The Contrasts of English Sentences and Chinese Sentences and Translation Skills

Since the opening-up policy was carried out in 1979, every facility of social modernized construction has developed at high speed; meanwhile, the need of English is increased year by year. The occasion and scope of using it are expanded with the communications among countries. Therefore, English has become the generally international language in our country; in particular, translation plays an important and irreplaceable part in English to convey information. This paper aims to introduce the contrasts of English sentences and Chinese sentences and discuss some skills of translating each other. Though it is not complete and authoritative, yet it may help some people to understand the differences between two languages and to grasp some practical skills.

Review of Research on English Translation of Chinese Running Sentences

In order to convey complete meanings,there is a phenomenon in Chinese of using multiple running sentences.Xu Jingning(2023,p.66)states,“In communication,a complete expression of meaning often requires more than one clause,which is common in human languages.”Domestic research on running sentences includes discussions on defining the concept and structural features of running sentences,sentence properties,sentence pattern classifications and their criteria,as well as issues related to translating running sentences into English.This article primarily focuses on scholarly research into the English translation of running sentences in China,highlighting recent achievements and identifying existing issues in the study of running sentence translation.However,by reviewing literature on the translation of running sentences,it is found that current research in the academic community on non-core running sentences is limited.Therefore,this paper proposes relevant strategies to address this issue.

The influence of Chinese sentence stress on pitch and duration

The key to improve the naturalness of the synthetic speech is to build a perfect prosodic model. Thus the preliminary study of the influence of sentence stress on prosodic features in Standard Chinese is presented, in which the relationship between duration and pitch under different sentence stress levels is revealed. The results show that: (a) The pitch is the most important factor which carries the sentence stress, with the increase of the sentence stress level, the distribution of pitch moves towards high frequency area. (b) In the case of 'Stress' and 'Light', two peaks are found in the distribution of duration, which means that the duration of some words are affected by sentence stress, but of others are not. (c) The relationship between pitch and duration in 'Normal', 'Stress' and 'Light' are un-correlated, positive correlation and negative correlation respectively. The research lays a foundation for building a perfect prosodic model for standard Chinese speech synthesis system. The results of research are also used to classify sentence stress using a neural network, and 63% identification ratio has been obtained in an open set test. An automatic method for the sentence stress labeling is also suggested.

Perception of prosodic structure of Chinese sentence

The perceptual representation of the prosodic structure of Chinese sentences was constructed statistically by using the method of multidimensional scaling analysis on the basis of the result of a discrimination experiment, in which listeners were asked to compare perceptual distances between two adjacent syllables in each of six sentences. Listeners' ability to resolve levels of prosodic hierarchy and the relationship between the prosodic and syntactic structures were discussed in relation to perceptual representations.

The C-E Translation Strategies of Run-on Sentences

Run-on sentences are used frequently in daily life and literature;however,there is no corresponding sentence pattern in English.Therefore,it is challenging for translators to render run-on sentences into idiomatic English.This paper introduces the definition,classification,and the translation of run-on sentences,aiming to summarize the common rules of its translation.

Chinese Semantic Parsing Based on Feature Structure with Recursive Directed Graph

It is difficult to analyze semantic relations automatically, especially the semantic relations of Chinese special sentence patterns. In this paper, we apply a novel model feature structure to represent Chinese semantic relations, which is formalized as ＂recursive directed graph＂. We focus on Chinese special sentence patterns, including the complex noun phrase, verb-complement structure, pivotal sentences, serial verb sentence and subject-predicate predicate sentence. Feature structure facilitates a richer Chinese semantic information extraction when compared with dependency structure. The results show that using recursive directed graph is more suitable for extracting Chinese complex semantic relations.

Follow-up of N400 in the Rehabilitation of First-episode Schizophrenia

Background：The N400 component of event-related potentials （ERP） has recently drawn widespread attention at home and abroad.This study was to explore the relationship between N400 changes and risperidone treatment and rehabilitation in first-episode schizophrenia （FES）.Methods：ERP component N400 was recorded by Guangzhou Runjie W J-l ERP instruments,in 58 FES before and 6 months,15 months after risperidone treatment,and in 62 normal controls.The patients＇ syndromes were assessed by Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale （PANSS）.And the stimuli are Chinese sentences with matching （congruent） or mismatching （incongruent） ending words.Results：N400 latencies were prolonged,and amplitudes were decreased in Cz,Pz,Fz,C3,C4,in FES compared with in NC,before treatment.The prolonged N400 latencies and decreased amplitudes were negatively correlated with the patients＇ positive scale and total scale of PANSS.There are significant differences of N400 amplitudes and latencies in 6 months and 15 months follow-up after treatment.Before treatment,6 months and 15 months after treatment,N400 latencies are 446 ± 35 ms,440 ± 37 ms,414 ± 31 ms （F =9.72,P 〈 0.01） in incongruent situation;N400 amplitudes are 5.2 ± 4.6 μtⅤ,5.7 ± 4.8 μⅤ,7.3 ± 5.0 μⅤ （F =2.06,P 〉 0.05） in congruent situation,and 8.5 ± 5.9 μⅤ,10.1 ± 5.0 μⅤ,11.9 ± 7.0 μⅤ （F =3.697,P 〈 0.05） in incongruent situation.Conclusions：N400 could be used to predict the effects of treatment of schizophrenia to some degree.The linguistic and cognitive impairment in schizophrenia can be improved by antipsychotic drugs.