Effects of IBA on the rooting of branch cuttings of Chinese jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill.) and changes to nutrients and endogenous hormones

‘Zhongqiusucui’ jujube secondary shoots were treated with 3-indolebutyric acid(IBA) at three concentrations, 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/L. Results show that IBA could significantly enhance rooting and root characteristics of cuttings and were best with IBA at 1500 mg/L. In the rooting process, the formation of adventitious roots was related to the consumption and accumulation of nutrients(soluble sugars and proteins) and the changes in endogenous hormones in phloem, leaf tips and leaf bases. The rooting of cuttings had a positive correlation with the consumption of soluble sugars during the period of callus formation and with the accumulation of soluble sugars during adventitious root formation and growth. Rooting was positively related to the breakdown of soluble proteins in the phloem when the callus formed, and had a positive correlation with its accumulation during adventitious root formation and growth. Leaf tips and leaf bases showed a reverse trend in changes of soluble protein. However, together with the phloem, leaf tips and leaf bases regulated and controlled the formation and development of adventitious roots. The main activities of soluble proteins exist in the leaf tips as this was the main source of soluble proteins. The relation between rooting and IAA(indole-3-acetic acid) content in phloem was positive and thus a high concentration of IAA could benefit the induction and formation of adventitious roots. However, rooting was negatively related with ABA(abscisic acid) and GA(gibberellic acid) and a high concentration of both could inhibit the induction and formation of adventitious roots. Rooting had a positive correlation with phloem IAA/ABA ratios, and higher ratios could improve rooting. Low concentrations of ZR(zeatin riboside) triggered the induction of adventitious roots, while higher concentrations promoted root growth.Endogenous hormones in leaf tips and bases had an impact on rooting. The activities of endogenous hormones mainly existed in leaf tips because they play a major role in the production and consumption of IAA and its ABA content increased during rooting. The ZR in leaf tips influenced the rooting of cuttings, especially in the callus formation and rooting stage. Leaf tips were the main source of GA.

GST family genes in jujube actively respond to phytoplasma infection

Jujube witches’broom(JWB)caused by phytoplasma has a severely negative effect on multiple metabolisms in jujube.The GST gene family in plants participates in the regulation of a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses.This study aims to identify and reveal the changes in the jujube GST gene family in response to phytoplasma infection.Here,70 ZjGSTs were identified in the jujube genome and divided into 8 classes.Among them,the Tau-class,including 44 genes,was the largest.Phylogenetic analysis indicated that Tau-class genes were highly conserved among species,such as Arabidopsis,cotton,chickpea,and rice.Through chromosome location analysis,37.1%of genes were clustered,and 8 of 9 gene clusters were composed of Tau class members.Through RT-PCR,qRT-PCR and enzyme activity detection,the results showed that the expression of half(20/40)of the tested ZjGSTs was inhibited by phytoplasma infection in field and tissue culture conditions,and GST activity was also significantly reduced.In the resistant and susceptible varieties under phytoplasma infection,ZjGSTU49-ZjGSTU54 in the cluster IV showed opposite expression patterns,which may be due to functional divergence during evolution.Some upregulated genes(ZjGSTU45,ZjGSTU49,ZjGSTU59,and ZjGSTU70)might be involved in the process of jujube against JWB.The yeast two-hybrid results showed that all 6 Tauclass proteins tested could form homodimers or heterodimers.Overall,the comprehensive analysis of the jujube GST gene family revealed that ZjGSTs responded actively to phytoplasma infection.Furthermore,some screened genes(ZjGSTU24,ZjGSTU49-52,ZjGSTU70,and ZjDHAR10)will contribute to further functional studies of jujube-phytoplasma interactions.

Oxidation Resistance of Flavonoids in Chinese Jujube Stone

[Objective] The aim was to study on the oxidation resistance of flavonoids in Chinese jujube stone. [Method] The extract of flavonoids from Chinese jujube stone was added to fresh rapeseed oil and lard to explore the oxidation resistance of flavonoids; the removal rates of it to O2-·,DPPH· and ·OH were also studied. [Result] The flavonoids from Chinese jujube stone had good oxidation resistance on rapeseed oil and lard,and the effects showed dose-dependent; citric acid and vitamin C appeared synergistic effects to the flavonoids; in free-radical reaction experiment,the flavonoids from Chinese Jujube stone also showed strong scavenging ability on O2-·,DPPH· and ·OH,in addition,the scavenging ability increased with concentration increasing. [Conclusion] The result of this study had provided theoretical basis for the further development and utilization of Chinese jujube resource.

Genome-wide identification and analysis of the DREB genes and their expression profiles under abiotic stresses in Chinese jujube(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)

CBF/DREB proteins play a critical role in abiotic stress-mediated gene expression and represent attractive regulons for plant breeding programs.However,no study has been conducted for CBF/DREB protein-related genes in jujube(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.).In this study,twenty-five ZjDREB genes were identified and annotated from the jujube(Z.jujuba‘Dongzao’)genome.Detailed analysis,including gene classification,annotation,phylogenetic evaluation,conserved motif determination and expression profiling were performed on all genes.Phylogenetic analysis showed that ZjDREB proteins were divided into five subgroups(A1–A5),but lacking a subgroup A6 corresponding to AtDREBs.The ZjDREB genes were distributed in nine of twelve chromosomes in the genome.Additionally,the expression patterns of the DREB genes under different abiotic stresses were investigated using q RT-PCR.Nineteen ZjDREB genes were down-regulated under low temperature,in contrast six ZjDREB genes(01,03,05,11,23 and 24)were up-regulated.Under drought,salinity and high temperature conditions,expression of ZjDREB03,09,10,14,15,17 and 20 genes were induced and showed similar expression patterns,suggesting that various stress conditions share common elements in the signaling pathway.The results suggest that the family of DREB genes play an important role in abiotic stresses in jujube,and provide a foundation for further functional studies of this important class of transcriptional regulators.

Phenolic compounds and its antioxidant activities in ethanolic extracts from seven cultivars of Chinese jujube

Phenolic compounds and its antioxidant activity of extracts from seven cultivars of Chinese jujubes were investigated by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)with standards and different antioxidant evaluation methods,such as phosphomolybdenum assay,superoxide radical scavenging activity(SRSA),hydroxyl radical scavenging activity(HRSA),antihemolytic activity and inhibition of lipid peroxidation in rat liver homogenate,respectively.The results showed the components of the extracts are comprised of total phenols and flavonoids,and its content ranges from 454.3 to 1298.9(GAE mg/100 g dry weight).Phlorizin,catechin,gallic acid,chlorogenic acid,caffeic acid were the predominant phenolic compounds.All the extracts had significant antioxidant activities either in vitro or in vivo.Correlation analysis indicated that the antioxidant capacities of Chinese jujube extracts demonstrated a good positive relationship with some phenolic acids,which was higher in Xiao and Goutou.The results indicated that Xiao and Goutou could be attributed to a potential source of natural antioxidants for food applications.

Effect of Nitric Oxide on Alcoholic Fermentation and Qualities of Chinese Winter Jujube During Storage

This article investigates the effects of nitric oxide （NO） on alcoholic fermentation and the qualities of Chinese Winter Jujube during storage, and explores the action mechanisms of browning and softening of fruits to provide theoretical proofs for using NO in the storage of Chinese Winter Jujube. Chinese Winter Jujube fruits were fumigated with different concentrations of NO gas （0, 10, 20, 30 μL L^-1） under anaerobic conditions and stored at 22±1℃ and 4± 1℃. The changes in appearance qualities, the contents of pyruvate, ethanol, acetaldehyde, and the activities of alcohol dehydrogenase （ADH） and lactate dehydrogenase （LDH） were investigated. The contents of pyruvate, ethanol, and acetaldehyde were significantly reduced, and the peak of pyruvate content was delayed by 20 μL L^-1 NO. The activities of ADH and LDH in 20 μL L^-1 NO treated fruits were also significantly inhibited. However, the alcoholic fermentation and softening of Chinese Winter Jujube fruits were promoted by 30 μL L^-1 NO during storage. The results indicated that 20 μL L^-1 NO could mitigate the injury of ethanol on Chinese Winter Jujube and effectively delay the browning and softening of fruits during storage.

Study on the Quality Control of Chinese Jujube Wine Fermentation

Fermentation processes were studied, with an aim of improving the quality of Chinesejujube wine. Results showed the quality of the wine made from fresh Chinese jujube anddried Chinese jujube were similar, but wine made from excessively dried Chinese jujubeshowed decreased quality. The reducing sugar content in Chinese jujube juice extractedby pectic enzymes was higher than the reducing sugar content extracted by hot water,however, methanol content in wine extracted by pectic enzymes also increased. Thereforethe hot water extraction method is recommended for fermentation of Chinese jujube wine.Fermentation using vacuum concentrated Chinese jujube juice was more effective than thatusing filtered juice readjusted to 20% soluble solid content (SSC) with sucrose orglucose. The inoculation of 0.3% Saccharomyces ellipsodieus Strain was suitable forfermentation of Chinese jujube wine. Fermentation was carried out at 21-25℃. Theconcentration of SO2 in wine affected fermentation time and the optimum additional amountwas 40 mg L-1. Post fermentation storage in oak barrel improved the quality of Chinesejujube wine, as did 4.5% diatomite filtration.

Intellectual Property Protection and New Development Pattern Construction of Xinjiang Jujube

"Three new developments"is the guiding ideology of Chinese-style high-quality development in the new era.Jujube(Zizyphus jujube Mill.)is a plant of Zizyphus of Rhamnaceae,which originated in China and has been listed as one of the"five fruits"since ancient times.Xinjiang is the most important jujube producing area in China,and its yield has accounted for 50%of the national jujube yield.In the five prefectures and cities of southern Xinjiang,as well as the regimental farms of southern and eastern Xinjiang of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps,the jujube industry is an advantageous characteristic industry in agriculture.This paper studied Xinjiang jujube industry and its agricultural intellectual property resources,analyzed six major issues to be further implemented,such as the"three new developments"thinking and the strategy of building an intellectual property power,and puts forward eight strategies such as coordinating the two markets and two resources to accelerate the construction of a new development pattern and dual circulation of jujube.

枣树(Zizyphus jujuba Mill.)叶片内氮素贮藏和循环利用的研究

金丝小枣秋季叶施^(15)N-尿素后,研究了氮素在其体内的贮藏部位、形态及循环利用情况。结果表明,幼树秋季叶弛的^(15)N可以输送到树体的各器官,地上部和根系在贮藏氮素上有同等重要的作用,根系可以利用来自叶片的氮供其生长。枣树春季生长先利用地上部贮藏的氮,而叶片回流的氮则优先用于梢、叶、花的形成。成年树分配到花的氮的比例较幼树大。秋季在成年树枣股叶片施用^(15)N-尿素,次年该枣股中的`(15)N量高于其上、下邻近枣股,表现局部贮藏局部优先利用的特点。氮素有较长时期重复利用的效应,重复利用的氮主要来自叶片。

酸枣 (Zizyphus jujuba Mill)组织培养结合^(60)Co- γ射线辐照诱发突变株(英文)

建立了酸枣离体组织培养结合 6 0 Co γ射线辐照获得突变株的技术。 (1)酸枣叶片外植体在含有ZEA 1mg L ,2 ,4 D 0 .5mg L和NAA0 .5mg L的MS培养基上诱导愈伤组织 :经 6 0 Co γ射线辐照后在含有ZEA 1mg L和NAA0 .5 mg L的MS培养基上诱导幼苗 ;(2 )试管苗用 2 0～ 30Gy6 0 Co γ射线辐照后 ,在BAP 2mg L和IBA 0 .4mg L的MS培养基上进行不定苗繁殖。 (3)不定苗在含有IBA 1mg L和IAA0 .4mg L的MS培养基上生根。此外 ,用 2 0 0～ 4 5 0Gy6 0 Co γ射线辐照种仁 ,也能获得突变株。

Effects of Edible Coatings on Quality and Antioxidant Activity of Zizyphus Jujuba Miller cv. Dongzao During Storage

The development of edible coatings has been lauded with respect to their safety and effectiveness. In this study, we researched the effects of edible coatings (2% CaCl2, 1% chitosan and 1% pullulan) on the nutrient content and antioxidant abilities of jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Miller cv. Dongzao). Using the new analysis technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS), we evaluated the effects of these coatings. Compared with the control fruit group, test results showed that coating treatment significantly delayed fruit senescence. Specifically, CaCl2treatment not only maintained fruit storage quality and antioxidant activity but also restrained the production and accumulation of malondialdehyde in jujube. Chitosan treatment delayed decreases in secondary metabolites and superoxide dismutase and catalase activity. Pullulan coatings performed better in terms of proanthocyanidin and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). We also used TOPSIS to evaluate the preservation effect of different film coatings and found 2% CaCl2to be the best treatment for jujube, followed by 1% chitosan and 1% pullulan. Based on the appropriate materials and concentration of the film coatings, edible coatings have the potential to retain the quality and antioxidant capacity of the Chinese jujube cv. Dongzao. © 2016, Tianjin University and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Effect of pre-treatments on drying characteristics of Chinese jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Miller)

Chinese jujube is delicious and nourishing fruit.However,fresh Chinese jujube is liable to rot and drying is a necessary process.Traditional drying is a time-consuming task due to the thick cuticle of Chinese jujube.To improve its drying efficiency,fresh Chinese jujube was pretreated with nine different methods prior to hot-air drying.Among these methods,dipping in 2%ethyl oleate plus 5%K_(2)CO_(3) for 10 min(alkaline emulsion of ethyl oleate,AEEO)was recommended for its time-saving effect,which was found more significant at lower drying temperatures.The beneficial effect was considered based on its cuticle destruction by AEEO pre-treatment.In the meantime,the drying process was divided into three stages;each of them obeyed the first order reaction kinetics.Activation energies for the first,second and third stages of control over jujube drying were 41.45 kJ/mol,35.24 kJ/mol and 49.52 kJ/mol,and reduced by 20.9%,22.1%and 29.0%,respectively,after AEEO pre-treatment,and the drying process was well predicted by Midilli et al.model.In view of browning during drying at higher temperatures,AEEO pretreated jujube was suggested to be dried at 60°C.This finding was considered to be helpful to the industrial drying of Chinese jujube.

枣(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)品种结实特性研究

对河北省沧县枣种质资源圃124个和山西果树研究所国家枣种质资源圃156个枣品种(品系)在自花授粉和自然授粉条件下的结实及种仁发育情况进行了调查。结果表明,供试品种自然授粉和自花授粉条件下的平均结实率(结果数/100枣吊)分别为37.06%、20.63%,变幅分别为4.17%～175.00%、0%～163.64%,平均可育率(含仁果实/果实总数×100%)分别为12.10%、3.07%,变幅均为0%～100%;自花结实率和自然结实率极显著正相关,相关系数0.597;供试枣品种可分成自花不实异花可实不育、自花不实异花可育、自花异花均可实不育、自花可实不育异花可育、自花异花都可育等5种结实类型,分别占总品种数的10.27%、16.06%、45.19%、17.15%、11.33%;筛选出稳定表现自花不实或自花可实不育而异花授粉可育率高且种仁饱满的品种2个(小枣4、小墩墩枣),种仁较饱满的5个(洪赵十月红、广东白枣、大荔圆枣、小枣25、圆铃枣),利用这些品种做母本进行杂交育种时可省略去雄程序,有效解决因枣花小去雄难的问题;蛤蟆枣、团枣、无核小枣、马牙枣、核桃纹等自花不实而异花可实的品种,在栽植时应配置授粉树。

Immunomodulatory effect of a formula developed from American ginseng and Chinese jujube extracts in mice

Background： American ginseng（Panax quinquefolius L.） and Chinese jujube（Zizyphus jujuba Mill.） are commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine to enhance immune function. Objective： The present study aimed to develop one Chinese prescription, Shenzao Cha（SZC）, consisting of American ginseng and Chinese jujube, and systematically investigate its immunomodulation in healthy ICR mice. Methods： Normal ICR mice received intragastric administration of SZC（1.3, 2.6, and 5.2 g raw material/kg body weight） once daily for four weeks, while a control group received the same amount of sterile water. Results： SZC significantly increased the spleen and thymus indices and T-lymphocyte proliferation, while the T-lymphocyte proliferation in the 5.2 g/kg group was 1.4-fold higher than that in the control. Further, 1.3 g/kg SZC could markedly improve hemolytic activity by 25.2%, and 2.6 g/kg SZC increased the NK cell activity by 78.6% relative to the control. In addition, the activities of antioxidant enzymes（superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase）, that participated in modulating oxidative stress, were significantly increased in the liver, spleen, thymus, and serum, while the contents of malondialdehyde were dramatically decreased. Conclusions： SZC exhibited potent immunomodulatory effects on innate and adaptive immunity in healthy ICR mice, as well as potential antioxidant activity for prevention of oxidative stress, which was suggested to partly contribute to the immune enhancement.

Combining bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity profiling provide insights into assessment of geographical features of Chinese jujube

As the largest jujube cultivating areas of the world,the market price and quality of Chinese jujube are obviously affected by its producing regions in China.Therefore,traceability of Chinese jujube has become an important issue.To search the suitable geographical labels of Chinese jujube,26 major cultivars from five geographical regions of China were investigated by evaluating their bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity profiling.Multivariate statistical techniques(e,g.,PCA,PLS,VIP value)applied to the above-obtained data were further used to identify geographical origin in different areas of Chinese jujube.The results indicated that the highest median contents of total phenols(TP)and flavonoids(TF)of Chinese jujube were originated from Ningxia and Henan provinces,both of which also exhibited the stronger bioactivity.p-Hydroxybenzoic acid and rutin exhibited the highest contents among the all detected individual phenolic compounds.The highest median contents of cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP),cyclic guanosine monophosphate(cGMP)and polysaccharides were all found in Chinese jujube samples of Xinjiang province.In particular,p-hydroxybenzoic acid,rutin,cAMP,cGMP and polysaccharides can be regarded as the potential biomarkers in distinguishing the geographical origin of Chinese jujube.Additionally,the high altitude and latitude might be benefit for the accumulation of cAMP,cGMP and polysaccharides(primary metabolites),and high longitude and annual precipitation maybe improve the contents of TP and TF(secondary metabolites).These information could provide an effective methods in distinguishing the geographical features of Chinese jujube,and also be benefit for the products development.

枣幼胚培养后代新品种晚脆蜜的选育

晚脆蜜是六月鲜枣品种的控制杂交后代经幼胚培养技术选育而成的鲜食枣新品种。该品种树体矮化,树冠紧凑,枣头枝节间短,适宜密植栽培。果实长椭圆形,果型较大,平均单果质量为14.7 g。果实硬度大,肉质致密,耐贮性较强。鲜枣可食率95.20%,可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)为28.4%,总糖含量27.5%,酸含量0.383%,维生素C含量3580 mg·kg^(-1)。在山西太谷地区,4月中旬开始萌芽,6月上旬进入盛花期,9月下旬果实成熟,果实生育期110 d左右,属于晚熟类型。早果丰产性能较强,2~3年生枝的枣吊平均结果1.0个,3~5年生树产量6250 kg·hm^(-2)。果实抗裂果能力强,裂果率仅为3.8%。该品种是一个树体矮化、早果丰产、抗裂耐贮、晚熟优质的鲜食品种,具有良好的产业发展前景。

不同水肥条件对枣树生长和结实的影响

【目的】探究枣树生长与结实的适宜水肥条件,以期为太行山区鲜食枣月光和冬枣水肥管理提供参考。【方法】以河北农业大学-阜平现代枣业综合试验站月光和冬枣为材料,2021—2022年调查低水肥处理(每666.7 m^(2)年滴灌水10 t,水溶肥A 15 kg,水溶肥B 15 kg)、中水肥处理(每666.7 m^(2)年滴灌水12 t,水溶肥A 20 kg,水溶肥B 25 kg)、高水肥处理(每666.7 m^(2)年滴灌水14 t,水溶肥A 25 kg,水溶肥B 40 kg)和对照(CK,不施水肥)4种水肥条件对枣枝叶生长、开花和果实品质的影响。【结果】水肥条件对两个品种枣吊长度无显著影响。月光高水肥和冬枣中水肥处理后对新生枣头数、枣头长度、枣头二次枝长、枣吊花序数和枣吊成花数的促进作用最明显。中高水肥处理条件下,月光果实营养物质含量整体较高,而冬枣中水肥处理果实品质最佳。与对照比较,随着水肥量的增多,总体上两个品种叶片中N、P、K、Mg元素含量增多,Ca元素含量随水肥量的增多而减少。【结论】在太行山区月光和冬枣两个鲜食枣品种实施滴灌系统水肥管理中,应分别采用高、中水肥供应。

红枣多糖的提取工艺优化研究

红枣是新疆的主要干果之一,是膳食多糖的重要来源。为优化红枣多糖的提取条件,以新疆红枣为原料,通过单因素试验分析料液比、超声时间、水浴温度及水浴时间对红枣多糖得率的影响,并以多糖得率为响应值,进行响应面优化试验,最终确定红枣多糖最佳提取条件为:料液比1∶30(g/mL),超声时间20 min,水浴温度70℃,水浴时间3 h,该条件下红枣多糖得率为3.12%。研究结果为进一步利用红枣资源、开发健康产品奠定基础。

枣树novel-miR16靶基因ZjTCP4鉴定及生物信息学分析

TCPs转录因子主要通过调节细胞增殖和植物激素途径来调控植物器官发生和形态构型,探究枣树ZjTCP4转录因子的序列特征及其表达特性,以期为TCP转录因子响应干旱胁迫的机理研究提供参考,也可以为后续对枣树分子育种奠定基础。novel-miR16的二级结构具有miRNA典型的发夹结构,为枣树miR319家族成员;靶基因ZjTCP4的降解位点多数都在novel-miR16结合位点的第10和11个核苷酸的位置;生物信息学分析表明,ZjTCP4基因的全长cDNA序列为1386 bp,预测编码452个氨基酸的多肽,预测编码蛋白的等电点(pI)为6.51,分子量为49091.55 u;应该是一个膜内或膜外蛋白,为非分泌性蛋白,为亲水性蛋白质,定位于细胞核;枣树ZjTCP4基因编码的氨基酸序列与拟南芥AtTCP4最为相似,与拟南芥AtTCP17,AtTCP 18和AtTCP 12的相似性也较高;枣树novel-miR16在响应干旱胁迫的过程中上调表达,而其靶基因ZjTCP4在干旱胁迫下下调表达。枣树novel-miR16通过靶向调控ZjTCP4转录因子响应干旱胁迫,干旱胁迫下枣树novel-miR16的上调表达导致靶基因ZjTCP4(CCG006181)下调表达来提高枣树的耐旱性。

酸枣新品种“长丰”的选育

“长丰”酸枣是从辽宁省朝阳地区众多野生酸枣中经过结实丰产性、特异性、稳定性、一致性及抗逆性等综合评价选育而成。果实圆柱形,熟时浅红色,硬质者深红色至暗红色,平均纵径20.40 cm,平均横径16.21 cm,果味甜酸,平均单果质量2.87 g,可食率92.00%,可溶性固形物含量32.00%,总酸含量3.48%,总糖含量28.32%。平均单核质量0.23 g、平均纵径10.38 mm、平均横径6.84 mm,平均单仁质量0.047 g。出仁率20.91%,双仁率28.00%,药食兼用。“长丰”酸枣平均果实产量为普通酸枣的2倍。