chinese sign language identification can provide convenience for those hearing impaired people and eliminate the communication barrier between the deaf community and the rest of society.Similar to the research of many biomedical image processing(such as automatic chest radiograph processing,diagnosis of chest radiological images,etc.),with the rapid development of artificial intelligence,especially deep learning technologies and algorithms,sign language image recognition ushered in the spring.This study aims to propose a novel sign language image recognition method based on an optimized convolutional neural network.(Method)Three different combinations of blocks:Conv-BN-ReLU-Pooling,Conv-BN-ReLU,Conv-BN-ReLU-BN were employed,including some advanced technologies such as batch normalization,dropout,and Leaky ReLU.We proposed an optimized convolutional neural network to identify 1320 sign language images,which was called as CNN-CB method.Totally ten runs were implemented with the hold-out randomly set for each run.(Results)The results indicate that our CNN-CB method gained an overall accuracy of 94.88±0.99%.(Conclusion)Our CNN-CB method is superior to thirteen state-of-the-art methods:eight traditional machine learning approaches and five modern convolutional neural network approaches.

Abstracts from Naihuo Gailiao(Refractories)——A Chinese Language Bimonthly

Volume 44,Number 3,2010 Concepts and practices of green refractories.Zhou Ningsheng,Li Jiwei,Yu Renhong,et al. （161-170）.-Green refractories,Monolithic refractories,Resource conservation,Energy saving,Environment-and eco-friendly,Developing trend -Encouraged by globally advocating environmental protection and low carbon economy,it is imperative to develop ＂green refractories＂ ,an important strategy determining present and future sustainable development of China＇s refractories industry.Concepts and countermeasures for implementing ＂green refractories＂ have been put forward,concentrating on making great efforts in development of monolithic refractories,resource conservation refractories,energy saving refractories and environment-and eco-friendly refractories,for which particular technical approaches and suggestions are given.To this connection,recent practices and developing trends at home and abroad have also been underlined.