Review of Research on English Translation of Chinese Running Sentences

In order to convey complete meanings,there is a phenomenon in Chinese of using multiple running sentences.Xu Jingning(2023,p.66)states,“In communication,a complete expression of meaning often requires more than one clause,which is common in human languages.”Domestic research on running sentences includes discussions on defining the concept and structural features of running sentences,sentence properties,sentence pattern classifications and their criteria,as well as issues related to translating running sentences into English.This article primarily focuses on scholarly research into the English translation of running sentences in China,highlighting recent achievements and identifying existing issues in the study of running sentence translation.However,by reviewing literature on the translation of running sentences,it is found that current research in the academic community on non-core running sentences is limited.Therefore,this paper proposes relevant strategies to address this issue.

The Contrasts of English Sentences and Chinese Sentences and Translation Skills

Since the opening-up policy was carried out in 1979, every facility of social modernized construction has developed at high speed; meanwhile, the need of English is increased year by year. The occasion and scope of using it are expanded with the communications among countries. Therefore, English has become the generally international language in our country; in particular, translation plays an important and irreplaceable part in English to convey information. This paper aims to introduce the contrasts of English sentences and Chinese sentences and discuss some skills of translating each other. Though it is not complete and authoritative, yet it may help some people to understand the differences between two languages and to grasp some practical skills.

A Study of Characteristics and Translation of Existential Sentences in Chinese and English

The syntactic characteristics of existential sentences (ES) in Chinese and English are systematically discussed. Chinese existential sentences have three major components: A, B, and C, i.e., the locative phrase, the existential verb, and the existential noun phrase. English existential sentences consist of the expletive “there”, existential verb, existential noun or noun phrase and locative phrase. In terms of syntactic characteristics, similarities and dissimilarities coexist. When translating ES in Chinese and English, some important skills are needed, such as replacement of locative phrase, addition or deletion of “there”, adjustment of verbs, and the change of determiners before the existential noun.

To Compare English Long Sentences And Chinese Long Sentences & Discuss How To Translate The Two Kinds of Long Sentences

In my paper, I compare the characteristics of English long sentences and Chinese long sentences, and I also talk about how to translate long sentences. There are at least two or three modifiers involving no less than one subordinate clause in an English long complex sentence. There are at least twenty words and three or four comparatively independent phrases that are connected together by meaning in a Chinese sentence. The differences between them are the rules of making sentences and the structure. In my paper I also talk about how to translate long sentences, and here are the rules: a) break the formal structure; b) reorganize every part according to the habits of the receptor language. If we can master the rules, we can translate the English and Chinese long sentences better.

Erasable/Inerasable L1 Transfer in Interlanguage Phonology:An Optimality Theory Analysis of/aʊn/and Sentence Stress in Chinese Learners of English

The areas affected by the L1 transfer to L2,such as phonotactics and stress,appear to have different degrees of erasability through training and practice.This paper attempts a theoretical analysis to account for empirical observations of L1 transfer in diphthong-coda coalescence and in sentence stress for Chinese learners of English in an American accent training course.Using the framework and tableau method of Optimality Theory(Prince and Smolensky 1993),the phonological paradigm that views languages’differences as symptomatic of differences in rankings of a set of universal violable constraints,this paper posits the underlying ranking at work in(a)the segmental case where[aŋ]is the observed output for/aʊn/;(b)the suprasegmental case where no stress contrast is observed for a pair of phonologically similar sentences with contrastive stress.It is argued that,in the segmental case,the coalescence of the second vowel of a diphthong with an alveolar nasal coda results from the high ranking of markedness constraints,including Complex Syllable;and in the suprasegmental case,sentence stress is greatly affected by changes in the ranking of the constraint culminativity.Aside from shedding light on the understudied issue of diphthong-coda coalescence,this research also contributes to the discussion of the comparative erasability of L1 transfer for the two areas and demonstrates how a deduction-based theoretical method may actually have practical implications for guiding the design of L2 teaching methodology of English pronunciation as well as for promoting native English speakers’clearer understanding of Chinese learners of English on the global stage.

The C-E Translation Strategies of Run-on Sentences

Run-on sentences are used frequently in daily life and literature;however,there is no corresponding sentence pattern in English.Therefore,it is challenging for translators to render run-on sentences into idiomatic English.This paper introduces the definition,classification,and the translation of run-on sentences,aiming to summarize the common rules of its translation.

从句式视角谈汉语书面语教学

文章首先就语体而言对“汉语书面语”作了扼要说明:其次从三方面阐述了观点:一是对汉语句式作了分类说明,并指出汉语书面语教学主要需关注和抓好两类句式的教学:一类是口语和书面语通用句式,另一类是书面语句式中的“正式语体”句式;二是以实例说明从“句式”视角开展汉语书面语教学所需研究的种种问题;三是如何从句式视角进行汉语书面语教学,提出两点具体建议。

汉语方言的“被”“把”同现句

汉语方言广泛存在被动式和处置式在同一句中共现的现象,即“被”“把”同现句。同现句可分为三类:合用型、套用型、连用型,具有调节焦点、经济简明、连贯语篇等功能。同现句萌芽于唐,发展于宋元,至明清日臻成熟并沿用至今。它的产生是多重因素共同作用的结果,其中被动式和处置式的高度和谐是前提条件,数量象似、标记象似、句式—意图象似是认知动因。此外,同现句经由概念融合生成,可看作事件融合的语言表征。

中华民族共同体视域下黄河流域民歌语言特征计量研究

结合生态语言学、类型学、计量语言学和依存语法等多学科理论背景,聚焦黄河流域九省区汉语民歌词汇、句法和语义层面特征,研究发现:在句法特征上,黄河流域民歌表现出支配词居前和支配词居后的混合语序类型特征,词汇和语义主题一致性表现出与中华民族共同体的内在联系。对黄河流域民歌进行多学科研究,可以拓宽中国民歌研究的视角,全面了解黄河流域的语言生态特点,黄河流域民歌具有直观可见的中华民族多元纷呈、和谐相融的黄河流域文化标识度。

事件整合视域下的对外汉语连动句教学

连动句是对外汉语语法教学的重点和难点,理论的匮乏与滞后是制约连动句教学效果提升的关键因素。理论语法的新近研究表明,连动句用来表达一个由若干子事件整合而成的宏事件,在事件类型上有别于复句等相近表达。事件整合视域为连动句的对外汉语教学提供了新路径,并展现出广泛价值。语义上,有助于说明连动句的句式语义;认知上,有助于揭示连动句形成的认知基础;语法上,有助于保障连动句输出的合法性;语用上,有助于阐明连动句的交际功能和表达效果。

聋生汉语特殊句式习得研究的新成果

本期重点号专题围绕基于语料库的听障学生汉语特殊句式研究,由多位聋校一线教师针对教学中的具体问题研究撰写。研究密切结合聋生习得汉语书面语的实际情况和特点,细致而深入地进行了阐述与分析,取得了有意义的研究结论,进一步深化了对研究论题的认识,对教学具有很强的指导意义和参考价值。

汉语流水句英译中信息结构的重建策略

英汉语言的信息结构在复句层面有显著差异,如何重建译文信息结构是汉英语言转换中的重要内容。在汉语流水句的英译过程中,译者首先需要根据源语行文的语义关系和上下文语境确立英译文的信息核心和句子主干,然后借助英语中的各种短语、非谓语动词、独立主格结构或从句等语言形式建构译文的次要信息,使译文句法结构紧凑、语义层次分明,增强译文的可读性和“地道性”。

源语透过效应下流水句英译文本的意合性特征

在汉语流水句的英译过程中,添加恰当的关联词语是最常见的译文语篇建构方式,但在“源语透过效应”的作用下,意合现象在英译文本中普遍存在。意合的无标记性关联手段与形合的标记性连贯手段在流水句的英译过程中具有等效的语篇建构功能。“源语透过效应”使源语的语言特征无形中转移到译语语言中,使形合的英语文本呈现汉语特有的意合性特征。

基于特征融合的汉语被动句自动识别研究

汉语中的被动句根据有无被动标记词可分为有标记被动句和无标记被动句。由于其形态构成复杂多样,给自然语言理解带来很大困难,因此实现汉语被动句的自动识别对自然语言处理下游任务具有重要意义。该文构建了一个被动句语料库,提出了一个融合词性和动词论元框架信息的PC-BERT-CNN模型,对汉语被动句进行自动识别。实验结果表明,该文提出的模型能够准确地识别汉语被动句,其中有标记被动句识别F1值达到98.77%,无标记被动句识别F1值达到96.72%。

眼动追踪下汉语反预期平比句的不可逆性及其早晚期差异

目的:初步探讨汉语反预期平比句的不可逆性以及这种不可逆性是否只出现在语句加工的晚期。方法:综合运用眼动和行为指标,选取32名被试,采用单因素被试内实验设计,比较反预期平比句及其逆转句的合理性。结果:反预期平比句被判定为合理的几率显著高于其逆转句;在眼动指标上,反预期平比句与其逆转句在首次通过时间上无显著差异,但是其总注视时间与注视次数显著低于其逆转句。结论:反预期平比句逆转后可理解性降低,呈现出某种程度的不可逆性,但是这种现象仅仅发生在语句加工的晚期。

ChatGPT掌握现代汉语书面语的句长规律了吗?

本文用兰卡斯特汉语语料库中15种书面语体的文本研究了汉语整句、小句单位长度的关系,并比较了其中3种语体文本与ChatGPT生成文本的句长分布。结果表明:现代汉语书面语的整句和小句符合语言中相邻层级单位的长度关系规律;ChatGPT生成的汉语文本基本符合自然语言句长的概率分布与单位层级规律,但在遵循省力原则、语体区分能力等方面同真实文本尚有差距。大语言模型已经获取了一些自然语言中的统计规律,但还没有完全掌握真实文本中一些细节特征。

基于领域术语词典和句式框架的藏汉机器翻译领域数据增强方法研究

藏汉机器翻译系统在新闻、时政等领域已经取得了显著的翻译效果,这主要归功于建立了相对充足的双语句对。然而,现有藏汉双语语料中存在较大的领域偏差问题,藏医、佛学等领域的数据极度稀缺,导致藏汉翻译模型在处理这些低资源领域句对时面临着领域词汇稀缺和翻译困难的挑战。为了解决这一问题,充分利用现有领域术语双语词典,提出了一种基于词典结合特定领域上下文语义关系的翻译质量提升方法,并应用于传统藏医药领域。首先,收集并建立了包含9166对词条的藏医领域术语双语词典,并利用该词典扩充低资源领域的数据,以提高翻译系统对于特定领域术语的覆盖率;其次,将词典中的词对直接添加到已有句对中、领域词典中的词来替换原有句对中的词两种方式进行数据扩充,以验证词典扩充的领域翻译性能;最后,考虑到领域特定句式信息对于翻译的重要性,通过分析特定领域的语境和语义关系,提出引入特定领域上下文句式框架来优化特殊领域的翻译性能,在传统藏医药领域进行测试。实验结果表明,在利用词典进行数据扩充后,传统藏医药领域的BLEU值从0提升到4.59,且文章提出的领域句式框架方法,仅构造5条句式框架,就能使BLEU值最高提升至6.32,这为解决低资源领域翻译问题提供了新的思路和方法。