Types and Characteristics of Chinese Gardens in the Later Mature Period

The development and evolution of Chinese gardens in the later mature period(the Qianlong-Xuantong period of the Qing Dynasty)were studied,and the types of gardens in this period were sorted out.Moreover,the characteristics of each type of representative gardens were analyzed,and the historical background,overall layout and gardening skills of various types of gardens in China in the period were summarized.Finally,the general characteristics of Chinese gardens in the later mature period were summarized.

Analysis of Waterscape Engineering Skills of Classical Chinese Gardens

In classical Chinese gardens,the waterscape has its own unique style of expression,which is to highlight the simulation of the natural water landscape and its combination with the elements of the garden.As a pole of classical garden theory,waterscape plays an important role in organizing space and creating the overall landscape effect.In addition to the landscape concept and water management method,the combination of engineering practices and landscape aesthetics involved guarantees Artistic presentation of water bodies in gardens.Based on the existing research,this study cut in from the perspective of engineering technology,and conducted detailed research on engineering techniques,materials application and artistic expression under different water body functions and forms,and explored the fusion of "making" "technique" and "art" in the waterscape construction.

Guidance and Application of Chinese Classical Gardens in Modern Gardens

As a representative of Eastern gardens,Chinese classical gardens have always held an extremely important position in world gardens.They not only carry the profound cultural and ideological connotations of China,but also have great aesthetic achievements that are worth exploring.In the process of urbanization,the construction of urban gardens is also progressing rapidly with the development of the city,and modern gardens are reflected more.Gradually,people began to realize that the aesthetics of Chinese classical gardens can collide with the design concepts of modern gardens,in order to conform to the current development trend of the new era.This paper compares and analyzes the differences and connections between Chinese classical gardens and modern gardens from three aspects:gardening concepts,gardening elements,and gardening techniques.Combined with relevant cases,it studies the practical application of Chinese classical garden design techniques in modern gardens,and explores and promotes the art of Chinese classical garden design.

Artistic Conception of Chinese Classical Gardens

The artistic conception of the garden is the visual and typical natural environment and the ideological implication of the garden landscape expressed by the designer’s conception and creation.This paper analyzed the artistic conception of Chinese classical gardens from four aspects:the types,functions,creative techniques and contemporary factors restricting the development of artistic conception of gardens.It showed the charm of artistic conception of classical Chinese gardens,the important role of artistic conception of gardens,the current situation and problems encountered in the development of artistic conception of contemporary Chinese gardens.The paper also put forward some thoughts on the development status and problems of garden artistic conception,and explored the fusion method of Chinese classical garden artistic conception and modern garden.

Communicating the Meaning of Nature-texts:An Ecosemiotic Enquiry of Chinese Gardening and Penjing

Nature-text is an important concept in ecosemiotics.Unlike the traditional notion of text,nature-text considers natural environments as units of meaning with double dimensions of semiosis,that is,intratextual biosemiosis between organisms and intertextual semiosis in cultural communication.To a great extent,the latter affects meaning generation of the semiotic texts,and the quantity,type and process of the former.As Chinese gardens and penjing are characteristic nature-texts,examining and interpreting them from an ecosemiotic perspective would shed light on the cultural effects on meaning generation and communication of nature-texts,and on the interaction amongst various phases and forms of biosemiosis.

The virtual-real measurement of Chinese garden impression:A quantitative analysis of cognitive experience of Jiangnan gardens with virtual reality experiments

Traditional Jiangnan garden architecture in China offers distinct spatial impressions that hold significance in contemporary architectural expression.Yet,the understanding and analysis of these spaces have historically relied on subjective,sensory experiences,often lacking precise,quantitative research.Consequently,establishing clear logical connections between visual cognition and emotional perception within these spatial experiences has been a challenge.This study introduces virtual reality spatial simulation and quantification techniques,summarizing key Jiangnan garden spatial characteristics and prototypes.It includes a series of virtual reality experiments focusing on cognitive experiences within Jiangnan garden spaces.A comprehensive analysis of isovisit quantitative data,questionnaires,and behavioral information explores the logical relationships between emotional perceptions(calmness,surprise,interest,confusion)and visual cognition qualities(openness,complexity,theatricality)in garden space impressions.This research aims to reveal deeper connections between garden space qualities,visual cognition,and emotional experiences,offering valuable insights for the application of historical traditional spatial features in contemporary architecture.It bridges the gap between sensory experiences and rational analysis,enhancing our understanding of the intricate spatial narratives within Jiangnan gardens.

The Heterogeneous Differences between Chinese and Western Landscape Culture Studies

For a long time,due to the differences in terrain and culture,the aesthetic appreciation of Chinese and Western gardens has produced a large gap in modeling and design.Although the composition of garden elements is nothing more than landscape and architecture,there are obvious differences in the use of space and natural attitudes.Chinese gardens always follow the laws of natural beauty and formal beauty in modeling design,and respect nature in attitude and coordinate with nature.However,western gardens attach importance to architecture and artificalism,highlight rational aesthetics,get used to transforming nature in attitude,and always focus on"taking people as the center".They also have cognitive differences in the study of garden history.Comparing the Chinese and Western view of landscape architecture can enrich and expand the possibility of"Chinese landscape architecture research".

Aesthetic style transferring method based on deep neural network between Chinese landscape painting and classical private garden's virtual scenario

Most of the existing virtual scenarios built for the digital protection of Chinese classical private gardens are too modern in expression style to show the aesthetic significance of their historical period.Considering the aesthetic commonality between traditional Chinese landscape paintings and classical private gardens and referring to image style transfer,here,a deep neural network was proposed to transfer the aesthetic style from landscape paintings to the virtual scenario of classical private gardens.The network consisted of two parts:style prediction and style transfer.The style prediction network was used to obtain style representation from style paintings,and the style transfer network was used to transfer style representation to the content scenario.The pre-trained network was then embedded into the scenario rendering pipeline and combined with the screen post-processing method to realise the stylised expression of the virtual scenario.To verify the feasibility of this methodology,a virtual scenario of the Humble Administrator’s Garden was used as the content scenario andfive garden landscape paintings from different time periods and painting styles were selected for the case study.The results demonstrated that this methodology could effectively achieve the aesthetic style transfer of a virtual scenario.

The Chinese garden of genetics --celebrating 40th anniversary of Genetics Society of China

In 2018, we will celebrate the 40th anniversary of Genetics Society of China （GSC）, which was founded in Nanjing, China in October, 1978, soon after China adopted an open door policy for reform. One major mission of GSC during its inception was to publish a genetics journal, aiming to provide a window for Chinese geneticists to showcase their new discoveries. In fact, a genetics journal named Acta Genetica Sinica （AGS） had been published since June of 1974 （Fig. 1 ）. This journal published two issues in its first year in Chinese. The first issue covered breeding and genetics of several crop plants, including wheat, tobacco, maize, octoploid triticale, peanut and upland cotton, protoplast isolation and fusion, observation of cell nuclei during mouse spermatogenesis, derivation of early season rice, etiology and pathogenesis of favism, a good collection of Chinese genetic studies then.

The Best of Both Worlds——Building Gardens With a Sense of Place

The last decade in China has been a period of great growth and renewal.More and more public garden has been built,many those gardens are built with Western-influenced styles and lack of Chinese factor.A garden with a strong sense of place will clearly put the visitor in a specific locality by astute use of design to support a distinctive regional character.Here the author gives several examples of famous gardens about how to keep the sense of place and try to give some useful suggestion on Chinese garden build.

Phronesis and Dao： Cultivating Ethics and Wisdom in the Process of Making Architecture

Contemporary China, the largest construction site in the world, is the centre of production of architectural ＇vessels＇ that are compacted with technical and scientific knowledge. Nevertheless, traditional wisdom and personal cultivation is often neglected in this process of creating architecture. This paper makes a connection between the Chinese ideogram of 道 （dao = way）, with the Greek term of φρovησιc （phronesis = practical wisdom）, in the context of architecture. We argue that both terms bring forth the importance of ethics and practical wisdom in the making of architecture, as a process of cultivation. This argument is discussed through two case studies： a historical Chinese garden （Sima Guang＇s ＇Garden of Solitary Enjoyment＇）, as a manifestation of Dao, and an educational situation from a contemporary architectural design studio in a school of architecture, as a manifestation of phronesis. Both these diverse examples offer a possibility to see architecture as the creation of ＇vessels for life＇ where ＇vessel＇ and ＇life＇ are inseparable.