Notes on the Rule of Law and Human Rights in Chinese Traditional Culture

1. Introduction The role of law and human rights in Chinese traditional culture seem to be a real conundrum with misunderstanding and controversies. Some Western politicians and scholars who did not probably delve into and equip with related knowledge were apt to take an adverse stand. For example, Chris Pat-

Advancing Rule of Law in Human Rights Protection While Developing a “Socialist Rule of Law System with Chinese Characteristics”

It is very timely and necessary for us to hold this seminar in the beautiful Suzhou Campus of Renmin University of China to deeply study and implement the decisions of the Fourth Plenary Session of the 18th Communist Party of China(CPC)Central Committee,push forward the construction of China’s rule of law and jointly discuss the development of China’s human rights cause.

Persist in Law-based Protection of Human Rights and Improve the Mechanism for the Protection of Human Rights by the Rule of Law

General Secretary Xi Jinping delivered an important speech on China’s Path of Human Rights at a group study session of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee on February 25,2022.Persisting with the law-based protection of human rights and improving the mechanism for the protection of human rights by the rule of law are essential for unswervingly following the development path of human rights in China.The improvement of the mechanism for the protection of human rights by the rule of law necessitates adhering to the principle of respecting the dominant role of the people and removing the institutional obstacles in rule of law protection of human rights;to comprehensively strengthen the implementation of the Constitution,advance the filing and examination of the Constitution,and safeguard the authority of the Constitution;to accelerate the theoretical innovation of human rights and the construction of the discipline system,the academic system and the discourse system of human rights that meet the needs of the new era in China,and to actively participate in and contribute to the global governance on human rights,etc.Improving the mechanism for the protection of human rights by the rule of law can provide a solid protection for people enjoying a better life.

Reform,Chinese Dream and Rule of Law

Xl Jinping： The Governance of China, a collection of Chinese President Xi Jinping＇s speeches and insights, pro- vides readers with valuable information about the Chinese leader and the future of China. The nearly 500-page volume contains about 80 speeches, interviews, instructions and correspondence.

The Path Evolution for Chinese Modernization of the Rule of Law

The Communist Party of China(CPC)has created a new path for Chinese modernization and a new form of human civilization while leading the people in advancing a great social transformation.Chinese modernization of the rule of law is an integral part of this new path.With a high degree of historical initiative and consciousness,the CPC has solidly grasped the basic regularity of China's legaldevelopmenttbased on actual national conditions,and has successfully pioneered,upheld,and expanded Chinese modernization of the rule of law.Legal construction during the New-Democratic Revolution hasreflected theearly exploration of Chinese modernization of the rule of law.The development of the rule of law during the period of socialist revolution and construction has laid a preliminary foundation for the formation of Chinese modernization of the rule of law.The new great social transformation of reform and opening up has further promoted such modernization.The construction of a law-based China in the new era of socialism with Chinese characteristics marks a further expansion and deepening of modernization.Therefore,Chinese modernization of the rule of law is rooted in the Chinese land,conforms to the characteristics of China,and draws on the excellent achievements of the world's legal civilization.It encapsulates profoundhistorical,theoretical,and practical logic,and has created a new model of modernization of the rule of law in a civilized society.

Promoting Chinese Modernization of the Rule of Law and a New Form of Human Advancement of the Rule of Law-Interpretation of the Essence of the Rule of Law of the Report to the 20th National Congress of Communist Party of China

One of the significant theoretical contributions of the Report to the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China(CPC)is a well-conceived systematic Chinese modernization theory,which is developed based on the profound summarization of the successful experience of Chinese modernization,and on the modernization theories of China and other countries.Chinese modernization of the rule of law,a section of the lawbased Chinese modernization,focuses on the subject of rule of law.Breaking the myth of Western centralism,it creates a new model of modernization of the rule of law and produces a revolutionary effect on the modernization of the rule of law modernization in the world.It presents distinctive Chinese features and Chinese vision.Led by the CPC,it is an independent exploration,people-centered,organized,and planned,and has lofty value goals.Driven by modern science and technology forworld peace and development,the principal task of Chinese modernization of the rule of law is to create a system of socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics and a new form of human advancement of the rule of law.Its great mission is to build China into a modern socialist country in all respects under the rule of law,ensuring that the rule of law runs through all areas and aspects of national governance and construction,so that building China into a great modern socialist country with the high-quality rule of law can be guaranteed.

The Approach to Chinese Modernization of the Rule of Law

The essence of Chinese modernization of the rule of law is to promote a modern legal system in China.The approach to Chinese modernization of the rule of law refers to the Chinese approach to promoting a modern legal system.By comprehensively reviewing the history and reality,theory and practice,and actual and desirable aspects of Chinese modernization of the rule of law,we can summarize the Chinese approach to promoting a modern legal system.This approach containssvariouselements,including a leadership system for the rule of law with centralized and unified leadership by the Central Committee of Communist Party of China,a rule of law virtue principle of putting the people first,a functional orientation of the rule of law toward national governance,and a historical-legal consciousness that inherits fine traditional Chinese legal culture.These key elements play a prominent role and can effectively showcase the Chinese approach to promoting a modern legal system.Describing such a Chinese approach not only helps to summarize the fundamental experience of Chinese modernization of the rule of law but also showcases the Chinese logic and Chinese characteristics in this modernization process.

The Logical Construction of International Its Realization Path——Taking the Marrakesh Treaty as an Example

The Marrakesh Treaty is an excellent subject for China to disseminate its concept of the rule of law around the globe.With the changes of the times,the content and way of international communication regarding the rule of law are changing constantly.In the era of globalization,countries have strengthened rational communication and dialogue mainly by concluding international treaties to convey the concept of the rule of law.For the international communication of the rule of law,it is necessary to take into account three elements:Subject,content,and audience.Targeted strategies are adopted to present the characteristics of diversified subjects,rich content,and stratified audience.The agenda-setting,spiral of silence,and cultivation theories provide positive guidance for international communication.The audience survey and content analysis methods can achieve good effects in spreading the rule of law.It is necessary to integrate multiple subjects,create rich content,carry out targeted strategies to different audience,underscore the evaluation of effects,and train talents to strengthen the international communication of the rule of law.

Theoretical Framework of Chinese Modernization of the Rule of Law

The integrationof Chinese modernization and rule of law has given rise to the Chinese modernization of the rule of law.In terms of the concept building,Chinese modernization of the rule of law is a synthesis of rule of law in China,modern rule of law,and Chinese style.In terms of the target model,Chinese modernization of the rule of law maximizes efficiency through the building of unique rule of law system and the integration of the rule of law country.In terms of the core principles,Chinese modernization of the rule of law could be interpreted and explained from five aspects:subject scale,value positioning,civilization form,spatial dimension,and global perspective.Essentially,the Chinese modernization of the rule of law comprehensively highlights the nine intrinsic requirements of Chinese modernization,thussproviding strong guarantee for its accomplishment.With regard to the form of civilization,Chinese modernization of the rule oflaw has created a new form of human rule of law civilization,in terms of subject,object,content,and path,and can be considered to be a developmentbased new form of rule of law advancement.

Building a Modern Socialist China in All Respects Under the Rule of Law

Chinese modernization should be utilized to advance the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation on all fronts and build a modern socialist country in all respects under the rule of law.Building a modern socialist country under the rule of law requires coordinated steps to promote the rule of law around the needs of socialist modernization and integrate the process inseparably with various social undertakings.The promotion of the rule of law in all aspects is essentially a matter of comprehensive law-based national governance and social management.Such promotion should follow the new requirement of exercising law-based governance on all fronts,respond to the new expectations of the people for the rule of law,and promote the rule of law in China with higher standards,thereby advancing the socialist rule of law system and the rule of law China with Chinese characteristics.

法治现代化的“共同特征”和“中国特色”

“中国式法治现代化”这一概念提出的理论和实践依据在于:中国式法治现代化是中国式现代化的内在组成部分;法治现代化是现代化的核心要素和重要标志;中国式法治现代化是对中国式法治现代化实践的理论表达和学理表征。世界各国法治现代化的“共同特征”包括宪法至上、尊重和保障人权、监督和制约公权、维护公平正义、构建社会秩序、促进人类和平、立足本国国情、法治文明互鉴。中国式法治现代化的特色在于坚持中国共产党领导、以人民为中心、全面依法治国、大国法治、赓续中华法治文明、面向全球化。共同特征和中国特色的完美结合构成了法治现代化的中国范式。

加快建设金融强国的理论内涵及实现路径

在全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程上,提出加快建设金融强国目标,是高质量发展的必然要求,也是建设现代化经济体系的必然选择。通过深化对金融本质和规律的认识,得出金融发展具有全局性、系统性、前瞻性的特点,金融强国具有主权货币国际化、金融体系完备化、金融服务高效化、金融风险低少化等标志特征。为实现强国建设、民族复兴,需要坚定不移走中国特色金融发展之路,加快建设金融强国。

习近平法治思想指导下国内法治与涉外法治的统筹推进——基于中国式现代化法治国家的构建视角

作为新时代习近平法治思想的重要组成部分,统筹推进国内法治与涉外法治是在准确把握国际国内两个大局的基础上,又立足法治中国建设的实践进程和面临的风险挑战,为更好地维护国家主权、安全和发展而提出的,对中国式现代化法治国家构建有着积极作用。既符合时代发展逻辑,更能加快法治中国建设步伐,有助于国际法治朝着良性轨道发展,是内蕴开放性、包容性和多元性理念的关键选择。统筹推进国内法治与涉外法治,应当在习近平法治思想指导下,以党的二十大精神为指引,以构建中国式现代化法治国家为出发点和落脚点,以厘清国内法治与涉外法治间的相互关系为基本逻辑,以明晰与完善国内国际双重法律规制为具体实践路径。不仅要重点解决国内法治与国际法治的良性对接问题,完善国内法律体系以应对国际法治变革,更要认真审视国际法律规范在我国域内的适用,积极推动国际法规则的发展演进。

习近平法治思想中的“中华法系”概念

中华法系萌生发展于中华大地,为千百年来国家治理与社会运行作出了重要贡献。但作为一个法学概念,“中华法系”发端于19世纪末传入中国的“法族”概念,其内涵在中华民族艰辛探索法治道路过程中经历了长期建构与重构。法系与法律系统、法律体系,法律、道德及其相互关系,发展方向、未来命运及其决定因素是“中华法系”概念演进过程中形成的基本论题,最终表达的是中国法治的过去和未来如何在法治实践中获得存在的意义。“中华法系”概念百余年演进历程中围绕基本论题展开的讨论,表征着概念本身所具有的民族性、实践性与时代性。习近平总书记全面回顾了“中华法系”概念的演进历程与基本论题,深刻揭示了其丰富的制度内涵、思想内涵与文明内涵,并赋予其新的时代意义。习近平法治思想中的“中华法系”概念具有鲜明的主体性、范式性、引领性,是具有标识意义的重要概念。

论习近平法治思想对中华优秀传统法律文化的传承创新——基于党的二十大报告关于依法治国的视角

习近平法治思想坚持赓续我们党百余年法治和深刻传承中华法治几千年恢宏壮丽法治史中的精华,深刻体现了“中国之治”的文化自信,是弘扬中国特色社会主义法治文化的典范。习近平法治思想重视从中华优秀传统法律文化中汲取“奉法强国”的信念、全面依法治国的智慧和治国理政的经验,探寻强化法治生命力的路径。面对百年变局叠加世纪疫情,全球治理体系和国际秩序变革异常激烈,国际法治遭遇强烈挑战。习近平法治思想在中国法治和国际治理的实践中,坚持知古鉴今,弘扬中华法治智慧、吸收世界法治文明精华;资政育人,“中国方案”“中国之治”“中国智慧”既充分彰显国际法治的正道、顺应历史发展潮流、增进国际社会民生福祉,又更加增强中华法治自信,彰显中华优秀传统法律文化的时代特色。习近平法治思想把以人民为中心作为法治中国建设的基本立场,从中华优秀传统法律文化中汲取法治中国建设的不竭动力,是引领法治中国建设的思想旗帜和强劲动力源,是打破“西方中心论”长期遏制中国法治理论话语权的有力武器。新时代,推进法治中国建设,应坚持以习近平法治思想为指引,聚焦中国式现代化的法治新课题,把握好习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的世界观和方法论,深耕中华优秀传统法律文化,使其成为推进全面依法治国的智慧和力量源泉。

新时代中国国际法学科体系的构造

构造新时代中国国际法学科体系,既是为了进一步落实习近平有关学科建设的指示精神,也是为了改变国际法在整个法学体系中的地位与中国世界大国的地位不相称的状况,以及弥补我国涉外法治人才严重短缺的短板。中国国际法学科体系的构造,需要进一步厘清涉外法、涉外法治、对外关系法、国内法与国际法的关系,以及涉外法学、国际法与法学一级学科的关系。在中国国际法学科体系构造的过程中,最为重要的是构建国际法学一级学科专业。未来中国国际法学发展的任务主要包括:弘扬国际法治理念、为人类命运共同体的构建提供法治保障,传播中国国际法观、提升中国国际法理念的国际影响力,提高运用国际法的能力以及补齐涉外法治的短板等。涉外法治人才培养和推动国际法研究的理论创新,则成为今后中国国际法学者的应然使命。未来中国国际法学的发展方向涉及架设国际法与国内法沟通的桥梁、谨慎使用“涉外法学”名称,以及在国际法教育与研究中凸显中国的国际法理论与实践等。

中国共产党党内问责制度的发展脉络与变迁逻辑——基于历史制度主义的分析视角

作为中国共产党管党治党、全面从严治党的重要方式,党内问责制度先后经历了初步发展期、曲折发展期、恢复发展期、全面发展期的百年求索之路。从历史制度主义的视角来看,党内问责制度的变迁是宏观环境、政治变量、关键节点和路径依赖相互作用的结果。制度环境的变化引发了党内问责制度的变迁,从严治党的政策理念等政治变量推动着党内问责制度的完善,关键节点决定了党内问责制度的走向,路径依赖使得党内问责制度不断强化。总体而言,党内问责制度的演变呈现出体系化、法治化的鲜明特征,展现了以坚持党的领导为根本、以抓住“关键少数”为指引、以全覆盖监督为途径的历史经验,是中国共产党党内法规制度体系不断发展完善的缩影。

整体系统观视域下中国式环境法治现代化的宏观样态与建构方案

作为中国式现代化新道路与生态文明法治交融的产物,中国式环境法治现代化对于整体系统观的理论期许主要表现在应以习近平生态文明法治理论作为根本思想指南、从马克思主义的唯物辩证法中汲取养分以及将“天人合一”的环境伦理观作为其历史脉络三个维度。在宏观样态方面,整体系统观在中国式环境法治现代化中的融入主要体现在绿色低碳理念与经济发展需求深度融合的理念锚定、人际同构型环境利益公平分配格局的目标构筑和“环境权利—环境权力”二元架构均衡配置的范式转变三个场域。在新的历史交汇点上,中国式环境法治现代化应坚持以“整体系统观”作为“元理论”的方法支撑和价值指引,构建彰显环境法治现代化新内涵与新要求、多维度拓展环境法治现代化新道路的有机系统性方案。

构建现代中华法治文明新形态的契机与路径

中华法治文明是中华文明的重要组成部分,中华文明既是世界文明的源头之一,又是世界上唯一实现5000年连续发展未曾中断过的文明体。中华法系是世界公认的五大法系之一,是法治文明具有标识意义的重要概念。中华法系彰显了中华民族伟大的创造力和法制文明的深厚底蕴,要素化复兴是新时代中华法系复兴嬗变的方向,中华法系孕育了良法善治的多维图景。中国特色社会主义法治道路肇始于中华法系,中国特色社会主义法治体系是新时代的新中华法系。中国式现代化是植根于中华优秀传统文化的现代化,中华优秀传统文化对现代化具有强大韧性和适应性。改革开放要有新突破就必须进一步解放思想,“又一次思想解放”的关键是破除对西方式现代化的迷信,既不能用西方现代化的模式来套解中国式现代化,也不能用中国过去的经验来束缚今天的现代化实践,要努力去推动马克思主义中国化、时代化达到一个更新的境界。构建现代中华法治文明新形态的路径是:强化当代人复兴中华法系的文化使命与担当,建构新时代中国独立自主的法学知识体系,大力推进中国特色社会主义法治实践进程,为人类文明新形态建设提供有力的理论支撑。

建立中国特色法治建设激励制度研究

激励是法律的基本功能之一,建立中国特色法治建设激励制度对于完善中国特色社会主义法律规范结构、解决法治建设内生动力不足问题以及推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化具有重要意义。截至目前,我国已有多部法律法规对激励制度作出原则规定,且在激励制度的运用上积累了一定的经验,加之境外国家和地区也有成功经验可供借鉴,此时建立中国特色法治建设激励制度具有较高可行性。建立中国特色法治建设激励制度应当遵循科学化、体系化原则,精神激励为主、物质激励为辅原则,明确性、时机性原则以及程序公正、公开原则,而具体的制度设计和构建,则应当从选择激励的立法模式、确定激励的范围、增加激励的种类、优化激励的方式以及设置激励的程序等几个方面着手。