ON THE RELATION BETWEEN THE EVOLUTION OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN FACTORS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN SETTLEMENT——Take the Lanzhou Valley Basin as An Examples

Lanzhou Valley Basin is composed of two smaller diamond-shaped basins striking from NW to SE and including 6 river terraces. The lower terraces remaining even and smooth are main sites for city buildings. The main function of Lanzhou urban settlement is a ferry and transport centre. Lanzhou used to be an im-portant crossing site and post on the 'silk road',and then became a transport and trade centre in Northwest China. In the middle part of the 17th century, Lanzhou became the capital of Gansu,a new province. The development process of Lanzhou urban settlement indicates that urban settlement is a system consisting of natural environment and human society based on the former.

Natural environment suitability for human settlements in China based on GIS

With the degeneration of environment and acceleration of urbanization,human environment has attracted great attention worldwide.This paper sets up the Human Settlements Environment Index(HEI) model and evaluates the natural environment suitability for Human Settlements in China based on GIS technology.The results show that the HEI of China decreases from southeast to northwest in general,HEI is significantly correlated with population density at grid size and the correlation coefficient(r) between them reaches 0.93,which indicates that natural environment suitability for Human Settlements has a significant influence on population distribution.Most people in China mainly concentrate in areas with high natural environment suitability.The total suitable area is 430.47×104 km2,which accounts for nearly 45% of the total land area in China,while the proportion of people living in the area reaches 96.56%.With a population density of 18 people per square kilometer,the critical area is the transitional region for people to live in China.The critical area covers 225.11×104 km2 with a population of 41.12 million.The non-suitable area covers 304.42×104 km2 with a population of only 2.49 million.

Taking a Path of Human Rights Development Suitable to the Economic Basis and Humanistic Environment of China, Realizing“Chinese Dream”

The Sixth Beijing Forum on Human Rights is opened today, which is co-spon- sored by the China Society for Human Rights Studies and the China Foundation for Human Rights Development. First, on behalf of the China Foundation for Human Rights Development, I would like to express warm congratulations to the opening of the Forum, and heartfelt thanks tothe friends who have always cared for and supported for the development and progress of human rights cause of China.

A Retrospective and Prospective Look at Human Rights Education in Chinese Universities and Colleges——A Simultaneous Discussion of the Basic Effects of Human Rights Education on the Human Rights Development Environment

1. The Role of Human Rights Education in Promoting Human Rights Development 1. Human rights education shapes the soft environment for human rights development

Evaluation of suitability of university ladder classroom environment on humans

Evaluation of the suitability of university ladder classroom environment on humans is an effective approach to improve the quality of the indoor environment and protect human health.However,there are unresolved issues regarding the suitability of university ladder classroom environment for humans.For example,the design of en-closure structure and heating ventilation and air conditioning(HVAC)system is unreasonable,and the indoor air quality does not meet the required standard.In this study,the suitability of university ladder classroom environ-ment on humans was considered the research object.The evaluation indices of indoor environment were selected from indoor air quality,indoor thermal and humid environments,light environment,and sound environment.And the health and comfort of users were taken as the evaluation indices of users.According to the results of expert investigations and case measurements,the index weight was determined by the expert-entropy weight method,and a complete evaluation system of indices was built.There were two first-level,six second-level,and fourteen third-level indices in the evaluation system.The evaluation indices of each level with the largest weight were indoor environment(0.5940),user health(0.2530),and indoor temperature(0.1175)respectively.By comparing the actual learning effect to the evaluation results,the applicability of the evaluation system was determined.The evaluation system of the suitability of university ladder classroom environment on humans is convenient for operators to identify the weak points between humans and the environment.The evaluation system is endowed with important theoretical and practical significance to realize the green development of colleges and universities and build an environment-friendly campus.

Spatial-temporal variations of natural suitability of human settlement environment in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area A case study in Fengjie County,China

With rapid environmental degeneration and socio-economie development,the human settlement environment (HSE)has experienced dramatic changes and attracted attention from different communities.Consequently,the spatial-temporal evaluation of natural suitability of the human settlement environment (NSHSE)has become essential for understanding the patterns and dynamics of HSE,and for coordinating sustainable development among regional populations,resources,and environments.This study aims to explore the spatialtemporal evolution of NSHSE patterns in 1997,2005,and 2009 in Fengjie County near the Three Gorges Reservoir Area (TGRA).A spatially weighted NSHSE model was established by integrating multi-source data (e.g.,census data,meteorological data,remote sensing images,DEM data,and GIS data)into one framework,where the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS)linear regression model was applied to calculate the weights of indices in the NSHSE model.Results show that the trend of natural suitability has been first downward and then upward, which is evidenced by the disparity of NSHSE existing in the south,north,and central areas of Fengjie County. Results also reveal clustered NSHSE patterns for all 30 townships.Meanwhile,NSHSE has significant influence on population distribution,and 71.49% of the total population is living in moderate and high suitable districts.

Naturalism in“To build a Fire”

The short story"To build a Fire"by Jack London tells about the relationship between man and nature. Involving such themes as fear, death, and the individual versus nature,‘‘To Build a Fire''is a naturalistic work of fiction in which Jack London depicts human beings as subject to the laws of nature and controlled by their environment and their physical makeup.

辽南海岛型村落空间结构特征分析

要辽南长山群岛位于辽宁省大连市,其四面环海的地理特征导致其村落的生产、生活功能紧密依附自然环境,并在此发展着独特的人居模式。作为一种自诞生就与大陆相隔的生态系统,其空间上的功能组成与结构特征与当地特殊的自然环境紧密相连,具有鲜明的环境特征,海岛型村落则是特殊自然环境下体现人地关系的代表性人居场所。该文结构上采用“宏观—中观—微观”的思维逻辑,对辽南长山群岛整体进行调查研究,并以“人地关系”为出发点,采用一系列图底关系的研究方式对村落各类型空间进行分析并总结出其结构特征,为海岛型村落未来的保护与更新提供设计思路。

自然资源−社会经济−生态环境的关联演化认知

探讨了人与自然生命共同体理念下,自然资源、社会经济与生态环境三者之间的复杂关联及其演化机制。通过解析社会−生态系统的内涵,构建了涵盖自然资源、社会经济与生态环境复合体,旨在揭示三者间的相互作用与影响。进一步分析了从原始文明、农业文明、工业文明、生态文明的历史演进过程中,自然资源、社会经济与生态环境要素的演化路径,通过对历史阶段的深入分析,阐述了从工业文明到生态文明转型时期的启示,为人与自然和谐共生理念下研究三者耦合协调发展提供新的视角。

500 a来自然与人为因素对洞庭湖区水环境演变的影响

为扭转洞庭湖区人-水之争严重制约湖区可持续发展的局面,需要厘清洞庭湖区水环境在自然和人为因素影响下的演变规律。通过梳理500 a来洞庭湖区人-水关系演变历程,研究了围垦建垸与长江水利工程对湖区水环境的影响,结合洞庭湖区构造沉降和来水来沙特征,探讨了人类活动与地质环境对湖区水环境演变的影响,分析了洞庭湖区与长江水沙蓄泄关系变化,以及洞庭湖区未来演化的趋势。结果表明:(1)持续围垦建垸,侵占了蓄滞洪水的水域,大幅削减了洞庭湖蓄洪能力。(2)荆江大堤的修建,抬高了荆江洪水位并对洞庭湖形成了顶托作用,加剧了丰水期洪涝灾害。(3)荆江裁弯取直,造成城陵矶-武汉段淤积,以及荆江三口分流河道衰退萎缩,致使洞庭湖入口萎缩、出口堵塞。(4)三峡水库运行后,洞庭湖来水泥沙淤积量大幅减少,城陵矶以下荆江河段泥沙淤积量大幅增加。人类工程造成洞庭湖调蓄洪水容量大幅减少,洪水难泄,洪灾加剧;洞庭湖出现淤积滩涂,枯水期加长,长江水难以流入,旱灾加剧。(5)江汉-洞庭湖平原目前仍处于构造沉降速度较快时期,由于洞庭湖泥沙淤积速率超过构造沉降量,造成洞庭湖容量逐年减小,洞庭湖部分地区有沼泽化的风险。

沧州市人居环境适宜性评价及其空间分布格局

科学评价人居环境适宜性并揭示其空间分布格局对协调区域可持续发展进程具有重要意义,目前已有研究多局限于单一尺度的综合评价,尚缺乏一套通用的评价指标体系以指导多层级多维度评估。本文选取沧州市为研究区,设计综合反映人居环境自然适宜性和人文适宜性的指标体系,构建人居环境质量综合指数,从县域–镇域不同层级、单因子–分维度–全局不同视角分别评估研究区的人居环境适宜性,对人口分布及经济与人居环境质量的相关性进行探讨。结果表明:(1)研究区人居环境自然适宜性总体舒适度较高;人文适宜性在市辖区较高,周边农村地区较低;综合适宜性最高的地方位于北部青县、中部市辖区和西南部的泊头市。(2)整体上,沧州市各乡镇人居环境适宜性存在显著的空间自相关关系,空间集聚效应较为显著,相邻乡镇之间存在相互影响。(3)人居环境综合适宜性与人口分布呈正相关,自然适宜性与人口密度、人均GDP呈负相关;人文适宜性与人口分布存在较高的协同性和相似的空间分布特征。

生灵、传说与人地关系--北京潭柘寺大青二青传说研究

大青二青是潭柘寺中的灵蛇,其传说主要讲述灵蛇与潭柘寺建寺和当地水源的深厚关联。传说之所以经久流传,是因为“灵蛇”走向了现实生活,成为一种地方自然知识。将其放回当地固有的农业传统,会发现不同版本的传说中建立了人与自然的区域性认同,形成了山川圣地中生态—文化的互动。民众对灵蛇的认识反映了当地山民如何理解自然,尤其是地方经验下人与生灵、水的关系,即“自然观”。在其想象中,生灵具有感知人性的能力,可以链接人与自然。京西山民所理解的人地关系,既有基于环境的“自然—生灵—人”关系,也有基于等级的“天—皇权—民”范畴。更重要的是,它们都以“生态—信仰”为基本结构,这正是潭柘寺山民共享并内涵于生活的自然观。

中国式花园城市:理论构建与实践路径

花园城市是生态文明潮流下营造和谐人居环境的一种理想模式,与中国本土文化和城市发展形势相结合被赋予了更丰富的内涵。中国式花园城市吸收国外花园城市建设经验,延续中华传统自然山水观意蕴,拓展现代生态都市主义理论,成为建设人与自然和谐共生现代化的重要载体。其特性包括系统性、人民性、人文性、生态性、强韧性等。在具体构成上以城市要件、环境要件和连通要件为支撑,涵盖微观花园要素、中观花园场景、宏观花园体系三个层次。实践方面可在景观设计上建设开敞花园空间、在空间形态上打造全域花园体系、在功能设置上营造多元花园场景、在治理方式上共享多重花园红利。

Exploration of the Relationship between Geographical Environment and Human Diseases in Ancient China

The Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine (黄帝内经素问Huangdi Neijing Suwen), created in the Warring States period (475 to 221 BC) described a phenomenon whereby the eastern, western, northern, southern, and central regions were liable to different diseases. It brought forward the principle of treatment in accordance with local conditions. Lv's Spring and Autumn Annals, Huai Nan Tzu (Huainanzi), and the Regiment of Health (Yangshenglun) in the Qin, Han, Wei, Jin, and Southern and Northern Dynasties all describe regional diseases such as goiter (endemic goiter) and yellowish teeth (dental fluorosis) as being caused by geologic and climatic factors. Zhang (miasma), first mentioned in the Han Dynasty, was considered related to the summer heat and dampness particular to the geographical environment of the south. Zhang was further associated with malaria in the Jin Dynasty. General Treatise on the Etiology and Symptomology of Diseases (Zhubingyuanhou Lun), in the Sui Dynasty, held that as a type of poisonous gas, Zhang was the predisposing cause of malaria, seasonal disease, and barbiers, among other conditions. General Guide (Zhinan Zonglun), in the Southern Song Dynasty, regarded Zhang malaria as a separate disease. Healthy Prescription in the Southern Wuling District (Lingnan Weisheng Fang), in the late Song and early Yuan Dynasties, explicitly put forward the concepts of cold Zhang, hot Zhang, and lockjaw Zhang. Guidelines for Treatment of Zhang Malaria (Zhangnue Zhinan), in the Ming Dynasty, maintained that cold Zhang was equivalent to malaria, while hot Zhang and lockjaw Zhang were equivalent to cold damage, the latter of which can be treated by prescriptions for cold damage. Records on Zhang gas and Zhang disease decreased during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

大学生绿色消费态度与行为偏好探究

通过问卷调查法了解大学生的绿色消费态度与行为偏好,进一步对二者之间的关系进行相关性分析及回归分析。研究结果显示,受访者持较积极的绿色消费态度,偏好采取绿色消费行为,且绿色消费态度能够正向预测绿色消费行为。大学生比较相信人类可以借助“智能科技”来改善自然环境,但也清楚不能通过“先发展后保护”的方式来弥补人类发展给自然环境造成的伤害,我们应加强环保意识,共同保护人类赖以生存的环境。

连续开展课堂博弈论实验的效果分析--基于东南大学交通学院2019—2022年15个班级的实验数据

从2019年到2022年,先后在东南大学交通学院15个不同班级开展连续多轮的博弈论实验,包括大二、大三和两个校区的研一学生。实验的基本原理是“最理性的决策是所有人选择0”,但在实际操作中多数人会做出不同的选择。统计结果表明,第1轮实验结果的平均值可以评估班级整体的思维能力和“理性程度”。在前2轮实验中,年龄越大的学生普遍结果越小,不同年份的班级结果差异很大程度上取决于生源质量,英语教学对实验结果几乎没有影响,但实验环境可能会影响结果,例如线上实验时学生可能会私下交流、产生“共谋”。另外,实验中出现一些有趣的现象,不同学生对于是否要进行第3或第4轮实验、是否要领取奖励、是否要采取“理性”的行为等话题有比较明显的分歧,值得进一步讨论。总而言之,连续多轮博弈论实验具有很好的教学互动效果,对不同背景的理工科学生群体均适用。可以有针对性地进行知识拓展,从而充分促进学生对博弈、人性、“理性”等概念的理解和认识。

论环境与人类生活的历时性联系——以中国海南岛为例

人们的生活肯定难免改变自然环境,而自然环境的变化也会对人们的生活产生影响。自然和人类生活不仅是相互关联的,也是独立的。本文根据2000年在海南岛五指山黎族地区所作的关于自然环境、农作物、居民生活、食品与传统的黎族文化的田野调查,分析人类与环境的关联,并就野生资源利用的规范进行历时性的探讨。中国整体实行环境保护的政策,同时,旅游开发灵活地发挥了自然资源的经济价值,五指山丰富的药草体现了环保政策与自然经济价值开发的协调。五指山附近野生的和人工培植的药草有很多,有偿获取这些药草的人,有偿转让其获取权的人,还有山中捕获猎物出售的人,三者之间在历史中形成了约定俗成的使用规范。环境历史学与人类生态学的研究需要结合过去的文献记载和当下的田野发现来进行研究。

人性化住宅建筑设计研究

人性化的设计可以满足人们需要,并且还可让人们适应新的住宅区域,此项工作需要保证人的活动,同时以此为设计住宅的出发点;除此之外,还需明确以人为本的理念,站在长远的角度分析,将自然风景融入住宅建筑设计中,让其成为主要吸引点,确保人类可以适应不同的社会发展,达成生存需要。基于此,本文对人性化住宅建筑设计作出研究,主要从人性化设计的概念入手,针对当前我国人民对住宅建筑设计的需求进行分析,从而得出最符合人性化的建筑设计方案。

针对有热源情况下大空间厂房内两种送风方式的对比研究

通过数值模拟的方法对比研究机械通风(mechanical ventilation,MV)与自然通风(natural ventilation,NV)有室内发热源的情况下,室内热环境的动态变化特征。结果表明,在有热源情况下,室内房间会在高度方向形成明显的热力分层现象,从而导致工作台位置温度较高,降低人体热舒适性。MV和NV房间内,靠近进风百叶位置处的热环境明显优于室内其他位置的热环境。另外,无论是机械通风还是自然通风,在室内局部位置均存在气流死角,导致局部环境恶化,温度过高,不利于设备散热。

历史唯物主义自然观:核心要义·创新发展·实践启示

自然界作为客观的物质性存在,是先于人的存在物。在历史唯物主义自然观的视域下,自然具有先在性与基础性;人与自然体现了原初的永恒的联系,成为“感性对象性活动”;人类与自然关系经历了历史演进,“历史本身是自然史的一个现实部分”;“自然”关系的本质,就是人与人之间的社会关系。历史唯物主义自然观随着新的时代语境的创新发展,经历了从“自然”到“自然生命共同体”、从“尊重自然”到“顺应自然规律”、从“推进全球环境治理”到“构建人类生态环境共同体”的跃迁。历史唯物主义自然观的实践启示在于:落实生态补偿机制,增强生态文明建设的“定力”;构建转化机制,强化“绿水青山”与“金山银山”的双向“发力”;构建人类生态环境共同体,赋能全人类永续发展的“合力”。