Identification of Polysaccharides from Chinese Yam(Dioscoreae opposite “Qi”) by Infrared Spectroscopy

In this study, the structure of polysaccharides from Chinese yam （Dioscoreae opposite ＂Qi＂） was analyzed and identified by infrared spectroscopy within an infrared spectral range of 400-4 000 cm^-1, Characteristic absorption peaks were observed at 840 cm^-1 （α-glucosidic bond）, 759.21 cm^-1 （xylose）, 830.87 cm^-1 （rhamnose）, 812.81 cm^-1, 876.60 cm^-1 （mannose） and 842.64 cm^-1 （arabinose） in infrared spectra of polysaccharides from D. opposite ＂Qi＂, indicating that D. opposite ＂Qi＂ polysaccharides exist mainly in the form of α-glucosidic bonds, including xylose, rhamnose, mannose and arabinose. The experimental results could provide the basis for quantitative analysis, development and application of polysaccharides from D. opposite ＂Qi＂.

Effect of Different Concentrations of Pesticide-Imidacloprid on the Main Secondary Metabolites of Fruit and Polysaccharide of Chinese Wolfberry

[Objective] The aim was to seek the appropriate utilization methods for imidacloprid pesticide in the production of Chinese wolfberry,as well as to provide scientific basis for the rational use of imidacloprid pesticide. [Method] The effect of different concentrations and spraying times of 10% WP of imidacloprid on the main secondary metabolites such as carotenoid and flavone,as well as the polysaccharide and total sugar content was studied in field. [Result] The effect of different concentrations of imidacloprid on the secondary metabolites and the content of polysaccharide of Chinese wolfberry was significant. After imidacloprid spraying,the contents of flavone,polysaccharide and total sugar on the 1st,7th and 14th d showed increasing trend,while the content of carotenoid showed decreasing trend. With the dilution times increasing,the content of the flavone,polysaccharide and total sugar showed increasing trend,while the content of carotenoid decreased,in which the highest content of the secondary metabolites and polysaccharide appeared in 1 800 times. [Conclusion] The dilution ratio of 1 800 times should be selected as the appropriate dosage of 10% WP of imidacloprid.

Research Progress on the Antitumor Effect of Polysaccharides from Fungus Used in Traditional Chinese Medicine

Cancer is a serious threat to human health.Fungal polysaccharide is a polar biological macromolecule with low toxicity.It has a wide range of biological activities,including immune regulation,antitumor activity,and antiviral activity.In recent years,the research results have shown that polysaccharides from fungus in traditional Chinese medicine have excellent antitumor effect in liver cancer,gastric cancer,breast cancer,colon cancer,esophageal cancer,and lung cancer.Therefore,the research and development of fungal polysaccharides are of great significance for the development of antitumor drugs in the future.

Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Combined with Absorbance Upper Optimization Partial Least Squares Applied to Rapid Analysis of Polysaccharide for Proprietary Chinese Medicine Oral Solution

Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was applied to reagent-free quantitative analysis of polysaccharide of a brand product of proprietary Chinese medicine (PCM) oral solution samples. A novel method, called absorbance upper optimization partial least squares (AUO-PLS), was proposed and successfully applied to the wavelength selection. Based on varied partitioning of the calibration and prediction sample sets, the parameter optimization was performed to achieve stability. On the basis of the AUO-PLS method, the selected upper bound of appropriate absorbance was 1.53 and the corresponding wavebands combination was 400 - 1880 & 2088 - 2346 nm. With the use of random validation samples excluded from the modeling process, the root-mean-square error and correlation coefficient of prediction for polysaccharide were 27.09 mg·L-1 and 0.888, respectively. The results indicate that the NIR prediction values are close to those of the measured values. NIR spectroscopy combined with AUO-PLS method provided a promising tool for quantification of the polysaccharide for PCM oral solution and this technique is rapid and simple when compared with conventional methods.

Lycium barbarum polysaccharides promotes in vivo proliferation of adult rat retinal progenitor cells

Lycium barbarum is a widely used Chinese herbal medicine prescription for protection of optic nerve.However,it remains unclear regarding the effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides,the main component of Lycium barbarum,on in vivo proliferation of adult ciliary body cells.In this study,adult rats were intragastrically administered low-and high-dose Lycium barbarum polysaccharides（1 and 10 mg/kg）for 35 days and those intragastrically administered phosphate buffered saline served as controls.The number of Ki-67-positive cells in rat ciliary body in the Lycium barbarum polysaccharides groups,in particular low-dose Lycium barbarum polysaccharides group,was significantly greater than that in the phosphate buffered saline group.Ki-67-positive rat ciliary body cells expressed nestin but they did not express glial fibrillary acidic protein.These findings suggest that Lycium barbarum polysaccharides can promote the proliferation of adult rat retinal progenitor cells and the proliferated cells present with neuronal phenotype.

Therapeutic Efficacy of Chinese Herbal Compound Preparation on Viral Diseases in Poultry

[Objective] To develop a new antiviral agent with high and long efficacy, wide spectrum, low toxicity and low cost from traditional Chinese herbal medicine and their compound. [ Method] The ＂Quxie＂ （ i. e. eliminating pathogenic factors） drugs including Hedyotis diffusa and Loni- cera japonica and ＂Fuzheng＂ （ i. e. strengthening body resistance） drugs including Radix astragali and Glycyrrhiza uralensis were taken to form an antiviral herbal compound preparation. Taking the astragalus polysaccharide monomer as control, the experiment was constructed by using the agent to treat some naturally occurring viral diseases, including Newcastle disease （ND）, infectious bursal disease （IBD）, duck viral hepatitis （DVH）, avian influenza （Al） H9 subtype and avian swollen head syndrome. [Ressult] The effective rates of the agent for treatment of the above- mentioned diseases were 87%, 87%, 69%, 100% and 100%, respectively, which were higher than that of astragalus polysaccharide monomer. The cure rates for these diseases were 33%, 37%, 13%, 69% and 75%, respectively, which were significantly higher than that of astragalus polysacchadde monomer （ P 〈 0.01 ）. The rates of poor therapeutic efficacy were 15%, 21%, 24%, 6% and 7%, respectively, which were significantly lower than that of astragalus polysaccharide monomer （P 〈 0.01 ）. [ Condusion] The Chinese herbal compound preparation shows good therapeutic effects on some avian viral diseases, which can decrease mortality rate and improve production performance of poultry more greatly than astragalus polysaccharide monomer.

Molecular Mechanism of Polysaccharides Extracted from Chinese Medicine Targeting Gut Microbiota for Promoting Health

The accumulating evidence revealed that gut microbiota plays an important role in pathological process of disease including obesity,type 2 diabetes mellitus,heart failure,and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.Polysaccharides extracted from Chinese medicine(CM)can not only alleviate pathological status but also promote health by anti-inflammatory,regulating immunity,lowering blood glucose and lipids,anti-cancer,and anti-oxidation.The alterations of gut microbiota composition and metabolism pathways are the potential mechanisms of CM polysaccharides treatment.In addition,they exert functions through gut-organ axis or play an indirect role by synergistic actions with other drugs or components mediated by gut microbiota.This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms of CM polysaccharides interacted with intestinal microbial inhabitants as potential prebiotics forpromoting health.

Polysaccharides from Chinese herbal medicine:a review on the hepatoprotective and molecular mechanism

Polysaccharides,predominantly extracted from traditional Chinese medicinal herbs such as Lycium barbarum,Angelica sinensis,Astragalus membranaceus,Dendrobium officinale,Ganoderma lucidum,and Poria cocos,represent principal bioactive constituents extensively utilized in Chinese medicine.These compounds have demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory capabilities,especially anti-liver injury activities,while exhibiting minimal adverse effects.This review summarized recent studies to elucidate the hepatoprotective efficacy and underlying molecular mechanisms of these herbal polysaccharides.It underscored the role of these polysaccharides in regulating hepatic function,enhancing immunological responses,and improving antioxidant capacities,thus contributing to the attenuation of hepatocyte apoptosis and liver protection.Analyses of molecular pathways in these studies revealed the intricate and indispensable functions of traditional Chinese herbal polysaccharides in liver injury management.Therefore,this review provides a thorough examination of the hepatoprotective attributes and molecular mechanisms of these medicinal polysaccharides,thereby offering valuable insights for the advancement of polysaccharide-based therapeutic research and their potential clinical applications in liver disease treatment.

Recent efficacy and long-term survival of Astragalus polysaccharide combined with gemcitabine and S-1 in pancreatic cancer

BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer is a highly malignant tumor with a rapid progression rate and a high susceptibility to infiltration and metastasis.Astragalus polysaccharide(APS),a pure Chinese medicine preparation primarily made from the traditional Chinese herb Astragalus,plays a positive role in the treatment of many malignant tumors.AIM To explore the recent efficacy of APS combined with gemcitabine plus tegafur gimeracil oteracil potassium capsule(S-1)(GS)regimen in the treatment of pancreatic cancer and assess its effect on the immune function and long-term survival of patients.METHODS A total of 97 patients who were diagnosed with pancreatic cancer and received GS chemotherapy at The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University(Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine)from March 2021 to December 2021 were included in the retrospective analysis.Among them,41 patients received APS combined with GS chemotherapy,and 56 patients received GS chemotherapy only.The recent efficacy,immune function,adverse reactions,and long-term survival were compared among these patients.RESULTS After 4 cycles of treatment,the objective response rate of patients receiving the combined therapy of APS and GS was 51.22%,and the disease control rate(DCR)was 56.10%,higher than those of patients receiving the monotherapy with GS alone(30.36%and 35.71%,respectively).Besides,the percentages of CD3+T cells(50.18%±9.57%)and CD4+T cells(31.52%±5.33%)in the peripheral blood of patients receiving the combined therapy of APS and GS were higher compared with those treated with GS regimen alone[(44.06%±8.55%)and(26.01%±7.83%),respectively].Additionally,the incidences of leukopenia,thrombocytopenia,and fatigue in patients receiving the combined therapy of APS and GS were significantly lower than those in patients receiving the monotherapy of GS alone(17.07%,9.76%,31.71%vs 37.50%,28.57%,60.71%).Moreover,the median survival time of patients receiving the combined therapy of APS and GS was 394 days,significantly longer than that of patients receiving the mono-therapy of GS alone(339 days)(hazard ratio:0.66;95%CI:0.45-0.99;P=0.036).All these differences were statistically si-gnificant(P<0.05).CONCLUSION The combined therapy of APS and GS improved the recent efficacy and long-term survival of patients with pancreatic cancer and alleviated chemotherapy-induced immune suppression and adverse reactions.

Research advances in the treatment of Alzheimer＇s disease with polysaccharides from traditional Chinese medicine

Alzheimer's disease(AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of patients' memory and their cognitive abilities and the mechanism is not completely clear. Although a variety of drugs have been approved for the AD treatment, substances which can prevent and cure AD are still in great need. The effect of polysaccharides from traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) on anti-AD has gained great progress and attained more and more attention in recent years. In this review, research advances in TCM-polysaccharides on AD made in this decade are summarized.

Experimental Research on Anti-tumor Metastasis Effect of Basil Polysaccharide in vivo

Objective: To study the effects of basil polysaccharide (BP) in inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. Methods: One hundred and fifty mice were randomly divided into five groups to observe the effect on tumor growth after H22 cancer cells had been transplanted subcutaneously into their right armpit region and treated with different dosages (5 mg/kg, 2. 5 mg/kg and 1. 25 mg/kg) of BP for 14 days, with Mi-tomycin (Mit-C) used as control. Another 150 mice were randomly divided into three groups, models of tumor metastasis in the lung by various paths (lymphatic, blood circulatory and spontaneous) were established respectively. They were treated with BP or Mit-C to observe the influence of treatments on tumor metastasis by various paths. Results: BP of various dosages showed no effect on tumor growth, but in high and middle dosage, it could significantly reduce the number or metastasis nodules ( P<0. 05). Conclusion: BP has a tumor metastasis inhibitory effect, which might be one of the candidates for new anti-tumor metastasis agents. Its mechanism may be blocking the function of platelets in the tumor metastasis progress.

Effects of Yulangsan polysaccharide on monoamine neurotransmitters, adenylate cyclase activity and brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in a mouse model of depression induced by unpredictable chronic mild stress

The present study established a mouse model of depression induced by unpredictable chronic mild stress. The model mice were treated with Yulangsan polysaccharide （YLSPS; 150, 300 and 600 mg/kg） for 21 days, and compared with fluoxetine-treated and normal control groups. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, radioimmunity and immunohistochemical staining showed that following treatment with YLSPS （300 and 600 mg/kg）, monoamine neurotransmitter levels, prefrontal cortex adenylate cyclase activity and hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression were significantly elevated, and depression-like behaviors were improved. Open-field and novelty-suppressed feeding tests showed that mouse activity levels were increased and feeding latency was shortened following treatment. Our results indicate that YLSPS inhibits depression by upregulating monoamine neurotransmitters, prefrontal cortex adenylate cyclase activity and hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression.

Probiotics with anti-type 2 diabetes mellitus properties:targets of polysaccharides from traditional Chinese medicine

Traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharides is a biologically active ingredient that is not easy to be digested.It is fermented by intestinal microflora to promote qualitative and selective changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiome,which often result in beneficial effects on the health of the host.People call it“prebiotics”.In this review,we systematically summarized the anti-diabetic effect of traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharides.These polysaccharides regulate the metabolism of sugar and lipids by inter-influence with the intestinal microflora,and maintain human health,while improving type 2 diabetes-like symptoms such as high blood glucose,and abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism.

CHEMISTRY AND BIOACTIVITY OF POLYSACCHARIDES FROM TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE MAHUANG

The long-term clinical practice of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)confirms its importance and essential role in the health care system in China,especially in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases.TCM is the holistic medicine under the guidance of system theory,emphasizing harmony between human and nature,focusing on equilibrium and balance,and focusing on

益气小复方通过下调lncRNA HCP5表达增强三阴性乳腺癌顺铂耐药细胞株MDA-MB-231/DDP对顺铂敏感性的机制研究

目的探讨益气小复方增强三阴性乳腺癌顺铂耐药细胞株MDA-MB-231/DDP顺铂敏感性的可能机制。方法以不同浓度的顺铂(0、2、4、8、16、32、64 mg/L)分别作用于MDA-MB-231野生、耐药细胞株24 h,噻唑蓝(MTT)比色法检测细胞增殖,鉴定耐药细胞株的顺铂耐药性。上述梯度浓度的顺铂及顺铂加固定浓度(5mg/L)益气小复方分别作用于野生、耐药细胞株及长链非编码RNA人源组织相容性白细胞抗原复合物P5(LncRNAHCP5)基因过表达、敲减的野生、耐药细胞株,MTT比色法检测细胞增殖,流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡,实时荧光定量逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-qPCR)法检测HCP5mRNA表达水平,蛋白质免疫印迹(Western blot)法检测磷酸酶张力蛋白同源物(PTEN)、磷酸化蛋白激酶B(p-Akt)蛋白表达水平。结果MDA-MB-231耐药细胞株较野生细胞株顺铂耐药指数为42.4。益气小复方同顺铂联用较单独使用顺铂,对耐药细胞株的增殖抑制率及诱导细胞凋亡比率均有提高(P<0.05)。MDA-MB-231耐药细胞株较野生细胞株,lncRNAHCP5、p-Akt蛋白表达升高,PTEN蛋白表达降低(P<0.05);益气小复方可降低MDA-MB-231耐药细胞株lncRNA HCP5、p-Akt蛋白表达,提高PTEN蛋白表达(P<0.05)。结论益气小复方可能通过下调lncRNAHCP5表达而升高PTEN蛋白表达、降低p-Akt蛋白表达,进而增强MDA-MB-231耐药细胞株对顺铂的敏感性。

白术多糖对动物免疫调节作用研究进展

随着集约化养殖规模的快速发展,畜禽疾病呈现传播快、易流行等特点,并且免疫抑制现象普遍存在,使我国畜禽疫病防控面临较大压力。白术是菊科植物白术的干燥根茎,是一味常用的补益类中药,现代医学研究表明,白术多糖是其主要活性成分之一。文章综述了近年来白术多糖在动物免疫方面的研究进展,为白术深入研究和临床开发应用提供参考。

18种中药多糖与Siglec-9的亲和力测试及其抗炎作用研究

目的比较18种中药多糖与唾液酸特异性Ig样凝集素-9(sialic-acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin,Siglec-9)的亲和力以及抗炎能力,探讨中药多糖发挥抗炎作用的新机制。方法选择18种不同药性的中药用水提醇沉法提取多糖,苯酚硫酸法检测多糖含量,高效液相色谱法检测多糖的单糖组成,红外光谱法检测中药多糖结构。通过竞争性ELISA法检测多糖与Siglec-9的亲和力,并研究中药多糖对LPS诱导巨噬细胞炎症反应以及R848诱导中性粒细胞NETosis的影响,利用髓系细胞特异性敲除Siglec-E(Lyz2-cre:Siglec-E flox/flox)小鼠来源的原代巨噬细胞和腹腔中性粒细胞进一步明确多糖结合Siglec-9产生抗炎作用的机制。结果中药多糖的糖含量均在55%以上,主要由甘露糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖、阿拉伯糖、葡萄糖醛酸等组成,但单糖构成比各不相同。红外光谱检测4种代表性中药多糖均有典型的多糖吸收峰,柴胡和蒲公英多糖具有葡萄糖醛酸结构。枸杞和黄芪多糖与Siglec-9的亲和力,对LPS诱导的巨噬细胞炎症反应和R848诱导的中性粒细胞NETosis反应无显著抑制作用。柴胡和蒲公英多糖与Siglec-9亲和力较强(P<0.01),能够显著抑制上述炎症反应,但其抗炎作用在髓系细胞特异性敲除Siglec-E基因小鼠来源的巨噬细胞和中性粒细胞中消失。结论中药多糖与Siglec-9的亲和力有潜力成为研究中药抗炎作用的新的现代药理学机制。

基于肠道菌群的脾虚证研究述评

人的胃肠道是机体最大的储菌库,定居着一个十分复杂和活跃的微生物群落,正常情况下,肠道菌群与宿主之间相互作用,保持着动态平衡。脾虚证是中医临床的常见经典证型,大量研究表明,脾虚证与肠道微生物关系密切,肠道菌群的平衡是脾主运化功能正常发挥的基础,肠道菌群失调则会出现一系列脾虚的表现。此外,肠道菌群是健脾中药多糖成分代谢、发挥疗效的重要介质,而健脾中药也可以通过调节肠道菌群的结构和数量,发挥治疗作用。本文总结了肠道菌群与脾虚证在生理、病理以及健脾中药药效发挥上的关联,立足于肠道菌群研究脾虚证,旨在为揭示中医脾虚证的内涵提供一些思考与建议。

5种中药粗多糖水凝胶的制备及其促伤口愈合能力研究

以黄药子、红景天、鸡血藤、鱼腥草、一支箭5种中药为原料,采用水提醇沉法提取其中的粗多糖,测定其总多糖含量及体外抗氧化活性;将中药粗多糖载入壳聚糖中制备中药粗多糖水凝胶,并对所得水凝胶的微观结构、溶胀性能、保水性能、抗氧化活性、血液相容性及其促进伤口愈合能力等进行研究。结果表明:红景天粗多糖的总多糖含量最高,达到77.6%;各粗多糖溶液均有一定的抗氧化能力,其中对ABTS^(+)自由基、DPPH自由基、·OH自由基的清除能力及总还原力最强的粗多糖溶液分别为黄药子粗多糖溶液、黄药子粗多糖溶液、一支箭多糖溶液和红景天粗多糖溶液。随着中药粗多糖的载入,中药粗多糖水凝胶的孔径增大、溶胀性能增强,但保水率和抗氧化活性均有所降低;在2000μg/mL质量浓度下,各粗多糖水凝胶均展现出良好的血液相容性;相较于空白组,黄药子粗多糖水凝胶组和鱼腥草粗多糖水凝胶组的小鼠伤口愈合更明显,结痂现象减少,且观察到毛囊、皮脂腺等皮肤附属器的形成,未见明显的炎性细胞浸润。因此,黄药子粗多糖水凝胶和鱼腥草粗多糖水凝胶在加速伤口恢复方面均效果明显,显示出其作为伤口敷料的巨大应用潜力。

中药糖类成分生物活性及应用研究进展

中药糖类成分包括中药寡糖、中药多糖,具有抗抑郁、神经保护、促进造血干细胞增殖和分化、调节肠道菌群及促进胃肠道黏膜损伤修复、调节血糖、调节免疫、抗肿瘤、抗氧化、抗疲劳等多种生物活性。本研究对其生物活性研究进行整理,并对其应用前景进行展望,以期为中药糖类成分生物活性研究提供借鉴。