Association between High Fat-low Carbohydrate Diet Score and Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes in Chinese Population

Objective To study the association between high fat-low carbohydrate diet score and newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes in Chinese population. Methods Data about 20 717 subjects aged 45-59 years from the cross-sectional 2002 China National Nutrition and Health Survey were analyzed. High fat-low carbohydrate diet was scored according to the energy of carbohydrate, fat, and protein. Results Of the 20 717 subjects, 1 332 were diagnosed with hyperglycemia and 662 were newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Multivariate adjusted analysis showed that the highest score of type 2 diabetes patients was 2.75 （95% CI： 2.09-3.61）. The score of type 2 diabetes patients was 1.87 （95% CI： 1.35-2.58） after further adjustment for their socioeconomic status and physical activity. No significant difference was found in the odds ratio after further adjustment for BMI, blood pressure, lipid level, and energy intake. No evidence was observed for the relation between high fat-low carbohydrate-diet score in type 2 diabetes patients due to high family income, less education, physical activity, overweight, hypertension, high TG, or low HDL level. Conclusion High fat-low carbohydrate diets, far different from traditional Chinese diets, are associated with the high incidence of type 2 diabetes in Chinese population.

Potential of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease:A promising future

In this editorial,we provide insights into the publication by Niu et al featured in the latest edition of the World Journal of Gastroenterology.Specifically,our focus was on exploring the potential of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)in treating nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)induced by a high-fat diet through various mechanisms.NAFLD is a common liver condition,affecting approximately 25%of the world's population.It is closely linked to metabolic syndrome,insulin resistance,excessive body weight,and irregular lipid processing,leading to fat accumulation in the liver,as well as oxidative stress and inflammation.While maintaining a healthy diet and active lifestyle are essential for managing NAFLD,treatment options are limited due to undefined pathogenesis and a lack of specific medications.TCM,rooted in traditional Chinese practices,presents a promising alternative through its"syndrome differentiation and treatment"principles,enhancing liver lipid metabolism,reducing inflammation,and addressing fibrosis.Certain herbs,such as Poria cocos,Puaria lobata,and Salvia miltiorrhiza,have shown significant efficacy in reducing fat deposition and improving liver function.Due to systematic research and analysis of mechanisms,TCM is anticipated to yield new approaches to prevent and treat NAFLD,increasing its clinical application.

Seasonal variations in the plant diet of the Chinese Monal revealed by fecal DNA metabarcoding analysis

The Chinese Monal(Lophophorus thuysii)is an alpine-obligate galliform species of global conservation priority.It has been listed as a first class protected wildlife species in China,requiring conservation actions during the 14 th Five-Year Plan period.However,the diet composition of Chinese Monal and its seasonal variations have rarely been studied,constraining the effective conservation of the species.Here,we investigated the plant diet composition of the Chinese Monal and its seasonal variations using a DNA metabarcoding approach on fecal samples.We collected 190 fecal samples of the Chinese Monals from the central Qionglai Mountains located in China,and analyzed the plant diet of this species using a DNA metabarcoding approach.Taxonomic profiling of higher plants in the fecal samples was performed using the second internal transcribed spacer(ITS2)amplicon.Downstream analyses,including rarefaction curves,nonmetric multidimensional scaling(NMDS)and permutational multivariate analysis of variance(PERMANOVA),were used to explore the seasonal variations in diet composition.The Chinese Monal foraged a wide range of plant recipes composed of 35 families and 83 genera throughout the year,with Brassicaceae,Apiaceae,and Poaceae as the dominant families,and Cardamine as the dominant genus.The species consumed plants from 62 genera from 28 families during the breeding season(n=81)and 66 genera from 31 families during the non-breeding season(n=109).Further,the plant diet composition significantly varied between the breeding and non-breeding seasons,especially for the frequency of occurrence and relative read abundances at genus level.Our study analyzed the plant diet of the Chinese Monal at a high resolution for the first time,and the results revealed that the seasonal variations in its plant diet composition was adapted to plant phenology and foraging strategy.Fritillaria species,a previously confirmed important food resource for the Chinese Monal,were not detected in any fecal samples,potentially due to overharvesting of Fritillaria bulbs for Traditional Chinese Medicine.Therefore,we highly recommend further restriction of herb gathering in Chinese Monal habitats to facilitate the conservation of this endangered species.Altogether,our study enriches essential ecological information for the Chinese Monal and also provides insights into conservation management for this endangered species.

Integrative techniques using acupuncture,Chinese herbal medicine,diet,and supplements for polycystic ovary syndrome:a case report

Patients with a diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome （PCOS） are on the rise. About 4%-12% of women are currently estimated to have this condition. It is hypothesized that PCOS appears in women who have long-standing insulin resistance （1R）, which leads to high androgen and testosterone levels; this ultimately disrupts their menstrual cycles. Some researchers attribute IR to genetic factors, although there have been only minute changes in the human genome in the past 20 000 years. However, even with a stable gene pool, genes can be turned on and offby the environment, food and air quality and toxin exposure.

Challenges Brought about by Rapid Changes in Chinese Diets: Comparison with Developed Countries and Implications for Further Improvement

Given developments in urbanization, agricultural, and technological practices, the diet and lifestyle of developed countries has changed dramatically over the course of the last century[1].

A Successful Microbound Diet for the Larval Culture of Chinese Shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis

A 13-day feeding trial was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of a microbound diet for rearing the larvae of Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis in comparison with the live foods that consist of Isochrysis galbana, Chlorella vulgaris, Tetraselrnis chuii, rotifer （Brachionus plicatilis） and Arternia sp. Larvae of 0 to 13d post-hatch （dph） were reared in a temperature-controlled semi-open culture system and stocked at a density of 100 larvae L^-1 in tanks, each containing 50 L sterilized seawater with salinity 30-32. Larvae were manually fed either the live foods or the microbound diet 6 times per day. At 13 dph, the growth of the larvae fed on the microbound diet was approximately 84% of that fed on the live foods. The survival rate of the larvae fed on the microbound diet was 44.29% at 13dph, which was not significantly different from that of larvae fed on live foods （63.55%）. The body length and development index （DI） of the larvae fed on the microbound diet were always lower than those of larvae fed on live foods. However, the differences reached significant levels only at 11 and 13 dph （P〈 0.05）. The mean dry weight loss of the microbound diet was 9.2% after 90 min immersion in seawater, indicating that this diet has a good water stability. The microbound diet contains 52.23% crude protein and 10.27% lipid and is easy to prepare. These characteristics of the diet suggest good potentials for its successful use in the larviculture of other penaeid and fish species.

Chinese diet in the causation and prevention of cancer

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Measurement of the Thermic Effect of Food in a Chinese Mixed Diet in Young People

Objective To determine the thermic effect of food(TEF)in a Chinese mixed diet in young people.Methods During the study,the participants were weighed and examined for body composition every morning.The total energy expenditure(TEE)of the participants was measured by the doubly labeled water method for 7 days,and during this period,basal energy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetry and physical activity energy expenditure was measured by an accelerometer.The value obtained by subtracting basal energy expenditure and physical activity energy expenditure from TEE was used to calculate TEF.Results Twenty healthy young students(18–30 years;10 male)participated in the study.The energy intake of the participants was not significantly different from the Chinese Dietary Reference Intake of energy(P>0.05).The percentage of energy from protein,fat and carbohydrate were all in the normal range.The intakes of fruits,milk and dietary fiber of the participants were significantly lower than those in the Chinese Dietary Guidelines(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in the body weight of the participants during the experiment(P>0.05).When adjusted for body weight,there was no significant difference in either TEE or basal energy expenditure between the male and female participants(P>0.05).In addition,there was no significant difference in physical activity energy expenditure and TEF between the male and female participants(P>0.05).The percentage of TEF in TEE was 8.73%.Conclusion The percentage of TEF in TEE in a Chinese mixed diet in young people was significantly lower than 10%(P<0.001).A value of 10%is usually considered to be the TEF in mixed diets as a percentage of TEE.

TREATMENT OF TEN CASES OF CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME WITH CHINESE HERBS,ACUPUNCTURE, AND DIET PRECAUTIONS

Ten cases of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) were treated for 4 weeks by acupuncture, Chinese herbs and diet precautions. Diagnosis of CFS was determined by conventional medicine criteria(CDC criteria for CFS), physical examination, and routine laboratory tests. TCM diagnosis of CFS relied on Four Examination Methods and Eight Principal Patterns. They were diagnosed as Ganyu Qizhi (liver and qi stagnation) and Pixu Qiruo (spleen and qi deficiency). The treatment method is to disperse the liver and facilitate qi, rehabilitate the spleen and strengthen qi (Shugan Liqi, Jianpi Yiqi). The result of the treatment indicated that the total effective rate was 100% in terms of fatigue, difficulty concentrating, headache, sore throat, muscle pain, joint aches, feverishness, rapid pulse, insomnia, depression, irregular menses, abdominal cramps, and night sweats. The percentages of specific symptoms of CFS in the patients were comparable to the conventional medical record (Table 1).

Chinese Grouse (Bonasa sewerzowi):its natural history,behavior and conservation

The Chinese Grouse (Bonasa sewerzowi) is a bird endemic to China,inhabiting the conifer-dominated high mountains.It occurs in the most southern range of grouse and is the smallest grouse species in the world.The Chinese Grouse has been listed as an endangered species by the China Red Data Book and placed in Category I of nationally protected animals.Since 1995,we have systematically conducted work on the Chinese Grouse using radiotelemetry techniques at the Lianhuashan Nature Reserve in Gansu Province,western China.In this presentation we summarize the mating behavior,nest site selection,incubation rhythm,winter social behavior,diet and other natural history characteristics of this species.With the aid of landscape ecological methods,we also analyze the condition of habitat fragmentation and propose suggestions for conservation.

A Comparison between Chinese and Western Culture

Different countries have different cultures. Understanding the differences between Chinese and western culture will help us to communicate with each other better. From three aspects, this paper mainly compares the differences between Chinese and western culture.

Application regularity of medicinal and dietary substances for patients during COVID-19 rehabilitation

Objective This study focused on the application regularity of medicinal and dietary sub-stances(MDS)of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)diet therapy during rehabilitation,in order to help patients with Corona Virus Disease 2019(COVID-19)reduce sequelae and improve their life quality.Methods The official websites of the national and provincial health committees,the website of the National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine,the China BioMedical Literature Database(CBM),China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),China Science and Technology Journal Database(VIP),and Wanfang Database were used to search the keywords,such as“coronavirus”“novel coronavirus pneumonia”“COVID-19”“protocol”“guideline”“consensus”and“rehabilitation period”.The search time was from the establishment of databases to July 31,2022.The prevention and control protocols of various provinces and cities were manually supplemented and screened out.The information on the frequency,property,flavor,meridian tropism,and efficacy of MDS was collected for association rule analysis through the Apriori algorithm.Hierarchical cluster analysis was performed using the Euclidean distance and longest distance.Results A total of 18 protocols were screened out,including 56 lists of TCM diet therapy,and 47 kinds of MDS with a frequency of 132 times during the rehabilitation of COVID-19.Among them,six lists of diet therapy were collected from national websites,26 from local government websites,and 24 from social and academic institution websites.The intended population can be divided into seven categories including normal recovery,lung-spleen Qi deficiency,deficiency of both Qi and Yin,spleen-stomach weakness,deficiency of Yang Qi,kidney Qi deficiency,and blood deficiency.Shanyao(Dioscoreae Rhizoma)and Lianzi(Nelumbinis Semen),followed by Dazao(Jujubae Fructus)were used most commonly in MDS,with mainly flat property,sweet flavor,and spleen and lung meridians in meridian tropism.Besides,deficiency-tonifying drugs were commonly used in MDS.Through association rule analysis,12 groups of association MDS pairs were obtained.The pair of Yiyiren(Coicis Semen)and Chenpi(Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium)had the highest Lift value,and Yiyiren(Coicis Semen)was used most frequently in the MDS category for eliminating pathogenic factors.The results of complex network analysis showed that the core MDS were Yiyiren(Coicis Semen),Shanyao(Dioscoreae Rhizoma),Huangqi(Astragali Radix),Fuling(Poria),and Dazao(Jujubae Fructus).Three core categories were classified by cluster analysis,including the category of strengthening spleen,nourishing kidney,and grasping Qi,the category of removing phlegm,abating panting,and regulating Qi,and the category of strengthening the middle-energizer and reinforcing Qi.Conclusion Based on the TCM theory,most patients during the rehabilitation of COVID-19 are in a state of lingering pathogens due to deficient vital Qi.TCM diet therapy is based on the principle of“giving both reinforcing and reducing treatment”,and the MDS combinations focus on both reinforcing the health Qi and eliminating pathogenic factors.The diet therapy mainly uses the MDS with flat property and sweet flavor,which belongs to deficiency-tonifying drugs,adding suitable MDS of pathogen-eliminating drugs according to different situations.The ultimate goal is to promote lung inflammation absorption,improve pulmonary fibrosis,increase immunity,reduce the occurrence of sequelae,and improve life quality.

中华传统营养学学科体系构建

用中华传统语言表达,营养是人类通过脾胃运化饮食物中的水谷精微物质,濡养机体的五脏六腑、四肢百骸,以维持生命活动的过程。中华传统营养学是在中医药理论指导下,研究人体营养规律以及改善措施的科学。其发展历经周代初具雏形、春秋战国时期理论初步形成、唐朝发展、宋元兴盛、明清成熟、近现代相对完善阶段。其研究内容包括基本理论、养疗原料、养疗食品、养疗方法及实践应用等部分。中华传统营养学学科体系应由中华传统营养基础理论、原料学、膳食方学、膳食工艺学、公共营养学及临床营养学等构成,六大分支学科共同构成其“理、法、方、食”完整的学科体系。

基于古籍挖掘的糖尿病中医食疗方调制规律研究

目的 探究糖尿病中医食疗方的调制规律,为糖尿病的临床辨证施食和食疗研究提供参考。方法 收集《中医方剂大辞典》《中医食疗方全录》《中国药膳大辞典》三本纸版古籍中收载的糖尿病食疗方,提取方名、组成、剂型等信息,应用SPSS 26.0进行频数分析及聚类分析,采用SPSS Modeler 18.0开展食物配伍关联分析。结果 共纳入食疗方264首,涉及191种食物。古代糖尿病中医食疗方多用补虚类(47.91%)食药物质及保健食品药材,清热类(11.84%)次之;多以平性(36.65%)、温性(31.41%)为主;味多甘味(55.38%);归经则以脾经(18.99%)、肾经(17.51%)、胃经(16.46%)、肺经(15.40%)居多;汤剂为常见剂型(32.58%);五谷类食物使用较多(25.25%);其主治证型以气阴亏虚(32.07%)为主。结论 古代医家重视由调治中焦入手,灵活应用中医食疗方调治糖尿病,讲究补虚辅以清热利湿,善于理气和中祛湿化浊,妙用“温”品,遵循辨证原则,选材多味,组方多样,为临床进行中医食疗干预糖尿病提供了有益借鉴与思路启发。

绵阳市部分养老机构工作人员中医养生食疗知信行现状调查与分析

目的调查养老机构工作人员对中医养生食疗知信行现状,为在养老机构大力开展中医养生食疗服务提供参考。方法于2023年5月,采用方便抽样抽取四川省绵阳市养老机构工作人员370名作为调查对象,采用自编《养老机构工作人员中医养生食疗知信行调查问卷》进行中医养生食疗知信行调查与分析。结果共收回有效问卷355份;养老机构工作人员对中医养生食疗知识、态度、行为得分分别为(12.45±2.62)分、(35.23±3.78)分、(20.31±5.37)分;多元线性回归模型分析结果显示,养老机构工作人员的文化程度、所在机构地区是其对中医养生食疗知识掌握程度的影响因素,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);文化程度、所在机构地区是其对中医养生食疗态度的影响因素,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);性别、所在机构地区是其对中医养生食疗行为的影响因素,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论养老机构工作人员的中医养生食疗信念较为积极,但知识水平和应用行为还有待提高,建议加强中医养生食疗相关知识学习和实践训练,并加强相关标准规范建设和就业政策支持力度。

食俗药膳中的中医药文化

中医药膳作为和日常饮食最紧密相连又实用可行的预防、养生、防治老年病的重要方式,其传承和发展尤为关键。“药可入膳、食亦可为药”,药食同源于自然,药食同功对人体,药食同理在性味。而中药炮制与食材烹饪亦有诸多相似之处,中医药文化与饮食文化存在着高度的相似性和相关性。文章从日常生活中较为常见的节日饮食、礼仪食俗、药食来源、传说故事、用药宜忌、名人饮食等方面探讨了药膳食俗与中医药文化的共通之处。

孕早期营养干预结合中医体质辩证预防高风险妊娠期糖尿病孕妇的不良妊娠结局

目的:评估营养干预结合中医体质辩证对孕早期高风险孕妇妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)的发生、孕期膳食质量及母婴结局的影响。方法:选择2022年12月1日至2023年3月30日在乌鲁木齐市妇幼保健院产科建档的孕早期(孕周≤14周)GDM高风险孕妇298例为研究对象,随机分为干预组(149例)和对照组(149例)。在孕14~23^(+6)周,对干预组孕妇进行中医体质化营养干预,对照组进行常规指导和健康饮食宣教。比较两组在孕24~28周GDM的发生率,采用Logistic回归法和似然比检验对孕早期营养干预结合中医体质与GDM风险之间关系进行亚组分析;比较两组在孕32~36周,干预后的膳食情况、生化指标和分娩结局。结果:①干预组GDM的发生率明显低于对照组(14.09%vs.23.49%,P<0.05),中医体质化营养干预的方式对GDM风险概率的影响仅在孕期体质量增加(GWG)不同范围的孕妇中差异有统计学意义(P=0.018),其中GWG低于建议范围内的孕妇,干预降低了GDM的发生风险(OR 0.27,95%CI 0.10~0.68,P=0.008)。②干预后,干预组孕妇膳食平衡指数评价指标优于对照组(P<0.05),干预组孕晚期孕妇在谷薯类、蔬菜、饮水量摄入方面高于对照组(P<0.05)。③干预组孕妇孕晚期甘油三酯、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白、糖化血红蛋白、尿酸和肌酐水平均低于对照组(P<0.05),GWG、分娩孕周、低出生体质量儿率、新生儿1分钟Apgar评分均优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:孕早期营养干预结合中医体质辨识,能够显著降低高风险孕妇GDM的发生和低出生体质量儿的几率,产科门诊可积极开展与中医科、临床营养科的广泛合作,以降低母胎的不良妊娠结局。

赵孟頫书札中的医事

[目的]挖掘宋元时期艺术家赵孟頫尺牍书札中的医事活动。[方法]以历史文献学考据法和文本分析法,参考现有文献资料,根据年代顺序对书札进行排序,总结归纳其中有关中医中药的内容,分析推测赵孟頫患不同病时相应的病因、药方和疗效,以及当时的社会医疗习惯;通过书札中记载的赵孟頫与亲友间的人际交往和人情往来,探究宋元时期士大夫阶层和统治者对医学的态度。[结果]赵孟頫生前多次患病,其本人具有优秀的医学素养,不但能够依据疾病症状自行诊断开方,也会给亲友以用药建议,而且他与亲友之间交流经验药方,互相赠送养生药食,许多是药食同源之物,其药方大都源自官修医书,从侧面印证了宋元人民会通过食疗来预防和治疗疾病,展现了儒生士大夫阶层习医亲医的社会风尚和统治者重医的政治态度。[结论]赵孟頫的尺牍书札,作为实物史料,为中医中药文化的研究提供了新的切入口。

医学生膳食质量评价及其影响因素分析

目的了解医学生的营养膳食摄入情况,评价其膳食质量,并分析可能的影响因素。方法招募复旦大学上海医学院在读学生,采用7 d 24 h膳食记录法,收集日常饮食摄入数据。通过比较实际摄入量与指南推荐摄入量的差异,计算中国健康饮食指数(Chinese Healthy Eating Index,CHEI)得分,综合评价学生膳食质量。采用因子分析提取膳食模式。依据CHEI得分将研究对象分为高分组和低分组,利用二元Logistic回归确定膳食质量的影响因素。结果最终纳入221名研究对象,平均能量摄入为(2057.02±501.87)kcal/d,其中80%的能量摄入来自校内食堂。产能营养素碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪的供能比分别为48.90%、16.55%、36.07%。CHEI总分中位数为67.55分,薯类、蔬菜、水果、乳制品、水产品、坚果条目分低于该条目总分的60%,膳食结构存在不合理。处于研究生阶段(OR=0.53,95%Cl:0.28~0.98)和不合理的理想体重期望(OR=0.37,95%Cl:0.17~0.81)的学生CHEI总分较低,水果-奶制品膳食模式(OR=8.20,95%Cl:3.39~19.84)、薯类-蔬菜膳食模式(OR=3.41,95%Cl:1.58~7.32)和校内就餐率低(OR=1.92,95%Cl:1.02~3.59)的学生CHEI总分较高。结论复旦大学上海医学院在读学生的总能量摄入水平较为理想,脂肪供能比较高,膳食结构不尽合理,整体膳食质量有待提高。学生的膳食质量主要受到学历、体重期望和膳食模式的共同影响。

昆布香橼马齿苋固体饮料联合低脂饮食对高脂血症(痰浊内阻证)的效果研究

目的 研究昆布香橼马齿苋固体饮料对高脂血症(痰浊内阻证)的临床效果。方法 选取北京市平谷区医院于2022年10月—2023年8月收治的50例高脂血症患者为研究对象,用随机数表法分为观察组(昆布香橼马齿苋固体饮料联合低脂饮食,25例)与对照组(低脂饮食,25例),对比两组患者的血脂水平、降低胆固醇效果、不良反应发生率。结果 治疗后,观察组血清总胆固醇(Total Cholesterol,TC)低于对照组,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(High Density Lipoprotein-cholesterol,HDL-C)、降低胆固醇总有效率均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。两组患者不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 昆布香橼马齿苋固体饮料可以改善高脂血症(痰浊内阻证)的血清总胆固醇和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇。