The publication of the ten-chapter work Ma Shi Wen Tong by Ma Jianzhong marks the establishment of Chinese grammatical rules.For ages,in a way comparable to what was done in western languages,the study of Chinese gram...The publication of the ten-chapter work Ma Shi Wen Tong by Ma Jianzhong marks the establishment of Chinese grammatical rules.For ages,in a way comparable to what was done in western languages,the study of Chinese grammar tends more or less to imitate Indo-European grammar.This paper made an attempt to discuss the influence produced by Indo-European grammatical theories on Chinese grammar and pointed that Chinese grammatical study is bound to be carried out on the basis of language self characteristics.展开更多
Middle Chinese is the language used in the period from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Sui Dynasty. In recent years researches of Middle Chinese have attracted scholars5 attention. While it inherited some characteristi...Middle Chinese is the language used in the period from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Sui Dynasty. In recent years researches of Middle Chinese have attracted scholars5 attention. While it inherited some characteristics from the grammar of Ancient Chinese, the morphology and syntax of Middle Chinese underwent obvious elimination and new birth, an important content which laid the foundation for the further evolution of the Early Modem Chinese grammar. Numerous grammatical phenomena started to appear in the Tang and Song Dynasties. The grammar was going through a change in which new formsreplaced old ones, thus being the mediator in inheriting the archaic and beginning the early modem grammar, and therefore occupying an important position in the history of Chinese.展开更多
Chinese transfer plays an important role in the teaching and learning of English grammar. Though there are many differences between English and Chinese, many rules are shared by English and Chinese, especially in term...Chinese transfer plays an important role in the teaching and learning of English grammar. Though there are many differences between English and Chinese, many rules are shared by English and Chinese, especially in terms of grammar. Therefore, in teaching of English grammar, proper use of transfer of Chinese grammar may help the learners learn English. This paper introduces Chinese positive transfer and negative transfer in learning English grammar, and discusses how to make use of Chinese transfer to improve English teaching.展开更多
The teaching of Chinese grammar as a foreign language is aimed at enabling foreigners to master the basic Chinese vocabulary,sentences and sentence organization rules so as to improve the language ability of foreigner...The teaching of Chinese grammar as a foreign language is aimed at enabling foreigners to master the basic Chinese vocabulary,sentences and sentence organization rules so as to improve the language ability of foreigners to communicate in Chinese.It can be seen that the ultimate goal of teaching Chinese as a foreign language is to realize language communication in real life,so the practical principle in teaching is of great criticality.This article briefly introduces the relevant overview of the practical principles of Chinese grammar teaching at first,then implements analysis of practical principles in several aspects,hoping to provide reference for relevant teachers.展开更多
Communicative language teaching(CLT) has been introduced to the English-as-a-foreign-language(EFL) context in China for four decades.One of the most significant remaining issues is related to whether this approach to ...Communicative language teaching(CLT) has been introduced to the English-as-a-foreign-language(EFL) context in China for four decades.One of the most significant remaining issues is related to whether this approach to grammar teaching is more effective and efficient than traditional ones.Based on an overview of trends in approaches to grammar instruction,discussion on both advantages of teaching grammar communicatively and the challenges posed by the Chinese EFL context are provided.It is proposed that grammar instruction should be integrated into a communicative framework and this would be the optimal approach to grammar teaching on condition that some constraints in the EFL context in China are dealt with carefully.Teaching implications conclude this paper.展开更多
Objective:To systematically explore the effect and mechanism of traditional Chinese herbs in the treatment of allergic rhinitis.Methods:Magnolia flower,xanthium fruit,astragalus root,paniculate cynanchum,scutellaria r...Objective:To systematically explore the effect and mechanism of traditional Chinese herbs in the treatment of allergic rhinitis.Methods:Magnolia flower,xanthium fruit,astragalus root,paniculate cynanchum,scutellaria root,cicada molting,stephania root,small centipeda herb,and licorice root as traditional Chinese herbs are widely used to treat allergic rhinitis.With multiple database integration and entity grammar systems,a molecular interaction network of traditional Chinese herbs for treating allergic rhinitis was established.Bioinformatics approaches were adopted to integrate relevant data and biological information by multiple databases.Molecular interaction network of Chinese herbs for treating allergic rhinitis was constructed based on entity grammar systems model.The network was then used for elucidating the antiallergic rhinitis mechanism of the Chinese herbs on the molecular level.The subnetworks were also extracted to explicitly display the pathway and targets where effective components acted on.Results:Traditional Chinese herbs could influence various pathological aspects in allergic rhinitis including the production of pro-inflammatory substances,such as histamine and cytokine interleukin-4(IL-4),interleukin-13(IL-13),lowering immunoglobulin E(IgE)level or blocking antigen binding,altering the biological processes of IgE,modulating the balance of T helper(Th)or other cells by cell proliferation and differentiation,mediating cellecell signaling and second-messenger-mediated signaling,stabilizing the cell membrane,and affecting regulation of cellular defense response.Conclusion:The research theoretically confirms the mechanism of anti-allergic rhinitis by traditional Chinese herbs,provides important fundamental research information for treatment of allergic rhinitis,and may serve as a reference for new drug development and effective ingredients of compatibility.展开更多
Rather than looking at variables like grammatical feature type,proficiency,and L1 as separate,we must start to view them as interrelated and codependent.In this way,educators may finally learn how to maximize the effe...Rather than looking at variables like grammatical feature type,proficiency,and L1 as separate,we must start to view them as interrelated and codependent.In this way,educators may finally learn how to maximize the effect of corrective feedback(CF).A meta-analysis of 13 studies was conducted to examine four styles of CF(implicit prompt,implicit reformulation,explicit prompt,and explicit reformulation)along with the following variables:grammatical feature type,L1 similarity(with Mandarin Chinese),and proficiency level.Results suggest that effect size is highly dependent upon the grammatical feature targeted.Explicit feedback appears to have a scaffolding effect for more semantically or syntactically complex grammatical features.Implicit reformulations(recasts)also provide scaffolding,yielding larger effect sizes than implicit prompts when used with L1 dissimilar features that are more semantically or syntactically complex.展开更多
This articla presents a set of criteria that helps determine the sequence of grammatical structures in a systematic fashion.It is a component of what we shall refer to as a pedagogical grammar of L2 Chinese.It include...This articla presents a set of criteria that helps determine the sequence of grammatical structures in a systematic fashion.It is a component of what we shall refer to as a pedagogical grammar of L2 Chinese.It includes such factors as L1 Chinese natural sequence,L2 Chinese acquisitional sequence,usage frequency,structural complexi-ty,semantic complexity,and interlinguistic distancc.Ample illustrations from Man-darin Chinese as well as from L2 Chinese intedanguage(中介语） will be included in this article.A brief description of a corpus of L2 Chinese interlanguage will also bc given,as it plays a significant role in a pedagogical grammar.This article con-cludes that it is imperative that a theoretical framework of a L2 Chinese pcdagogical grammar will bc established in the field,so that the teaching and/or acquisiton of Chinese can proceed on firmer ground.展开更多
Language transfer has always been the focus of research in the field of second language acquisition. Conceptual transfer, as the development of language transfer, inspires scholars to explore the first language influe...Language transfer has always been the focus of research in the field of second language acquisition. Conceptual transfer, as the development of language transfer, inspires scholars to explore the first language influence on second language acquisition from a new perspective. Differences between Chinese and English lead to great difficulty to Chinese learners of English. Misuses in syntax may originate from different conceptions between Chinese and English. Mistakes such as sentence localization, prediction relation, word disorder, or sentence with null subject are also prevalent in English compositions. Based on the analysis of language differences between Chinese and English, this paper aims to explore the impact of Chinese on grammar capability in English writing by Chinese learners of English, so as to shed light on English teaching and learning.展开更多
Grammar has experienced its vicissitudes or ups and downs in the course of language instruction. It was once regarded as the most crucial issue in language instruction. However, the recognition of transformation in th...Grammar has experienced its vicissitudes or ups and downs in the course of language instruction. It was once regarded as the most crucial issue in language instruction. However, the recognition of transformation in the kind of proficiency that learners need, together with the achievements obtained in such fields as linguistics and teaching methodology and so forth, result in the Great Grammar Debates. Consequently, as a shackle on learners＇ imagination, grammar became irrelevant. In the last few years, however, the pendulum of grammar instruction seems to be on the return swing because of public pressure for standards and testing. Grammar instruction experiences the similar rises and falls in China and viewpoints from middle school students should be taken into serious consideration while we carry out English teaching in China.展开更多
As the development of the global communication all over the world, English has become the international language for the global communication. Furthermore, speaking as a skill in English language learning becomes more...As the development of the global communication all over the world, English has become the international language for the global communication. Furthermore, speaking as a skill in English language learning becomes more and more important. As it is known, spoken English has specific features, thus to gain an explicit understanding of the features data analysis is helpful. Moreover it is useful for language teacher to make development in teaching to satisfy learner's needs. Grammatical and phonological are the two remarkable aspects and specific features in spoken language therefore to discover elements into these aspects seems helpful to teaching spoken Enlgish.展开更多
文摘The publication of the ten-chapter work Ma Shi Wen Tong by Ma Jianzhong marks the establishment of Chinese grammatical rules.For ages,in a way comparable to what was done in western languages,the study of Chinese grammar tends more or less to imitate Indo-European grammar.This paper made an attempt to discuss the influence produced by Indo-European grammatical theories on Chinese grammar and pointed that Chinese grammatical study is bound to be carried out on the basis of language self characteristics.
文摘Middle Chinese is the language used in the period from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Sui Dynasty. In recent years researches of Middle Chinese have attracted scholars5 attention. While it inherited some characteristics from the grammar of Ancient Chinese, the morphology and syntax of Middle Chinese underwent obvious elimination and new birth, an important content which laid the foundation for the further evolution of the Early Modem Chinese grammar. Numerous grammatical phenomena started to appear in the Tang and Song Dynasties. The grammar was going through a change in which new formsreplaced old ones, thus being the mediator in inheriting the archaic and beginning the early modem grammar, and therefore occupying an important position in the history of Chinese.
文摘Chinese transfer plays an important role in the teaching and learning of English grammar. Though there are many differences between English and Chinese, many rules are shared by English and Chinese, especially in terms of grammar. Therefore, in teaching of English grammar, proper use of transfer of Chinese grammar may help the learners learn English. This paper introduces Chinese positive transfer and negative transfer in learning English grammar, and discusses how to make use of Chinese transfer to improve English teaching.
文摘The teaching of Chinese grammar as a foreign language is aimed at enabling foreigners to master the basic Chinese vocabulary,sentences and sentence organization rules so as to improve the language ability of foreigners to communicate in Chinese.It can be seen that the ultimate goal of teaching Chinese as a foreign language is to realize language communication in real life,so the practical principle in teaching is of great criticality.This article briefly introduces the relevant overview of the practical principles of Chinese grammar teaching at first,then implements analysis of practical principles in several aspects,hoping to provide reference for relevant teachers.
文摘Communicative language teaching(CLT) has been introduced to the English-as-a-foreign-language(EFL) context in China for four decades.One of the most significant remaining issues is related to whether this approach to grammar teaching is more effective and efficient than traditional ones.Based on an overview of trends in approaches to grammar instruction,discussion on both advantages of teaching grammar communicatively and the challenges posed by the Chinese EFL context are provided.It is proposed that grammar instruction should be integrated into a communicative framework and this would be the optimal approach to grammar teaching on condition that some constraints in the EFL context in China are dealt with carefully.Teaching implications conclude this paper.
基金This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81373985,and 81430094).
文摘Objective:To systematically explore the effect and mechanism of traditional Chinese herbs in the treatment of allergic rhinitis.Methods:Magnolia flower,xanthium fruit,astragalus root,paniculate cynanchum,scutellaria root,cicada molting,stephania root,small centipeda herb,and licorice root as traditional Chinese herbs are widely used to treat allergic rhinitis.With multiple database integration and entity grammar systems,a molecular interaction network of traditional Chinese herbs for treating allergic rhinitis was established.Bioinformatics approaches were adopted to integrate relevant data and biological information by multiple databases.Molecular interaction network of Chinese herbs for treating allergic rhinitis was constructed based on entity grammar systems model.The network was then used for elucidating the antiallergic rhinitis mechanism of the Chinese herbs on the molecular level.The subnetworks were also extracted to explicitly display the pathway and targets where effective components acted on.Results:Traditional Chinese herbs could influence various pathological aspects in allergic rhinitis including the production of pro-inflammatory substances,such as histamine and cytokine interleukin-4(IL-4),interleukin-13(IL-13),lowering immunoglobulin E(IgE)level or blocking antigen binding,altering the biological processes of IgE,modulating the balance of T helper(Th)or other cells by cell proliferation and differentiation,mediating cellecell signaling and second-messenger-mediated signaling,stabilizing the cell membrane,and affecting regulation of cellular defense response.Conclusion:The research theoretically confirms the mechanism of anti-allergic rhinitis by traditional Chinese herbs,provides important fundamental research information for treatment of allergic rhinitis,and may serve as a reference for new drug development and effective ingredients of compatibility.
文摘Rather than looking at variables like grammatical feature type,proficiency,and L1 as separate,we must start to view them as interrelated and codependent.In this way,educators may finally learn how to maximize the effect of corrective feedback(CF).A meta-analysis of 13 studies was conducted to examine four styles of CF(implicit prompt,implicit reformulation,explicit prompt,and explicit reformulation)along with the following variables:grammatical feature type,L1 similarity(with Mandarin Chinese),and proficiency level.Results suggest that effect size is highly dependent upon the grammatical feature targeted.Explicit feedback appears to have a scaffolding effect for more semantically or syntactically complex grammatical features.Implicit reformulations(recasts)also provide scaffolding,yielding larger effect sizes than implicit prompts when used with L1 dissimilar features that are more semantically or syntactically complex.
文摘This articla presents a set of criteria that helps determine the sequence of grammatical structures in a systematic fashion.It is a component of what we shall refer to as a pedagogical grammar of L2 Chinese.It includes such factors as L1 Chinese natural sequence,L2 Chinese acquisitional sequence,usage frequency,structural complexi-ty,semantic complexity,and interlinguistic distancc.Ample illustrations from Man-darin Chinese as well as from L2 Chinese intedanguage(中介语） will be included in this article.A brief description of a corpus of L2 Chinese interlanguage will also bc given,as it plays a significant role in a pedagogical grammar.This article con-cludes that it is imperative that a theoretical framework of a L2 Chinese pcdagogical grammar will bc established in the field,so that the teaching and/or acquisiton of Chinese can proceed on firmer ground.
文摘Language transfer has always been the focus of research in the field of second language acquisition. Conceptual transfer, as the development of language transfer, inspires scholars to explore the first language influence on second language acquisition from a new perspective. Differences between Chinese and English lead to great difficulty to Chinese learners of English. Misuses in syntax may originate from different conceptions between Chinese and English. Mistakes such as sentence localization, prediction relation, word disorder, or sentence with null subject are also prevalent in English compositions. Based on the analysis of language differences between Chinese and English, this paper aims to explore the impact of Chinese on grammar capability in English writing by Chinese learners of English, so as to shed light on English teaching and learning.
文摘Grammar has experienced its vicissitudes or ups and downs in the course of language instruction. It was once regarded as the most crucial issue in language instruction. However, the recognition of transformation in the kind of proficiency that learners need, together with the achievements obtained in such fields as linguistics and teaching methodology and so forth, result in the Great Grammar Debates. Consequently, as a shackle on learners＇ imagination, grammar became irrelevant. In the last few years, however, the pendulum of grammar instruction seems to be on the return swing because of public pressure for standards and testing. Grammar instruction experiences the similar rises and falls in China and viewpoints from middle school students should be taken into serious consideration while we carry out English teaching in China.
文摘As the development of the global communication all over the world, English has become the international language for the global communication. Furthermore, speaking as a skill in English language learning becomes more and more important. As it is known, spoken English has specific features, thus to gain an explicit understanding of the features data analysis is helpful. Moreover it is useful for language teacher to make development in teaching to satisfy learner's needs. Grammatical and phonological are the two remarkable aspects and specific features in spoken language therefore to discover elements into these aspects seems helpful to teaching spoken Enlgish.
